Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and perform best in rotations that utilize their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, and weeds. The genus Brassica oleracea includes many cole crops and their close botanical relationship means they have similar production requirements.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated potato selections for resistance to root galling caused by the powdery scab pathogen Spongospora subterranea. Over seven field trials from 2003-2007 in Washington and Idaho, 57 potato selections were tested and compared to four susceptible industry standard cultivars. Eight selections showed greater resistance to root galling than the standards in two or more trials: PA98NM38-1 in 5 trials, PO94A009-10 in 4 trials, PA95B2-4 and PA98N5-2 in 3 trials, POR00HG5-1 in 2 trials, PO94A009-7 in 3 trials, PO94A012-2 in
1) The study examines the insecticidal properties of extracts and compounds isolated from the roots of Hippocratea excelsa and Hippocratea celastroides against the stored grain pest Sitophilus zeamais.
2) All extracts of H. excelsa showed strong antifeedant effects and moderate mortality against S. zeamais, while extracts of H. celastroides showed only moderate antifeedant effects.
3) The compounds pristimerin and a mixture of sesquiterpene alkaloids, isolated from H. excelsa extracts, strongly reduced insect feeding, while other isolated compounds showed little or no activity.
The document summarizes research on the process of domestication in plants. It discusses how domestication began around 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent region and led to the development of agriculture. Key traits selected for during domestication included larger fruit and seed sizes, loss of natural seed dispersal and shattering, and reduced branching, known as the domestication syndrome. The document then focuses on genes related to domestication syndrome that have been identified in tomato, including those related to fruit shape and size. It also discusses genes responsible for preventing seed shattering, finding many of the same genes have been conserved across different domesticated cereal crops.
This study examined how the grape variety consumed as larvae affects reproductive success in the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana). Larvae were collected from five grape varieties and allowed to develop. Results show that larval diet significantly impacted mating success and reproductive output for both male and female moths. Fecundity, egg size, and egg hatchability varied depending on the cultivar larvae were reared on. A cultivar that was poor quality for females was often also poor for males. However, a cultivar could be suitable for females but not males, or vice versa. The study stresses the importance of considering effects on both sexes when evaluating how host plants influence herbivore fitness.
1) The document discusses domestication syndrome in crop plants, which refers to the suite of traits that distinguish domesticated crops from their wild progenitors, such as larger fruits/grains, loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, and changes to growth patterns.
2) Domestication occurred as humans selectively bred wild plants starting around 12,000 years ago during the Neolithic Revolution, resulting in crops dependent on human cultivation. Artificial selection for desirable traits changed plant evolution, similar to natural selection.
3) Methods to identify genes responsible for domestication traits include QTL mapping, association studies, and screening for signatures of selection in resequenced genomes. Several genes controlling key domestication traits have been identified in crops
Thomas Fairchild was the first to create an artificial plant hybrid in 1717 between Sweet William and Carnation pink, called "Fairchild's Mule". Important developments in the pre-Mendelian era included domestication of major crops by 1000 BC, and the first description of the cell in 1665. The Mendelian era saw the rediscovery of Mendel's laws in 1900 and the development of the first commercial maize hybrid in 1917. The post-Mendelian era brought the discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility in rice in 1933 and transposable elements in 1950. Modern developments include the first transgenic plant in 1983, Bt cotton in 1987, and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers'
Shelley Jansky's presentation in the framework of the expert consultation on ...cwr_use
The expert consultations on the use of crop wild relatives for pre-breeding in potato was a workshops organized by the Global Crop Diversity Trust in collaboration with CIP and took place from the 22nd – 24th of February 2012.
Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and perform best in rotations that utilize their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, and weeds. The genus Brassica oleracea includes many cole crops and their close botanical relationship means they have similar production requirements.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated potato selections for resistance to root galling caused by the powdery scab pathogen Spongospora subterranea. Over seven field trials from 2003-2007 in Washington and Idaho, 57 potato selections were tested and compared to four susceptible industry standard cultivars. Eight selections showed greater resistance to root galling than the standards in two or more trials: PA98NM38-1 in 5 trials, PO94A009-10 in 4 trials, PA95B2-4 and PA98N5-2 in 3 trials, POR00HG5-1 in 2 trials, PO94A009-7 in 3 trials, PO94A012-2 in
1) The study examines the insecticidal properties of extracts and compounds isolated from the roots of Hippocratea excelsa and Hippocratea celastroides against the stored grain pest Sitophilus zeamais.
2) All extracts of H. excelsa showed strong antifeedant effects and moderate mortality against S. zeamais, while extracts of H. celastroides showed only moderate antifeedant effects.
3) The compounds pristimerin and a mixture of sesquiterpene alkaloids, isolated from H. excelsa extracts, strongly reduced insect feeding, while other isolated compounds showed little or no activity.
The document summarizes research on the process of domestication in plants. It discusses how domestication began around 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent region and led to the development of agriculture. Key traits selected for during domestication included larger fruit and seed sizes, loss of natural seed dispersal and shattering, and reduced branching, known as the domestication syndrome. The document then focuses on genes related to domestication syndrome that have been identified in tomato, including those related to fruit shape and size. It also discusses genes responsible for preventing seed shattering, finding many of the same genes have been conserved across different domesticated cereal crops.
This study examined how the grape variety consumed as larvae affects reproductive success in the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana). Larvae were collected from five grape varieties and allowed to develop. Results show that larval diet significantly impacted mating success and reproductive output for both male and female moths. Fecundity, egg size, and egg hatchability varied depending on the cultivar larvae were reared on. A cultivar that was poor quality for females was often also poor for males. However, a cultivar could be suitable for females but not males, or vice versa. The study stresses the importance of considering effects on both sexes when evaluating how host plants influence herbivore fitness.
1) The document discusses domestication syndrome in crop plants, which refers to the suite of traits that distinguish domesticated crops from their wild progenitors, such as larger fruits/grains, loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, and changes to growth patterns.
2) Domestication occurred as humans selectively bred wild plants starting around 12,000 years ago during the Neolithic Revolution, resulting in crops dependent on human cultivation. Artificial selection for desirable traits changed plant evolution, similar to natural selection.
3) Methods to identify genes responsible for domestication traits include QTL mapping, association studies, and screening for signatures of selection in resequenced genomes. Several genes controlling key domestication traits have been identified in crops
Thomas Fairchild was the first to create an artificial plant hybrid in 1717 between Sweet William and Carnation pink, called "Fairchild's Mule". Important developments in the pre-Mendelian era included domestication of major crops by 1000 BC, and the first description of the cell in 1665. The Mendelian era saw the rediscovery of Mendel's laws in 1900 and the development of the first commercial maize hybrid in 1917. The post-Mendelian era brought the discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility in rice in 1933 and transposable elements in 1950. Modern developments include the first transgenic plant in 1983, Bt cotton in 1987, and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers'
Shelley Jansky's presentation in the framework of the expert consultation on ...cwr_use
The expert consultations on the use of crop wild relatives for pre-breeding in potato was a workshops organized by the Global Crop Diversity Trust in collaboration with CIP and took place from the 22nd – 24th of February 2012.
