community health nursing

1. Subject: Community Health Nursing
Topic: Disposal of Waste and Dead Bodies
Submitted To:
Jayanthi Mam,
Asst. Professor,
Kidwai College Of Nursing,
Bangalore.
Submitted From,
Amrutha.P
2nd Year BSc Nursing,
Kidwai College Of Nursing,
Bangalore.

2. Introduction:
Water, sanitation and waste management are
important driving force for community health in India. A clean
environment, open defecation free areas, personal hygiene
practices among the individuals, proper solid and liquid waste
management, and availability of adequate safe drinking water
determine the health of individuals as well as the community.
Definition:
Environmental sanitation is that branch of public
health that is concerned with the control of all those factors in
man’s surrounding’s or physical environment which may have
detritus effect on human health and well being.

3. Introduction:
Waste management is the collection,
transport, processing or disposal, managing and
monitoring of waste materials. The term usually
relates to materials produced by human activity
and the process is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health , the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct
practise from resource recovery which focuses on
delaying the rate of consumption of natural
resources.
Definition:
‘Removing & destroying or strong

4. “Proper disposition of a discarded or
discharged material in accordance with local
environmental guidelines or laws.” [Business Dictionary]
Objectives:
• Public hygiene and health
• Reuse, Recovery and Recycle
• Energy generation
• Sustainable development
• Aesthetics

5.  Solid Waste
 Chemical Waste
 Liquid Waste
 Commercial Waste / Business Waste
 Gaseous Waste
 Organic Waste
 Biomedical Waste

6. The term ‘solid wastes’ includes;
 Garbage [food wastes]
 Rubbish [ paper,plastics,wood,glass]
 Demolition products [ bricks, pipes]
 Sewage treatment residue
 Dead animals and other discarded material.

7. 1) The galvanized steel dust bin:
• It is a close fitting cover is a suitab-
-le receptacle for storing refuse.
• For a family of 5 members, a bin having a
capacity of 5 to 10 ft, can be used.
2) Paper sack:
 A recent innovation in the western countries is
the ‘paper sack’.
 Refuse is stored in the paper
and itself is removed.

8.  Public bins are for a layer number of people
 Kept on a concrete platform
 It handled & emotied mechanically by lorries
fitted with cranes.

10. Definition;
Chemical waste includes solids, liquids
or gases containing or cintaminated with an of the
following;
 Flammable solvents(alcohols etc.)
 Leachate toxic material( heavy metals)
 Corrosives( hydrochloric acid, potassium
hydroxide pellets)
 non-returnable gas cylinders.

11. In addition to the general storage requirements outlined in
section 4, these specific requirements for chemical waste must be
followed:
• Waste chemicals should be stored in the central waste holding
facility of the building.
• All safety precautions required for handling & storage of
chemical will also be observed for generated wastes.
• Dispose of aging containers promptly. Some chemicals are
time sensitive & may degrade into very hazardous by
products; eg. Ethers may degrade to from explosive organic
peroxides.

12. Liquid waste can be defined as such liquids as waste
water, fats, oils, used oils, or household liquids.
These liquids that are hazardous or
potentially harmful to human health or
the environment. They can also be
discarded commercial products classified
as ‘liquid industrial waste’, such as
cleaning fluids or by products of
manufacturing processes.

13. Gaseous waste can most easily
results in atmospheric pollution.
Gaseous wastes are generally
Diluted with air, passed through filters & then released to
atmosphere through large chimneys.
 Our increasing levels of energy consumption
have also resulted in higher levels of atmospheric
waste, mainly in the form of harmful green house
gases.
 Although this type of waste may not be visible as
solid or liquid waste, air pollutants pose no less
threat to humans.

15. ‘Organic’ in chemistry field: the
compound consists of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen etc.
‘Organic’ in biology & environment
field: The material comes from the
once living units, such as animals ,
plants and microorganisms.

17. • IGES is a Japanese policy research institute
promoting sustainable development in the
Asia Pacific region.
• There research focuses mainly on
environment related policies in developing
countries
• There work closely with international
organisations, including UNEP, ADB &
UNESCAP.

