Wahabi movement
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Minto morley reforms
The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 were a tool of change that brought electoral reforms including separate electorates for Muslims. This was significant in the history of India's partition, as it gave constitutional recognition to Muslims and allowed them to elect their own representatives. However, tensions grew between Hindus and Muslims over time, as the Congress went back on agreements like the Lucknow Pact and deviated from providing promised political rights to minorities. By 1937, the introduction of provincial elections under separate electorates further solidified Muslim identity and pushed the movement for Pakistan.
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The document summarizes the formation and objectives of the Muslim League in India in 1906. It discusses several factors that led to its establishment, including British policies that discriminated against Muslims and sowed communal divisions. The key objectives of the Muslim League were to politically represent Muslim interests, maintain separate electoral constituencies for Muslims, and support the British government in exchange for rewards. Over time, some members of the League began criticizing British rule and eventually demanded a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
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This document provides background information on the decline of the Mughal Empire in India and the rise of European trading powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, and British. It discusses key events like the British taking control of India from the East India Company in 1858, the reasons for the Mughal collapse after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, and the establishment of early trading posts and territories by European nations along the Indian coasts and major river systems over the 1600s-1700s. These footholds eventually allowed the British to expand their influence and formally abolish the Mughal Empire in 1858.
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Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an influential Muslim scholar born in 1817 in Delhi during Mughal rule. He established schools and colleges to promote education for Muslims, seeing it as key to uplifting their social and economic status under British rule. After the 1857 mutiny, he advocated for Muslims to accept British authority while maintaining their Islamic identity. He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877, which later became the Aligarh Muslim University. Sir Syed developed the two-nation theory, arguing that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations that could not live together due to political, economic, social and cultural differences, and requiring separate electorates and states for Muslims.
The first war of independence 1857
1) The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against British rule in India. It began as a mutiny of sepoys in the town of Meerut and then erupted into broader rebellions across northern and central India.
2) The rebellion was caused by growing resentment among Indians towards British policies of annexation, economic exploitation, social and religious interference, and racial discrimination and unequal treatment of Indian soldiers. The introduction of new gun cartridges also sparked religious tensions.
3) Key leaders of the rebellion included Mangal Pandey, the Rani of Jhansi, Nana Sahib, Tantya Tope, and the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah
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The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 were a tool of change that brought electoral reforms including separate electorates for Muslims. This was significant in the history of India's partition, as it gave constitutional recognition to Muslims and allowed them to elect their own representatives. However, tensions grew between Hindus and Muslims over time, as the Congress went back on agreements like the Lucknow Pact and deviated from providing promised political rights to minorities. By 1937, the introduction of provincial elections under separate electorates further solidified Muslim identity and pushed the movement for Pakistan.
Shantiparva:Rajadharma(Mahabharata)
The document summarizes the concept of Rajadharma as discussed in the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata. It has multiple meanings including the duties of a king, good governance, and rules of conduct for rulers. According to the text, kings originated from a need to maintain peace and order in society. A king's primary duties are to protect people, uphold dharma through just laws, reward virtue and punish evil, and ensure welfare and prosperity. A king must be impartial, virtuous, and subordinate his interests to his people. Dandaniti, or the art of governance, involves fairly administering punishment and justice. The principles of Rajadharma are still
Khilafat movement
The Khilafat Movement was a political protest launched in 1919-1922 by Indian Muslims to influence the British government and its treatment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The movement aimed to (a) protect holy places in Turkey, (b) restore Turkish territories, and (c) maintain the Ottoman Caliphate. It led to the non-cooperation movement in cooperation with the Indian National Congress. However, the movement ultimately failed after thousands were imprisoned and the caliphate was abolished in Turkey in 1924.
Muslim league
The document summarizes the formation and objectives of the Muslim League in India in 1906. It discusses several factors that led to its establishment, including British policies that discriminated against Muslims and sowed communal divisions. The key objectives of the Muslim League were to politically represent Muslim interests, maintain separate electoral constituencies for Muslims, and support the British government in exchange for rewards. Over time, some members of the League began criticizing British rule and eventually demanded a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
The rise of British Power in India
This document provides background information on the decline of the Mughal Empire in India and the rise of European trading powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, and British. It discusses key events like the British taking control of India from the East India Company in 1858, the reasons for the Mughal collapse after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, and the establishment of early trading posts and territories by European nations along the Indian coasts and major river systems over the 1600s-1700s. These footholds eventually allowed the British to expand their influence and formally abolish the Mughal Empire in 1858.
Shimla deputation (1906)
The Shimla Deputation of 1906 was a delegation sent by Indian leaders to discuss greater self-government with the British Viceroy. Led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the deputation requested reforms such as more elected Indian representation in provincial legislatures and the central government. However, the Viceroy Lord Minto did not accept most of their demands, though he did agree to set up a council with a majority of elected Indians to advise the Viceroy.