The Bug Book - Southside Community Land TrustFayina19z
This document is a field guide for identifying common garden pests and beneficial insects. It provides descriptions and photos of the life cycles, signs of damage, and control methods for various "bad bugs" that damage garden plants. It also identifies and describes several "good bugs" that help control pest populations. The guide is intended to help backyard and community gardeners recognize bugs in their gardens and take appropriate steps to manage pests without harming beneficial insects.
This document summarizes a study examining the pollinators that visit Hawthorn trees. Over four days of collection at two sites, 25 unique organisms were identified visiting the Hawthorn trees, including 17 primary pollinators that collect pollen or nectar and 8 secondary pollinators that use the trees for other purposes like feeding. The collections were made using nets and specimens were identified with guides to determine which organisms were primary or secondary pollinators of the Hawthorn trees.
Plant breeding - History, Objectives & ActivitiesShovan Das
Discussion is about the detailed history of plant breeding, various objectives of plant breeding and activities of plant breeding. All topics are discussed to the point.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
This document provides a summary of David W. Roberts' publications and experience conducting research on the environmental fate of herbicides and pesticides. It lists 14 peer-reviewed journal articles and over 30 presentations, as well as over 40 internal reports for Dow AgroSciences on topics such as the terrestrial field dissipation and mobility of various herbicides, and small-scale groundwater monitoring studies. Roberts has extensive experience studying the environmental fate of herbicides and conducting field dissipation research to evaluate residues.
Floating Row Cover & Transparent Mulch to Reduce Insect Populations, Virus Diseases & Increase Yield in Cantaloupe; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Florida Master Gardeners, Florida State University, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Eriophyoid Mites as Weed Biological Control Agenteidmk230
This document summarizes research on using eriophyoid mites as biological control agents for weeds. It discusses how eriophyoid mites can reduce weed fitness and competitiveness with crops. Several species of eriophyoid mites have been released and established to control specific weed targets, including Aceria chondrillae for skeleton weed, Aceria malherbae for field bindweed, and Aculus hyperici for St. John's wort. Factors that influence the potential of eriophyoid mites as biological control agents are also reviewed, as well as prospects for future research on identifying new mite species that could help control problematic native and invasive weeds.
The Western Fruit book Or American Fruit Growers Guide for the Orchard FalXda
The Western Fruit book Or American Fruit Growers Guide for the Orchard and Fruit-Garden; by Franklin Reuben Elliott >>>>Being a compend of the history, modes of propagation, culture, of fruit trees and shrubs, with descriptions of nearly all the varieties of fruits cultivated in this country: notes of their adaptation to localities and soils, and also a complete list of fruits worthy of cultivation -
This document is an introduction to a book on the root development of vegetable crops. It discusses how roots adapt to different environments and the importance of understanding root systems for improving crop production and variety selection. While aerial plant growth has been extensively studied, root systems are less understood due to being underground. The introduction emphasizes that a complete understanding of soil-crop relations requires knowledge of root systems, which mediate the relationship between plants and soil.
1. The document lists notable Filipino and foreign scientists.
2. The Filipino scientists contributed to areas like nutrition, agriculture, medicine, and technology. Their work helped address issues in the Philippines.
3. The foreign scientists included Anders Celsius, Thomas Edison, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Benjamin Franklin, known for their contributions to astronomy, physics, and invention.
Plant science is the study of plant structure, function, growth, and protection. It can be divided into agronomy, horticulture, and forestry. The objectives of plant science are to understand plant structure and function, increase crop yields, study genetics of important traits, and analyze phytochemicals of medicinal plants. Important developments in plant science history include discoveries in photoperiodism, auxin isolation, chloroplast function, genetics, and genetic engineering which has enabled traits like increased yields and removal of allergens from foods. Plant science has applications in agroforestry, crop science, and plant disease management but faces challenges from reduced plant diversity and decreased arable land.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
The author examined several leopard sharks and found:
1) Their stomachs contained a variety of contents including fish, squid, bones, and debris from a ship's galley.
2) Their spiral valves contained enormous numbers of cestodes including Thysanocephalum crispum and Tetrarhynchus bicolor attached to the stomach wall.
3) Their pyloruses contained colloid tumors that partially blocked the lumen.
1) The document discusses the historical background of soil fertility, including early scientists in the 18th-19th centuries like Jethro Tull, Francis Home, and Theodore de Saussure who studied how certain substances affect plant growth.
2) It describes how Justus Von Liebig established principles of soil management and the "Law of Minimum" which states that a crop's productivity is limited by the most deficient nutrient.
3) Soil fertility is defined as a soil's ability to supply nutrients to plants in adequate amounts and proportions to support growth, and is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological properties.
The document discusses the history of biogeography from the 1700s through the 19th century. Some key themes and figures discussed include:
1. Early biogeographers like Linnaeus, Buffon, and Humboldt classified geographic regions based on their biotas and proposed theories on the origin and spread of species.
2. In the 19th century, advances in estimating the age of the Earth, understanding continental drift, and mechanisms of species diversification improved biogeographic understanding.
3. British scientists like Darwin, Hooker, Sclater, and Wallace made major contributions through studies of species distributions, island biotas, and defining major biogeographic regions still used today.
This document provides an overview of genetics and its history. It begins with definitions of genetics and discusses early understandings from prehistoric times through Aristotle. It then summarizes major developments like Mendel's experiments, Darwin's theory of evolution, the rediscovery of Mendel's work, and discoveries in the 20th century like DNA's structure. The document outlines molecular genetics concepts and concludes with the scope and applications of genetics like biotechnology, disease control, and conservation.
The Smyrna Fig: At Home and Abroad; by George Christian Roeding (1903) FalXda
This document provides a summary of the author's travels abroad to study Smyrna fig culture. It describes his departure from San Francisco to New York and Washington D.C. to obtain letters of introduction. It then details his voyage across the Atlantic Ocean and travel across Europe by train to Constantinople in early June 1901, in order to reach Smyrna earlier in the season before the figs would ripen, so he could better study the industry.