19. According to bio medical waste rules, 1998 of India ‘Bio-medical waste’
means any Waste Which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human being or animals or in the production or testing
of bio medicals.
Bio-Medical Waste
Hospital
waste
Medical
waste

20. Hospital waste: Refers to all waste, biological
or non Biological, that is discarded and is not
intended for further use.
Medical waste: Refers to materials generated as
a result of patient diagnoses, treatment,
immunization of human beings or animals.

21. Classification of Bio medical waste :
1. Infectious Waste
2. Pathological Waste
3. Waste with high content of heavy metals
4. Sharps
5. Pharmaceutical Waste
6. Genotoxic Waste
7. Chemical Waste
8. Pressurized containers
9. Radioactive Waste

22. METHODS OF DISPOSAL
1) Dumping
2) Controlled Tipping
3) Incineration
4) Composting
5) Manure Pits
6) burial

28. Disposal of waste is now largely the domain of sanitarians
& public health engineers. However, health professionals
need to have a basic knowledge of the subject since
Improper disposal of waste constitutes a health hazard.
Health professional may be called upon to give advice in
some special situations, such as coping with waste disposal
problem when there is a breakdown of community health
services in natural disasters.

29. Final disposition, is the practise and process of
dealing with the remains of a deceased Human being
like most animals, when human dies, their bodies
start to decompose, emitting a odour and attracting
scavengers and decomposers.
“Every living thing will taste the death”

30. 1. Incineration/ Cremation
2. Burial
3. Water submersion
4. Cannibalism
5. Body Donation
6. Body world display
7. Left to be eaten away by vultures
8. Hydrolysis/dissolution
9. Freezing with liquid nitrogen

31. Many of the religious like Hindus, Buddha's, Jews
follow cremation. According to them they want to
burn into the ashes, so that the infected body will
destroy completely & all their bad being will also
destroy.
Advantages:
• Less expensive
• Environment friendly
• Takes no separate space

32. Burial is the preferred method in general and
should be used unless the customs and wishes of the
family.
Burial sites:
 Burial sites should be determined through
consultation with the affected community and
local authorities. Soil condition, water table level
and available space must be considered in their
selection.

33. Graveyards should be located at least 50m from groundwater
sources used for drinking And at least 50m from the nearest
habitable building. Ideally, an area of at least 1500m square per
10000 population is requires.
The use of the cemetery should be carefully managed. Where
there are different religious Groups within the affected
population, it may be necessary to provide separate burial area.
Depending on local custom cement for grave markers may also
be required.

34.  It may happen when an aeroplane crush occurs
over the oceans, all bodies were washed out or
eaten away by sharks and whales.
 The body decomposition occurs faster in water
rather than earth burial.

35.  It is prevalent in Brazil, Africa and parts of India.
 The dead body is eaten while burning, the Agora
sect in India eat human flesh.

36.  Is another way of disposal of body,
 It is done for the learning & research in medical
field,
 It is a great service for humanity, during life the
person is allowed to donate her/his body after
their death to a nearby medical hospital or
college or research centre.
 The body is utilized for preparing future doctors/
professionals.

38.  It is also another way of disposal/ usage of dead
body,
 The dead body is preserved by means of plastination
process of the entire body after performing desired
dissection & attaining different positions and
postures.
 It takes 1000 to 1500 hours to prepare a body by
plastination.
 The water content of the human body is removed by
dehydration & replaced by plastiene substance which
prevens decomposition and bacterial infection.

40. Sky burial is a funeral practise is which a human
body is placed on the top of the mountains to
decompose while exposed to the elements or to be
eaten by birds and vultures.
It is a specific type of the general practise of
excarnation.

41.  Disposing of human bodies in a solution which
dissolves tissues into a sterile, syrupy substance
that can be safely flushed down in a drain.
 This process is know as Alkaline Hydrolysis

42.  It involves freezing the body, dipping it in liquid
nitrogen & gently vibrating it to shatter it into power
 The technique was conceived by a swedish biologist,
Susanne Wiigh Masak, who said “Mulching was
natures original plan for us and that’s what used to
happen to us at the start of the humanity we went
back into the soil”.

43. o Give priority to the living over the dead.
o Respond to the wishes of the family.
o Respect cultural & religious observance
o Do not promote mass burial of
unidentified bodies in the large graves.
o Promote the identification concerning the
riskes associated with corposes.