Sir syed ahmed khan
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an influential Muslim scholar born in 1817 in Delhi during Mughal rule. He established schools and colleges to promote education for Muslims, seeing it as key to uplifting their social and economic status under British rule. After the 1857 mutiny, he advocated for Muslims to accept British authority while maintaining their Islamic identity. He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877, which later became the Aligarh Muslim University. Sir Syed developed the two-nation theory, arguing that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations that could not live together due to political, economic, social and cultural differences, and requiring separate electorates and states for Muslims.
The first war of independence 1857
1) The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against British rule in India. It began as a mutiny of sepoys in the town of Meerut and then erupted into broader rebellions across northern and central India.
2) The rebellion was caused by growing resentment among Indians towards British policies of annexation, economic exploitation, social and religious interference, and racial discrimination and unequal treatment of Indian soldiers. The introduction of new gun cartridges also sparked religious tensions.
3) Key leaders of the rebellion included Mangal Pandey, the Rani of Jhansi, Nana Sahib, Tantya Tope, and the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah
Simmion commision
The British government appointed the Simon Commission in 1927 to evaluate India's political conditions and propose constitutional reforms, as had been promised. However, the commission lacked Indian representation, so the Indian National Congress and some Muslims boycotted it. There were large protests against the commission wherever it went in India. Despite the boycott, the commission submitted a report with recommendations like reducing central/governor power and introducing federalism, but extending voting rights only modestly. The report was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League.
Indian councils act of 1909
The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, increased the size of the central and provincial legislative councils in British India. It retained an official majority for the central council but allowed nonofficial majorities in the provincial councils. It also expanded the roles and powers of the legislative councils. For the first time, it provided for Indian participation in the executive councils of the Viceroy and governors. It introduced a system of separate electorates for Muslims through communal representation.
Minto morley reform act of 1909
The document summarizes the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 in India. Key points:
- The reforms aimed to increase representation and expand legislative councils in response to unrest against British rule.
- Provisions included increasing seats in the Imperial Legislative Council, expanding provincial councils, and introducing communal representation with separate Muslim constituencies.
- However, the franchise was still limited and discriminatory, official members still held majority, and real power remained with the British. The reforms failed to satisfy demands and sowed seeds of conflict between Hindus and Muslims.
Aligarh movement and syed ahmad khan
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started the Aligarh Movement in the late 1800s to promote English education among Indian Muslims and encourage loyalty to the British government after the failed 1857 rebellion. He established schools and societies to provide both religious and English education. This included establishing Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875, which later became Aligarh Muslim University. The Aligarh Movement helped strengthen Muslim leadership and identity in India while gaining acceptance from the British.
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
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The administration of the Delhi Sultanate was organized into several departments and offices, each headed by an official. At the top was the Sultan, who was the supreme executive, military, and judicial authority. Beneath the Sultan were ministers who headed departments like the Diwan-i-Wazarat (chief ministry), Diwan-i-Arz (military affairs), Diwan-i-Insha (records), and Diwan-i-Risalat (foreign relations). The empire was divided into provinces governed by officials answering to the Sultan. Precise systems of revenue collection, justice, intelligence, and postal service were established to administer the Sultanate.
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The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
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The War of Independence of 1857 was an effort by Indians to overthrow British rule in India. It began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the Bengal army who refused to use ammunition greased with animal fat due to religious reasons. The rebellion soon spread to other areas, with Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow becoming centers of revolt. While the rebels had initial success in capturing key cities, they ultimately failed due to lack of unity and central leadership. The British regained control and dissolved the East India Company, establishing direct rule over India.
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The Mughal administrative system introduced major changes under Akbar, including a centralized despotic structure based on the military mansabdari system. Administration was hierarchical from the center to provinces to local areas. Key officials included subedars for provinces, faujdars for districts, and kotwals responsible for law and order. The system emphasized revenue collection and maintaining records while incorporating some local self-governance through panchayats. Overall it established an elaborate and uniform administration across the empire but lacked elements of democracy, self-criticism, and endogenous reform.
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Aurangzaib Aalmgir
This contains the Personal Details , Characteristics , Contribution towards Islam and World , Related personalities , Wars , Event of That ERA , Lesson leart and Points of Motivation.
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1) His Saptanga theory of the seven elements that make up the organs of the state: the ruler, minister, territory, fort, treasury, army, and ally.
2) His view that the king should protect the property and social classes through just punishment.
3) His emphasis on danda (punishment) as a means of ensuring security, prosperity, and proper conduct.