Helicobacter pylori & Nobel Prize in medicine & physiologySamir Haffar
The discovery of H. pylori and its role in peptic ulcer disease was a collaborative effort between clinicians and scientists at Royal Perth Hospital in Western Australia in the early 1980s. Robin Warren, a pathologist, first observed the bacteria in gastric biopsies. Barry Marshall, an intern, helped cultivate H. pylori from a patient's biopsy, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Together with contributions from electron microscopists, microbiologists, and other specialists, they were ultimately able to characterize the bacteria and its association with gastritis and peptic ulcers. For their seminal work, Warren and Marshall received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
During the summer of 2015 in reaction to the inherently flawed concept about how hybridization of the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) with non-native chestnuts is the only way to prevent its extinction, I decided to do a census of the American Chestnut near home, northern Berks County, PA. In 38 days of walking a census was performed using a GPS equipped camera. Two local areas were walked; Blue Mountain from the Rausch Gap to the Lehigh Gap and sections of trails in the Hay Creek/French Creek area. Over 7500 trees were found from seedlings to mature trees producing seeds. The limiting factor in tree reproductive success was not the Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), but rather access to direct sunlight on the apical ends of branches. With present diseases and pests such as Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella fastidiosa), Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and the Elongate Hemlock Scale (Fiorinia externa) opening up the canopy, the American Chestnut may soon again become the dominant tree in our eastern hardwood forests. My conclusion is that attempts to hybridize the American Chestnut with non-native “blight resistant” trees are unnecessary tinkering which is harmful to the Appalachian ecosystems.
Baptitoxine/Cytisine US air force aerospace medical research lab this page is...Georgi Daskalov
This document summarizes a change in access restrictions for a technical report. The report is now approved for public release and distribution, whereas it previously had limited distribution restricted to U.S. government agencies. The document provides the authority for the change and identifies the government organization responsible for the report. It also contains standard legal notices related to the use and ownership of the information.
Director. National Institute of
New Haven. Connecticut Environmental Health Sciences
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina
JOHN D. NELSON. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of California
San Francisco. California
WADC TR 55-16
Contributors and Reviewers (Cont'd)
JOHN H. WEISBACH. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of Chicago
Chicago. Illinois
RAYMOND A. WEISS. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of Rochester
Rochester. New York
JOHN H. WELSH. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of Chicago
The Australasian Fruit Culturist; by David Alexander Crichton (1893)FalXda
The Australasian Fruit Culturist; by David Alexander Crichton (1893) >>>>Containing full and complete information as to the history, traditions, uses, propagation and culture of such fruits as are suitable to Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. Also Descriptive Lists
The Bug Book - Southside Community Land TrustFayina19z
This document is a field guide for identifying common garden pests and beneficial insects. It provides descriptions and photos of the life cycles, signs of damage, and control methods for various "bad bugs" that damage garden plants. It also identifies and describes several "good bugs" that help control pest populations. The guide is intended to help backyard and community gardeners recognize bugs in their gardens and take appropriate steps to manage pests without harming beneficial insects.
This document summarizes a study examining the pollinators that visit Hawthorn trees. Over four days of collection at two sites, 25 unique organisms were identified visiting the Hawthorn trees, including 17 primary pollinators that collect pollen or nectar and 8 secondary pollinators that use the trees for other purposes like feeding. The collections were made using nets and specimens were identified with guides to determine which organisms were primary or secondary pollinators of the Hawthorn trees.
Plant breeding - History, Objectives & ActivitiesShovan Das
Discussion is about the detailed history of plant breeding, various objectives of plant breeding and activities of plant breeding. All topics are discussed to the point.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
This document provides a summary of David W. Roberts' publications and experience conducting research on the environmental fate of herbicides and pesticides. It lists 14 peer-reviewed journal articles and over 30 presentations, as well as over 40 internal reports for Dow AgroSciences on topics such as the terrestrial field dissipation and mobility of various herbicides, and small-scale groundwater monitoring studies. Roberts has extensive experience studying the environmental fate of herbicides and conducting field dissipation research to evaluate residues.
Floating Row Cover & Transparent Mulch to Reduce Insect Populations, Virus Diseases & Increase Yield in Cantaloupe; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Florida Master Gardeners, Florida State University, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Eriophyoid Mites as Weed Biological Control Agenteidmk230
This document summarizes research on using eriophyoid mites as biological control agents for weeds. It discusses how eriophyoid mites can reduce weed fitness and competitiveness with crops. Several species of eriophyoid mites have been released and established to control specific weed targets, including Aceria chondrillae for skeleton weed, Aceria malherbae for field bindweed, and Aculus hyperici for St. John's wort. Factors that influence the potential of eriophyoid mites as biological control agents are also reviewed, as well as prospects for future research on identifying new mite species that could help control problematic native and invasive weeds.
The Western Fruit book Or American Fruit Growers Guide for the Orchard FalXda
The Western Fruit book Or American Fruit Growers Guide for the Orchard and Fruit-Garden; by Franklin Reuben Elliott >>>>Being a compend of the history, modes of propagation, culture, of fruit trees and shrubs, with descriptions of nearly all the varieties of fruits cultivated in this country: notes of their adaptation to localities and soils, and also a complete list of fruits worthy of cultivation -
This document is an introduction to a book on the root development of vegetable crops. It discusses how roots adapt to different environments and the importance of understanding root systems for improving crop production and variety selection. While aerial plant growth has been extensively studied, root systems are less understood due to being underground. The introduction emphasizes that a complete understanding of soil-crop relations requires knowledge of root systems, which mediate the relationship between plants and soil.
1. The document lists notable Filipino and foreign scientists.
2. The Filipino scientists contributed to areas like nutrition, agriculture, medicine, and technology. Their work helped address issues in the Philippines.
3. The foreign scientists included Anders Celsius, Thomas Edison, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Benjamin Franklin, known for their contributions to astronomy, physics, and invention.
Plant science is the study of plant structure, function, growth, and protection. It can be divided into agronomy, horticulture, and forestry. The objectives of plant science are to understand plant structure and function, increase crop yields, study genetics of important traits, and analyze phytochemicals of medicinal plants. Important developments in plant science history include discoveries in photoperiodism, auxin isolation, chloroplast function, genetics, and genetic engineering which has enabled traits like increased yields and removal of allergens from foods. Plant science has applications in agroforestry, crop science, and plant disease management but faces challenges from reduced plant diversity and decreased arable land.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
The author examined several leopard sharks and found:
1) Their stomachs contained a variety of contents including fish, squid, bones, and debris from a ship's galley.
2) Their spiral valves contained enormous numbers of cestodes including Thysanocephalum crispum and Tetrarhynchus bicolor attached to the stomach wall.
3) Their pyloruses contained colloid tumors that partially blocked the lumen.
