A case study is an in-depth examination of a particular situation or small group that aims to describe and explain phenomena of interest. Case studies allow researchers to closely examine data within a specific context, study contemporary real-life situations, and test theoretical models in real-world scenarios. Case studies are useful for improving learning experiences as they require participation and application of skills. Exemplary case studies are interesting, display sufficient evidence, are complete, and contribute to knowledge.

1. MADNI BOOK DEPTO MITHA TIWANA
Case study

2. Case study
It is a systematic inquiry into an event or a set of related
events which aims to describe and explain the phenomenon
of interest.
 It refers to the collection and presentation of detailed
information about a particular participant or small group,
frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves.
It is an in depth study of a particular situation.

3. What may be revealed?
• Through case study, a researcher can closely examine the data within a
specific context.
• Through case study, a researcher can examine contemporary real life
situations and provide the basis for the application of ideas and extension
of methods.
• Through case study, a researcher can test theoretical models by using
them in real world situations.
• A case study may not answer a question completely, but it will give
some indications and allow further elaboration and hypothesis creation
on a subject.

4. Why use a case study?
• Case studies are a great way to improve a learning experience, because
they get the learner involved, and encourage immediate use of newly
acquired skills.
•They differ from lectures or assigned readings, because they require
participation and deliberate application of a broad range of skills.
• Case studies help researchers make the difference between knowing
what to do, and knowing how, when and why to do it.

5. Case Study Applications
• Utilization of the case study as a teaching method.
• Practical application and testing of scholarly knowledge.
• Provides information of various professional environments
(i.e. classroom, board room, courtroom, or hospital).

6. What makes an exemplary case
study?
The case study must be interesting.
 The case study must display sufficient evidence.
The case study must be complete.
 The case study should be written in an engaging manner.
The case study should contribute to knowledge.

7. Methods of data collection
Multiple methods of data collection are often used in case study research
 Interviews e.g. Structured or non-structured
 Direct observation
Participant-observation
 Physical artifacts e.g. a tool, a piece of furniture, or even computer
printout.
Documents e.g. letters, study reports , minutes, agendas, historical record.
 service records, maps, charts, lists of names, survey data, and even
personal records such as diaries. (Ethical rules should be followed)

8. Types of case study
• Robert Stake classifies case study research into three types.
Intrinsic case study
when the researcher has an interest in the case .
e.g. a researcher has interest to conduct a study on Benazir assassination.
Instrumental case study
where the interest is in understanding something more general than the
case.
E.g. Benazir assassination focus on the family background of the Benazir and
after effects of the assassination.

9. Types of case study
• Collective case study
where interest is in studying and comparing multiple cases in a single
research study.
E.g. Literature review based studies. Agenda setting role of mass media
in Pakistan

10. Steps Involved in a Case Study
• 1. Plan
• 2. Develop Instruments
• 3. Train Data Collectors
• 4. Collect Data
• 5. Analyze Data
• 6. Findings
( • Write report. • feedback. • Revise • Findings )

11. Features of case study
Use multiple source of evidence.
 Data can be collected over a period of time, and it is contextual.
Real life context. (In depth interviews, informal conversations also
observed)
 It involves detailed and holistic investigation. E.g. special news reports
 The case study method is not recommended in all research situations.

12. Features of case study
• Case studies are Not
– Only qualitative
– Case studies can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative
evidence and should not be confused with qualitative research.
• Case studies lend researcher to both generating and testing hypotheses.for
example: Benazir assassination focus political killing but some one can
focus on investigation points.

13. Limitations of case study research
• Researchers do not focus on the discovery of a universal, generalized truth, nor
do they typically look for cause-effect relationships instead, emphasis is placed on
exploration and description.
• Another disadvantage is that the researcher has no control over the situation.
• Case study research can be time consuming and may produce massive quantities
of data that are hard to summarize.
• Because of its emphasis on "deep data" the case study is out of reach for many
large scale research projects.

14. Conclusion
Case study is a valuable method of research, with specfic characteristics that make
it ideal for many types of investigations. It can also be used in combination with
other methods. Its reliability should make it a more widely used methodology.
Case studies are complex because they generally involve multiple sources of data,
may include multiple cases within a study, and produce large amounts of data for
analysis. Case study results relate directly to the common readers everyday
experience and facilitate an understanding of complex real life situations.

15. References
Research in speech communication, Raymond K. Tucker, Richard L. Weaver ii,
Cynthia Berryman-Fink
Mass media Research An Introduction second addition, Roger D. Wimmer,
Joseph R. Dominick Unversity of Georgia.
Yin, R. (1989). Case study research: Design and methods (Rev. ed.).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishing
Yin, R. (1993). Applications of case study research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Publishing.
Miles, M., & Huberman, M. (1984). Qualitative data analysis: A source
book for new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.