4) His description of civil administration involving the king, officials, and mechanisms of
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Din-e-Ilahi was a syncretic religion created by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582 to promote tolerance between the religious communities in his empire. It aimed to merge aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. However, it faced criticism from orthodox Muslims and only had around 18 adherents. After Akbar's death, his son Jahangir did not support the religion and it died out. The religion advocated virtues like generosity and forgiveness but failed to establish core principles or scriptures. It was an attempt by Akbar to achieve religious harmony that did not endure due to lack of structure and opposition from traditional religious groups.
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The 1909 Indian Councils Act, also known as the Minto-Morely Reforms, increased representation of Indians in the legislative councils and made changes to the electoral system. It enlarged the size of the central and provincial legislative councils, increasing the number of non-official Indian members. It introduced separate electorates based on religion and other groupings. Finally, it expanded the powers of legislative councils to discuss more issues, though the president retained final approval over resolutions.
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The document discusses the partition of Bengal in 1947. It led to mass migration of 15 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the new borders between India and Pakistan. Communal violence during this partition took 1 million lives and saw tens of thousands of women raped and kidnapped. The partition created huge economic and social disruptions in Bengal and ultimately led to the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
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Regional aspirations in India involve armed assertion by groups seeking more autonomy or independence, repression by the central government, and a collapse of the political process. The challenge of diversity in India has been met by redrawing internal state boundaries to satisfy regional groups. Regional movements in India have concluded through negotiated settlements between the central government and regional groups. However, some movements in Punjab, Kashmir, and the Northeast involved violence and militancy before concluding.
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The document discusses the evolution of bureaucracy and civil services under British rule in India from 1765 to 1947. It covers key developments such as:
1) The East India Company acquired administrative powers in 1765 and civil services were divided into covenanted and uncovenanted branches.
2) Reforms from the late 18th century aimed to professionalize civil services through institutions like Fort William College and open recruitment.
3) The 1858 Act established the Indian Civil Service through open competitive exams in London. Self-governance institutions also expanded gradually over time.
4) The civil services were centralized and hierarchical but decentralization efforts grew from the early 20th century onward through commissions and Acts.
Partition Of Bengal
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 divided the province along religious lines into West Bengal (with a Hindu majority) and East Bengal (with a Muslim majority). This was done by the British to weaken the Bengali nationalist movement and implement a policy of divide and rule. It sparked widespread protests through boycott and non-cooperation movements. While the British reacted with arrests and force, the movement united Hindus and Muslims and gave strength to the growing Indian independence movement despite eventually losing momentum due to splits.
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Indian councils act of 1909
The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, increased the size of the central and provincial legislative councils in British India. It retained an official majority for the central council but allowed nonofficial majorities in the provincial councils. It also expanded the roles and powers of the legislative councils. For the first time, it provided for Indian participation in the executive councils of the Viceroy and governors. It introduced a system of separate electorates for Muslims through communal representation.
Minto morley reform act of 1909
The document summarizes the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 in India. Key points:
- The reforms aimed to increase representation and expand legislative councils in response to unrest against British rule.
- Provisions included increasing seats in the Imperial Legislative Council, expanding provincial councils, and introducing communal representation with separate Muslim constituencies.
- However, the franchise was still limited and discriminatory, official members still held majority, and real power remained with the British. The reforms failed to satisfy demands and sowed seeds of conflict between Hindus and Muslims.
Aligarh movement and syed ahmad khan
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started the Aligarh Movement in the late 1800s to promote English education among Indian Muslims and encourage loyalty to the British government after the failed 1857 rebellion. He established schools and societies to provide both religious and English education. This included establishing Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875, which later became Aligarh Muslim University. The Aligarh Movement helped strengthen Muslim leadership and identity in India while gaining acceptance from the British.
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
British rule over india
The British Raj was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.The rule is also called Crown rule in India,or direct rule in India.The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and those ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, and called the princely states. The resulting political union was also called the Indian Empire and after 1876 issued passports under that name.As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.
This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria(who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India). As a state, the British Empire in India functioned as if it saw itself as the guardian of a system of connected markets maintained by means of military power, business legislation and monetary management.It lasted until 1947, when the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern part of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh). At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948.
Administration of delhi sultanate
The administration of the Delhi Sultanate was organized into several departments and offices, each headed by an official. At the top was the Sultan, who was the supreme executive, military, and judicial authority. Beneath the Sultan were ministers who headed departments like the Diwan-i-Wazarat (chief ministry), Diwan-i-Arz (military affairs), Diwan-i-Insha (records), and Diwan-i-Risalat (foreign relations). The empire was divided into provinces governed by officials answering to the Sultan. Precise systems of revenue collection, justice, intelligence, and postal service were established to administer the Sultanate.
indian National Congress
The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
War of independence 1857
The War of Independence of 1857 was an effort by Indians to overthrow British rule in India. It began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the Bengal army who refused to use ammunition greased with animal fat due to religious reasons. The rebellion soon spread to other areas, with Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow becoming centers of revolt. While the rebels had initial success in capturing key cities, they ultimately failed due to lack of unity and central leadership. The British regained control and dissolved the East India Company, establishing direct rule over India.