1) The document discusses the historical background of soil fertility, including early scientists in the 18th-19th centuries like Jethro Tull, Francis Home, and Theodore de Saussure who studied how certain substances affect plant growth.
2) It describes how Justus Von Liebig established principles of soil management and the "Law of Minimum" which states that a crop's productivity is limited by the most deficient nutrient.
3) Soil fertility is defined as a soil's ability to supply nutrients to plants in adequate amounts and proportions to support growth, and is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological properties.
The document discusses the history of biogeography from the 1700s through the 19th century. Some key themes and figures discussed include:
1. Early biogeographers like Linnaeus, Buffon, and Humboldt classified geographic regions based on their biotas and proposed theories on the origin and spread of species.
2. In the 19th century, advances in estimating the age of the Earth, understanding continental drift, and mechanisms of species diversification improved biogeographic understanding.
3. British scientists like Darwin, Hooker, Sclater, and Wallace made major contributions through studies of species distributions, island biotas, and defining major biogeographic regions still used today.
This document provides an overview of genetics and its history. It begins with definitions of genetics and discusses early understandings from prehistoric times through Aristotle. It then summarizes major developments like Mendel's experiments, Darwin's theory of evolution, the rediscovery of Mendel's work, and discoveries in the 20th century like DNA's structure. The document outlines molecular genetics concepts and concludes with the scope and applications of genetics like biotechnology, disease control, and conservation.
The Smyrna Fig: At Home and Abroad; by George Christian Roeding (1903) FalXda
This document provides a summary of the author's travels abroad to study Smyrna fig culture. It describes his departure from San Francisco to New York and Washington D.C. to obtain letters of introduction. It then details his voyage across the Atlantic Ocean and travel across Europe by train to Constantinople in early June 1901, in order to reach Smyrna earlier in the season before the figs would ripen, so he could better study the industry.
Helicobacter pylori & Nobel Prize in medicine & physiologySamir Haffar
The discovery of H. pylori and its role in peptic ulcer disease was a collaborative effort between clinicians and scientists at Royal Perth Hospital in Western Australia in the early 1980s. Robin Warren, a pathologist, first observed the bacteria in gastric biopsies. Barry Marshall, an intern, helped cultivate H. pylori from a patient's biopsy, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Together with contributions from electron microscopists, microbiologists, and other specialists, they were ultimately able to characterize the bacteria and its association with gastritis and peptic ulcers. For their seminal work, Warren and Marshall received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
During the summer of 2015 in reaction to the inherently flawed concept about how hybridization of the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) with non-native chestnuts is the only way to prevent its extinction, I decided to do a census of the American Chestnut near home, northern Berks County, PA. In 38 days of walking a census was performed using a GPS equipped camera. Two local areas were walked; Blue Mountain from the Rausch Gap to the Lehigh Gap and sections of trails in the Hay Creek/French Creek area. Over 7500 trees were found from seedlings to mature trees producing seeds. The limiting factor in tree reproductive success was not the Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), but rather access to direct sunlight on the apical ends of branches. With present diseases and pests such as Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella fastidiosa), Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and the Elongate Hemlock Scale (Fiorinia externa) opening up the canopy, the American Chestnut may soon again become the dominant tree in our eastern hardwood forests. My conclusion is that attempts to hybridize the American Chestnut with non-native “blight resistant” trees are unnecessary tinkering which is harmful to the Appalachian ecosystems.
Baptitoxine/Cytisine US air force aerospace medical research lab this page is...Georgi Daskalov
This document summarizes a change in access restrictions for a technical report. The report is now approved for public release and distribution, whereas it previously had limited distribution restricted to U.S. government agencies. The document provides the authority for the change and identifies the government organization responsible for the report. It also contains standard legal notices related to the use and ownership of the information.
Director. National Institute of
New Haven. Connecticut Environmental Health Sciences
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina
JOHN D. NELSON. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of California
San Francisco. California
WADC TR 55-16
Contributors and Reviewers (Cont'd)
JOHN H. WEISBACH. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of Chicago
Chicago. Illinois
RAYMOND A. WEISS. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of Rochester
Rochester. New York
JOHN H. WELSH. Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology
University of Chicago
The Australasian Fruit Culturist; by David Alexander Crichton (1893)FalXda
The Australasian Fruit Culturist; by David Alexander Crichton (1893) >>>>Containing full and complete information as to the history, traditions, uses, propagation and culture of such fruits as are suitable to Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. Also Descriptive Lists
Where do you find foods with Super Powers? Do you know how to identify the most nutritious foods? For access to the most nutrient-dense foods—seasonal, local, colorful, heirloom, organic, sustainably grown—an increasing number of people are choosing to grow their own. Whether you have an acre, an urban plot, or merely a windowsill, why not plants foods in your landscape? Discover easy-to-grow rare fruits with excellent nutritional value. Includes great growing tips and resources for sourcing seeds, plants, trees.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
This presentation by Jonathan Ali, a PhD student at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, was presented at the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute’s Research Forum on Thursday, May 11, 2017. Jonathan is a 2016-2017 student support grantee of the Institute.
This study compared the phyllospheres of the invasive plant species Oxalis pes caprae and the native plant species Arctostaphylos glauca. Experiments found that O. pes caprae leaves had more bacterial colonies than A. glauca leaves, and the presence of bacteria on O. pes caprae inhibited the growth of fungi. This suggests the more abundant bacteria provides the invasive species with a competitive advantage over the native species in the same environment. Further research is needed to identify the bacteria and fungi species and determine the interactions between them.
This document provides information about the history and development of nematology in India. Some key points:
1) Nematology as a separate branch of agriculture science in India was recognized about 37 years ago. Some early reports of plant parasitic nematodes in India date back to the early 1900s.
2) Important milestones include the establishment of nematology laboratories and units in the 1960s with assistance from organizations like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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7. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
It
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 56.
B. T. GALLOWAY, ChkJ nj lUueati.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE;
A CATALOGUE OF THE KNOWN VARIETIES REFERRED
TO IN AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS FROM
1804 TO 1904.
COMPILED BY
i>^ A
W/HfRAbAN,
Expert in Pomological, Nomenclature.
POMOLOGICAL I^fVESTIGATIONS.
Issued Januauy 25, 1905.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
19 5. ^iX
^00
8. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. SB 36'c
B. T. GALLOWAY,
Pathologist and Phystiofogist, arid Chief of Bureau.
VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge,
Acting Chief of Bureaxi in Absence of Chief.
BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.
Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.
GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
W. J. Spillman, Agrostologist in Charge.
POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
G. B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.
SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
A. J. PiETERS, Botanist in Charge.
ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. CoRBETT, Horticulturist in Charge.
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
E. M. Byrxes, Superintendent.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.
James E. Jones, Chief Clerk.
POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
G. B. Brackett, Pomologist.
Wm. a. Taylor, Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations.
G. Harold Powell, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Storage Investigations.
H. P. Gould, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District Investigatiorui.
George C. Husmann, Viticidturist.
S.H. Fulton, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Storage Investigations.
W. H. Ragan, Expert in Pomological Nomenclature.
.«. .'.
JAN 8 1907
D.ofa
9. :V.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. Departjient of Agriculture,
Bureau of Plant Industry,
Office of the Chief,
Washingto'n,, D. (7., January 6", IdOlf,.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
catalogue of varieties of the apple, and respectfully recommend that
itbe published as Bulletin No. 56 of the series of this Bureau.
This catalogue was prepared by Mr. W. H, Ragan, Special Pomo-
logical Agent, under the direction of the Pomologist.
Respectfully,
B. T. Galloavay,
Chief of JBureau.
Hon. James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture.
3
10.
11. PREFACE.
The pomologists and fruit growers of this country have long felt
the want of a comprehensive publication on the nomenclature of culti-
vated fruits.
The standard American authors of pomological works have dealt
mostly with select lists of varieties, naming and describing only those
possessing qualities that commended them to the several writers, and
which were, therefore, considered worthj^ of a place in their respective
volumes. These authors have not invariably given preference to the
same leading name for a variety. There are numerous instances where
a variet}" appears under a particular name in the publication of one
author, while it is referred to as a synonym or is entirely omitted by
another writer.
For fully fifty years the American Pomological Society has dili-
gently and intelligently labored for a correct and uniform nomencla-
ture of fruits, but it has been hampered by lack of means and facilities
for accomplishing more than a limited amount of this work. Under
the auspices of the Division of Pomology of the Department of Agri-
culture, a dozen years ago the veteran pomologist Mr. T. T. Lyon,
of South Haven, Mich., was appointed a special agent to carry forward
this laudable work. At his death the work was undertaken by Mr.
W. H. Ragan, of Greencastle, Ind., a man equally versed in fruits,
and one who possessed natural qualifications, a long experience in
pomology, and a national reputation in fruit nomenclature. He has
carried this work well forward toward completion so far as it relates
to the apple, and it gives me pleasure to oflfer to the fruit growers
of the country the only approximatel}'^ complete and elaborate cata-
logue of the nomenclature of apples thus far published.
It is the present intention to follow this with similar catalogues of
other cultivated fruits.
G. B. Bkackett,
Pomologist.
Office of the Pomologist,
Washington, D, C. January , 4^, IdOJi..
6
12.
13. CONTENTS,
Introduction 5)
Code of nomenclature American Pcnnological Society
of the . 11
Key to the abbreviations used in citations of authors and publications 12
Alphabetical list of abbreviations used in designating the publications
quoted 13
Catalogue of the known varieties of apples referred to in American publica-
tions from 1804 to 1904 21
Index to the American literature of the apple, 1804 to 1904 375
14.
15. B. r. I.— 1)1. Pom. I.—23.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE;
A CATALOGUE OF THE KNOWN VARIETIES REFERUED TO IN AMER-
ICAN PUBLICATIONS FROM 1804 TO 19U4.
INTRODUCTION.
The following catalogue of named varieties of apples, with their
various synonyms, though far from complete, embraces all or nearly
all the names that appear in the published works of American writers
on this fruit; in the seriaP numbers of the Magazine of Horticulture
and of the Horticulturist, during their long periods of publication; in
the transactions of the American Pomological Society, and other sim-
ilar publications; in the reports of the State agricultural experiment
stations; in the lists of Benjamin Buckman and of Charles Gibb; in
the reports of the Pomologist of the United States Department of
Agriculture; in many of the nursery catalogues and trade lists, and in
other available publications.
The primary object of this bulletin is to bring together in one com-
prehensive volume all known names that have appeared in the Ameri-
can literature of the apple. Man}' of these names have been printed
without descriptions of the fruit, and on further investigation some
will doubtless prove to be S3'^non3'ms of other varieties. It is believed
that this publication will be especially useful in correcting and simpli-
fying the nomenclature of the apple now well known to be in more or
less confusion, and that it become a standard guide in the naming of
will
varieties in the future. To nurserymen who should desire correct
names for their varieties, and especialh' to originators, who would
avoid the serious mistake of duplicating names in bestowing them on
their new products, this list must come as a valuable aid and helper.
In the nomenclature of this list the revised rules of the American
Pomological Society have been followed. One of these rules, and per-
haps the most important one, relates to the simplifying of our fruit
nomenclature. All unseemly and superfluously long names are reduced
to the simplest and most intelligible forms that will not bring them in
conflict with other names. The orthography is frequently changed to
9
16. 10 NOMENCLATURE OP^ THE APPLE.
make it conform to the and most approved authorities. This is
latest
notabl^^ true of certain personal names heretofore often misspelled
even by the most careful writers, such as "Rawles" for "Ralls," the
name of the introducer of the apple so well known throughout the
South and West under many names and synonyms, of which "Rawles
Janet" is perhaps the most common. This correction is made as the
result of a careful search of the official records of Amherst County,
Va., where exists indubitable proof that "Caleb Ralls" was noi> "Caleb
Rawles." Other corrections, and by far the most numerous class,
are made to conform to the rules of the United States Board on Geo-
graphic Names. These changes are applied to all names not hereto-
fore in conformity with the decisions of that board, which arc now
followed in all the branches of the Government service. Other changes
that will appear are made in compliance with a common-sense tendency
now generall}" recognized and approved of making a single word of
such names as "Winesap," "Redstreak," and others heretofore often
written or printed as two words.
The catalogue is alphabetically arranged throughout, including both
leading names and synonj'uis. Leading names are, however, invari-
ably followed by citations of authors firstusing them and then by all
their known synonyms. Their descriptions, if given or known, ai'e
presented in abbreviated forms in the tables. These descriptions
appear in the following order: Origin, form, size, color, texture of
flesh, color of tlesh, flavor, quality, use, and season, after which will
often be found some explanatory remarks. Synonyms are followed
by citations of authors first publishing them, and then by their true
names. In the citations of authors for names or for sj^nonyms it has
not alwa^^s been possible to give the first publisher of the name owing
to the inaccessibility of a complete set of pomological publications.
In not a few instances the same name has been applied to two or
more varieties and these have been so confirmed by long usage that it
has been thought impossible to avoid the conflict and therefore inad-
visable to change them. In some of these cases an acceptable synonym
has been substituted for the published leading name; for instance, the
"American Golden Pippin," so called by Mr. Downing, is changed
to "Golding," which the author mentioned gives as a synonym, and
in this way one of the numerous "Golden Pippins" is disposed of.