Mughal administration
The Mughal administrative system introduced major changes under Akbar, including a centralized despotic structure based on the military mansabdari system. Administration was hierarchical from the center to provinces to local areas. Key officials included subedars for provinces, faujdars for districts, and kotwals responsible for law and order. The system emphasized revenue collection and maintaining records while incorporating some local self-governance through panchayats. Overall it established an elaborate and uniform administration across the empire but lacked elements of democracy, self-criticism, and endogenous reform.
Jawaharlal nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru was born in 1889 in India. He received education in India and Britain and became a barrister. He emerged as a leader of the Indian independence movement under Mahatma Gandhi and became the first Prime Minister of independent India in 1947. As Prime Minister for 17 years, Nehru advocated democratic socialism and secularism. He promoted policies of non-alignment, planned economic development, social reforms, and scientific advancement.
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and was the largest and most prominent Indian organization involved in the Indian independence movement against British rule. It was founded by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society, notably Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume. The Congress' objectives were to obtain greater Indian representation in government and create a platform for civic and political dialogue between educated Indians and the British Raj. It demanded reforms from the British like reducing taxes, cutting military spending, and increasing irrigation funding. Key leaders in the independence movement that worked with the Congress included Balgangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal. The Congress became the driving force behind Indian nationalism
Aurangzaib Aalmgir
This contains the Personal Details , Characteristics , Contribution towards Islam and World , Related personalities , Wars , Event of That ERA , Lesson leart and Points of Motivation.
POLITICAL THOUGHT OF KAUTILYA.pptx
Kautilya was an ancient Indian philosopher who authored the Arthashastra, a treatise on statecraft and economic policy. Some key aspects of Kautilya's political thought discussed in the document include:
1) His Saptanga theory of the seven elements that make up the organs of the state: the ruler, minister, territory, fort, treasury, army, and ally.
2) His view that the king should protect the property and social classes through just punishment.
3) His emphasis on danda (punishment) as a means of ensuring security, prosperity, and proper conduct.
4) His description of civil administration involving the king, officials, and mechanisms of
Din e ilahi
Din-e-Ilahi was a syncretic religion created by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582 to promote tolerance between the religious communities in his empire. It aimed to merge aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. However, it faced criticism from orthodox Muslims and only had around 18 adherents. After Akbar's death, his son Jahangir did not support the religion and it died out. The religion advocated virtues like generosity and forgiveness but failed to establish core principles or scriptures. It was an attempt by Akbar to achieve religious harmony that did not endure due to lack of structure and opposition from traditional religious groups.
1909 indian councils act
The 1909 Indian Councils Act, also known as the Minto-Morely Reforms, increased representation of Indians in the legislative councils and made changes to the electoral system. It enlarged the size of the central and provincial legislative councils, increasing the number of non-official Indian members. It introduced separate electorates based on religion and other groupings. Finally, it expanded the powers of legislative councils to discuss more issues, though the president retained final approval over resolutions.
The partition of bengal 1947
The document discusses the partition of Bengal in 1947. It led to mass migration of 15 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the new borders between India and Pakistan. Communal violence during this partition took 1 million lives and saw tens of thousands of women raped and kidnapped. The partition created huge economic and social disruptions in Bengal and ultimately led to the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
Regional Aspirations (Class XII)
Regional aspirations in India involve armed assertion by groups seeking more autonomy or independence, repression by the central government, and a collapse of the political process. The challenge of diversity in India has been met by redrawing internal state boundaries to satisfy regional groups. Regional movements in India have concluded through negotiated settlements between the central government and regional groups. However, some movements in Punjab, Kashmir, and the Northeast involved violence and militancy before concluding.
British administration
The document discusses the evolution of bureaucracy and civil services under British rule in India from 1765 to 1947. It covers key developments such as:
1) The East India Company acquired administrative powers in 1765 and civil services were divided into covenanted and uncovenanted branches.
2) Reforms from the late 18th century aimed to professionalize civil services through institutions like Fort William College and open recruitment.
3) The 1858 Act established the Indian Civil Service through open competitive exams in London. Self-governance institutions also expanded gradually over time.
4) The civil services were centralized and hierarchical but decentralization efforts grew from the early 20th century onward through commissions and Acts.
Partition Of Bengal
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 divided the province along religious lines into West Bengal (with a Hindu majority) and East Bengal (with a Muslim majority). This was done by the British to weaken the Bengali nationalist movement and implement a policy of divide and rule. It sparked widespread protests through boycott and non-cooperation movements. While the British reacted with arrests and force, the movement united Hindus and Muslims and gave strength to the growing Indian independence movement despite eventually losing momentum due to splits.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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