Others that can not be changed are written with their place of origin
or the author first publishing in an abbreviated form following, to
distinguish them, as " Golden Russet (Eng.)," "Golden Russet (Mass.),"
"Golden Russet (N. Y.)," or "Eureka (Dap.)." In some instances,
however, this rule can not l)e applied, since origins and the names of
authors first publishing are unknown, and concerning such names
there will still remain some degree of uncertainty.
In the long list of Russian varieties nuich confusion and uncertainty
17. CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 11
exist as to the several introductions,some of which errors will doubt-
less reappear This problem is, however, being
in this publication.
industriously and intelligentl}^ worked out in the Northwest, where
these Russian apples are of most value and of the greatest promise.
An index to the literature of the subject is appended.
CODE OF NOMENCLATXJRE OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY.'
PRIORITY.
Rule 1. No two varieties of the same kind of fruit shall bear the
same name. The name first published for a variet}' shall be the
accepted and recognized name, except in cases where it has been
applied in violation of this code.
A. The temi "kind" as herein used shall be understood to apply to those general
which are grouped together in common usage without regard to their
classes of fruits
exact botanical relationship, as apple, cherry, grape, peach, i)lum, raspberry, etc.
B. The paramount right of the originator, discoverer, or introducer of a new variety
to name it, within the limitations of this code, is recognized and emphasized.
C. Where a variety name through long usage has become thoroughly established
in American pomological literature for two or more varieties, it should not be dis-
placed nor radically modified for either sort, except in cases where a well-known
synonym can be advanced to the position of leading name. The several varieties
bearing identical names should be distinguished by adding the name of the author
who first described each sort, or by adding some other suitable distinguishing term
which will insure their identity in catalogues or discussions.
D. Existing American names of varieties which conflict with earlier published
foreign names of the same, or other varieties, but w'hich have become thoroughly
established through long usage, shall not be displaced.
FORM OF NAMES.
Rule 2. The name of a variety of fruit shall consist of a single
word.
A. No variety should be named unless distinctly superior to existing varieties in
some important characteristic, nor until it has been determined to perpetuate it by
bud propagation.
B. In selecting names for varieties the following points should be emphasized:
Distinctiveness, simplicity, ease of pronunciation and spelling, indication of origin
or parentage.
C. The and pronunciation of a varietal name derived from a personal or
spelling
geographicalname should be governed by the rules which control the spelling and
pronunciation of the name from which it was derived.
D. A variety imported from a foreign country should retain its foreign name,
subject only to such modification as is necessary to conform it to this code or to render
it intelligible in English.
E. The name of a person should not be applied to a variety during his life without
his express consent. The name of a deceased horticulturist should not be so applied
« Adopted at Boston, September 10, 1903.
18. 12 NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE.
except through formal action by some competent horticultural body, preferably that
with which he was most closely connected.
F. The use of such general terms as seedling, hybrid, pippin, pearmain, beurre,
rare-ripe, damson, etc., is not admissible.
G. The use of a possessive noun as a name is not admissible.
H. The use of a number, either singly or attached to a word, should be considered
only as a temporary expedient while the variety is undergoing preliminary test.
I. In applying the various provisions of this rule to an existing varietal name
which has through long usage become firmly embedded in American pomological
literature, no change shall be made which will involve loss of identity.
Rule In the full and formal citation of a variety name, the
3. name
of the author who tirst published it shall be given.
PUBLICATION.
Rule 4. Publication consists (1) in the distribution of a printed
description of the variety named, giving the distinguishing characters
of fruit, tree, etc., or (2) in the publication of a new name for a variet}'^
which is properly described elsewhere; such publications to be made
in any book, bulletin, report, trade catalogue or periodical, providing
the issue bears the date of its publication and is generally distributed
among nurserymen, fruit-growers, and horticulturists; or (3) in certain
cases the general recognition of a name for a propagated variet}'^ in a
community for a number of years shall constitiute publication of that
name.
A. In determining the name of a variety to which two or more names have been
given in the same publication, that which stands first shall have precedence.
REVISION.
Rule 5. properly published variet}'^ name shall be changed for
No
any reason except conflict with this code, nor shall another variet}' be
substituted for that originally described thereunder.
KEY TO THE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN CITATIONS OF AUTHORS
AND PUBLICATIONS.
In order to avoid all undue complications in the initials used, the
particular page where the name of a variety or its synonym is pub-
lished by authors or others is not specified in this catalogue. The
numbers of bulletins, the year in which reports or magazines were
published, or names of the proprietors of the trade catalogues cited,
only are given. Thus "D" indicates that the variety referred to is
mentioned in Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, second
revised edition, 1869; "I11H"'90,"" in the Transactions of the Illinois
State Horticultural Society for 1890; "A'91," in the Proceedings of
the American Pomological Society for 1891; ''I11B45," in the Illinois
Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 45; "MagofH'38," in
19. KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS. 13
the Magazine of Horticulture for 1838; "P'94," in the Report of the
Pomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture for
1894, etc.
The following abbreviations are used in the descriptions of varieties:
Origin: Eur., Europe; Fr., France; Am., America; N. Y., New York; etc.
Form: c, conical; o, ovate; ob, oblate; obi, oblong; r, round.
Size: 1, large; 1-vl, large to very large; m, medium; ml, medium to large; ms,
medium to small; s, small; v, very.
Color: b, blushed; c, crimson; d, dark; g, green; 1, light; p, pale; pu, purple; r,
red; ru, russet; striped; w, white; y, yellow.
a,
Fiesh (texhire): c, crisp; f, fine; fr, firm; j, juicy; m, medium; me, melting; t,
tender; v, very.
Flesh (color): g, green or greenish; s, stained or wine-colored; v, very; w, white
or whitish; y, yellow or yellowish.
Flavor: a, acid; b, brisk; m, mild; p, pleasant; r, rich; s, sweet; sa, subacid; v,
very; vi, vinous.
Quality: b, best; g, good; g-vg, good to very good; p, poor; v, very; vg-b, very
good to best.
Use: c, cider; d, dessert; f, family; k, kitchen; m, market.
Season: e, early; 1, late; m, medium; ml, medium to late; v, very.
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN DESIGNATING THE
PUBLICATIONS QUOTED.
A American Pomological Society Proceedings, 1852-190.3.
AB Branson, Abner, catalogue, Westbranch, Iowa.
ABW Wenger, A. B., catalogue, Dayton, Va.
AB&Co Barnes, A., & Co., catalogue, Pleasant Run, Ohio.
ACT Tuttle, A. Clark, catalogue, Baraboo, Wis.
ADF&S Freeman, Mrs. A. D., & Sons, catalogue, Tadmore, Ohio.
AFM Mosby, A. F., catalogue, Richmond, Va.
AHCC&C .. Chadbourne, A. H. C, & Co., catalogue, Worcester, Mass.
AHG Griesa, A. H., catalogue, Lawrence, Kans.
AHortA American Horticultural Annual, 1868-1871.
AHS American Horticultural Society Transactions, 1883-1888.
AJC Collins, Arthur J., catalogue, Moorestown, N. J.
AJofH American Journal of Horticulture, Volumes I-IX.
AKC Clingman, A. K., catalogue, Homer, La.
AlaB Alabama Experiment Station Bulletin.
AlaExR Alabama Experiment Station Report.
AlaNCo Alabama Nursery Co., catalogue, Huntsville, Ala.
AMB Amherst, Massachusetts, Experiment Station Bulletin.
AmF American Farmer, 1820-1881.
AmGar American Gardening, 1883-1902.
AndN Andorra Nurseries, catalogue, Philadelphia, Pa.
AN&OCo... Albaugh Nursery & Orchard Co., Tadmore, Ohio.
AP PuUen, A., catalogue, Milford, Del.
APC American Pomological Congress, 1 Vol., 1850.
ArizB Arizona Experiment Station Bulletin.
ArizExR . . . Arizona Experiment Station Report.
ArkB Arkansas Experiment Station Bulletin.
ArkExR . Arkansas Experiment Station Report.
. .
ArkH Arkansas Horticultural Society Report.
20. 14 NOMENCLATUEE OF THE APPLE.
ASB&S Bassett, A. S., & Son, catalogue, Gainesville, Tex.
A&H Albertson & Hobbs, catalo<rue, Bridgeport, Ind.
B Barry, P., Barry's Fruit (ninlen, 1883.
BAC Craddock, B. A., catalogue. Curve, Tenn.
Bai Bailey, Dr. L. H., Annals of Horticulture.
BBCo Brown Brothers Co., catalogue, Rochester, N. Y.
BBL Buckman, Benj., List of Fruits in Trial r)rchard, Farmingdale, 111.
BBros Baker Brothers, catalogue. Fort Worth, Tex.
BOC Curtis, B. 0., catalogue, Paris, 111.
B(Ph)N Bloomington (Phoenix) Nursery, catalogue, Bloomington, 111.
Bul6,8 Bulletins 6 and 8, Division of Pomology, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.
BWS Stone, B. W., catalogue, Thomasville, Ga.
C Coxe, William, A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, 1817.
CAG Green, Charles A., catalogue, Rochester, N. Y.
CalB Experiment Station Bulletin.
California
CanB Canada Experiment Station Bulletin, Central Exi^eriniental Farm,
Ottawa.
CanExR . . . Canada Experiment Station Report, Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa.
CanH Canada Horticulturist, monthly, 1890-1904.
Cat Catalogue, some nursery catalogue; so indexed by Mr. Lyon.
CB Cornell, New York, Experiment Station Bulletin.
CBCo Chase Brothers Co., catalogue, Rochester, N. Y.
CBH Hornor, Charles B., catalogue. Mount Holly, N. J.
CGen Country Gentleman, 1859-1869.
CGP Patten, Chas. G., catalogue, Charles City, Iowa.
CH Hewitt, Clark, catalogue, Waupun, Wis.
ChNCo Cherokee Nursery Co. catalogue, AVaycross, Ga.
,
CLW Watrous, Chas. L. catalogue, Des Moines, Iowa.
,
CN Cumberland Nurseries, catalogue, Nashville, Tenn.
CNC California Nursery Co., catalogue, Niles, Cal.
ColB Colorado Experiment Station Bulletin.
ColExR Colorado Experiment Station Report.
Cole Cole, S. W., The American Fruit Book, 1849.
ColH Colorado Horticultural Society Report.
CtB Connecticut (New Haven) Experiment Station Bulletin.
CtExR Connecticut (New Haven) Experiment Station Report.
CW Wright, Charles, catalogue, Seaford, Del.
D Downing, A. J. and C, Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, 1845,
ed., 1869.
Dap Downing' s Appendix I, 1872, II, 1876, and III, 1881, to Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America.
DDH Herr, Daniel D., catalogue, Lancaster, Pa.
DelB Delaware Experiment Station Bulletin.
Del Ex R Delaware Experiment Station Report.
DMM Moore, D. M., catalogue, Ogden, Utah.
DOM Munson, D. O., catalogue. Falls Church, Va.
DomEnc . . . Domestic Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Facts and Useful Knowl-
edge, first American edition, 1804.
DrHS Schroeder, Dr. Herman, catalogue, Bloomington, 111.
D&M Downing & Morris, catalogue, Clinton, Ind.
E Elliott, F. R., Elliott's Fruit Book, 1854.
ECNCo Elm City Nursery Co., catalogue, New Haven, Conn.
21. KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS. 15
EFS Stephens, E. F., catalogue, Crete, Nebr.
EGM Mendenhall, P]. G., catalogue, Kinnuindy, 111.
EH Hoyt, Edward, catalogue, Scotch (irrove, Iowa.
EMB Buechly, E. M., catalogue, Greenville, Ohio.
EON Eastern Oregon Nurseries, catalogue. Union, Oreg.
EPS Smith, E. P., catalogue, (rresham, Oreg.
EWK Kirkjiatrick, E. W., catalogue, McKinney, Tex.
EWR Reid, E. W., catalogue, Bridgeport, Ohio.
E&B Ellwanger & Barry, catalogue, Rochester, N. Y., 1873-1893.
F Fitz, J. W., The Southern Apple and Peach CUilturist, 1872.
FDNCo Franklin Davis Nursery Co., catalogue, Richmond, Va.
FEY Young, Fred. E., catalogue, Rochester, N. Y.
FF&S Ford, Frank & Son, catalogue, Ravenna, Ohio.
FHC Chappel, F. H. catalogue, Oregon, Wis.
,
FlaB Florida Experiment Station Bulletin.
FlaExR Florida Experiment Station Report.
FlaH Florida Horticultural Society Report.
FSP .... Phoenix, F. S., catalogue, Bloomington, 111.
FTR Ramsey, F. T., catalogue, Austin, Tex.
FWK Kelsey, F. W., catalogue, Rochester, N. Y., 1877-1893.
F&L Eraser & Lippincott, catalogue, HuntHville, Ala.
G Goodrich, Chauncey, Northern Fruit Culturist, 1850.
GaB Georgia Experiment Station Bulletin.
GaExR Georgia Experiment Station Report.
GaH Georgia Horticultural Society Report.
GarCal American Gardener's Calendar, Bernard McMahon, 1806.
GarM Gardener's Monthly, 1859-1885.
GAS Sweet, George A., catalogue, Dansville, N. Y.
Gb Gibb, Charles, U. S. Department of Agriculture, List of Russian
Varieties of Apples.
GB Greening Bros., catalogue, Monroe, Mich.
GBB Brackett, G. B., catalogue, Denmark, Iowa.
GenF Genesee Farmer, 1832-1854.
GeoR Ruedy, George, catalogue, Colfax, Wash.
GQ&S Gould, Geo., & Sou, catalogue, Villaridge, 111.
GHM&S Miller, Geo. H., & Son, catalogue, Rome, (ra.
GHW... ... Whiting, Geo. H., catalogue, Yanktcm, S. Dak.
GJC Carpenter, G. J., catalogue, Fairbury, Nebr.
GJK&S Kellogg, Geo. J., & Sons, catalogue, Janesville, Wis.
GLA Anthony, G. L., catalogue, Vandalia, N. C.
GLT Taber, Geo. L., catalogue, Glen Saint Mary, Fla.
GNM Moyer, G. N., catalogue, Laketon, Ind.
GO Onderdonk, Gilbert, catalogue, Nursery, Tex.
Govlist List of Russian Varieties Introduced by U. S. Department of
Agriculture, 1870.
G&S Gardner & Sons, catalogue, Osage, Iowa.
H Hooper, E. J., Hooper's Western Fruit Book, 1857.
HB&T Hoopes Bro. & Thomas, catalogue, Westchester, Pa.
HFH Hillenmeyer, H. F., catalogue, Lexington, Ky.
HGO Hale Georgia Orchard Co., catalogue. Fort Valley, ia.
(
HG&Co Hoover & Gaines Co., catalogue, Dayton, Ohio.
HMHS History of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1880.
HMSCo Simpson, H. M.,Co., catalogue, Vincennes, Ind.
Hort Horticulturist, The, monthly, 1846-1875.
22. 16 NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE.
Hov Hovey, C. M., the Fruits of America, 1851.
HPN Hart Pioneer Nurseries, catalogue, Fort Scott, Kans.
HSR&S Rupp, Henry S., & Sons, catalogue, Shiremanstown, Pa.
HuC Huntsville Nursery Co., catalogue, Huntsville, Ala.
H&Co Holland & Co., catalogue, Plymouth, Ind.
I Ives, J. M., New England Book of Fruits, 1847.
laB Iowa Experiment Station Bulletin.
laExR Iowa Experiment Station Report.
lall Iowa Horticultural Society Report, 18(57-1903.
IdaB Idaho Experiment Station Bulletin.
IdaExR Idaho Experiment Station Report.
IH&S Hicks, Isaac, & Son, catalogue, Westiniry Station, N. Y.
IllB . . Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin.
IllExR Illinois Experiment Station Report.
IllH Illinois Horticultural Society Report, 1867-1903.
IndB Indiana (Purdue) Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin.
IndExR Indiana (Purdue) Agricultural Experiment Station Report.
IndF Indiana Farmer, 1840.
IndH Indiana Horticultural Society Report, 18(50-1902.
JAY Young, John A., catalogue, Greensboro, N. C.
JB Bidwell, John, catalogue, Chico, Cal.
JBW&B Wild, J. B., & Bros., catalogue, Sarcoxie, Mo.
JGH&S Harrison, J. G., & Sons, catalogue, Berlin, Md.
JGW Wertz, J. G., catalogue, Salem, Va.
JHB Black, Joseph H., & Son, catalogue, Hightstown, N. J.
JIN Newson, J. I., catalogue, Nashville, Tenn.
JLB Brown, J. L., catalogue, Kearney, Nebr.
JMO Ogle, J. M., catalogue, Puyallup, AVash.
JNCo Jewell Nursery Co., catalogue, Lake City, Minn.
JRJ Johnson, J. R., catalogue, Coshocton, Ohio.
JSC&S Collins, J. S., & Son, catalogue, Moorestown, N. J.
JSK Kerr, John S., catalogue, Sherman, Tex.
JTL Lovett, J. T., catalogue, Little Silvers, N. J.
JVC Cotta, J. v., catalogue. Nursery, 111.
JVL Lindley, J. Van., catalogue, Pomona, N. C.
JW Waters, James, catalogue, Watsonville, Cal.
JWA Austin, J. W., catalogue. Pilot Point, Tex.
JWA&Co... Adams, W., & Co., catalogue, Springfield, Mass.
J.
JWK Kerr, W., catalogue, Denton, Md.
J.
JWM Manning, Jacob W., catalogue, Reading, Mass., 1875-1892.
JWS Stevenson, J. W., catalogue, North Bend, Nebr.
JW&S Wragg, J., & Son, catalogue, Waukee, Iowa.
J&R Jones & Rouse, catalogue, Rochester, N. Y.
K Kenrick, William, The New American Orchardist, first edition,
1841.
KanB Kansas Experiment Station Bulletin.
KanExR . . . Kansas Experiment Station Report.
KanFM Kansas Fruit Manual, 1886.
KanH Kansas Horticultural Society Report.
KHN Kansas Home Nursery, catalogue, Lawrence, Kans.
KN Klehm's Nurseries, catalogue, Arlington Heights, 111.
KyB Kentucky Experiment Station Bulletin.
KyExR Kentucky Experiment Station Report.
KyH Kentucky Horticultural Society Report.
23. KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS. 17
K&S Kelly, J. O., <fe Sons, catalogue, Jeff, Ala.
L I-'Von, T. T. ; name modified by Mr. Lyon asChairmanof Committee.
i>aB Louisiana Experiment Station Bulletin.
IjaExR Louisiana Experiment Station Report.
LB Burbank, Luther, catalo^jue, Santa Rosa, Cal.
LC Coates, Leonard, catalogue, Napa, Cal.
(LC) Lyon's catalogue of trial varieties at South Haven, Mich.
Lin Linnsean Botanic Garden, catalogue of 1844-45.
LR Roesch, Lewis, catalogue, Fredonia, N. Y.
LTS Sanders, L. T., catalogue. Plain Dealing, La.
LWC&Co... Carr, L. W., & Co., catalogue, Erie, Pa.
M Manning, Robert, Book of Fruits, first edition, 1838.
MagofH Magazine of Horticulture, Boston, C. M. Hovey & Co., 1835-1860.
MassB Massachusetts (Hatch) Experiment Station Bulletin.
MassExR... Massachusetts (Hatch) Experiment Station Report.
MassH Massachusetts Horticultural Society Report, 1865-1903.
MB&Co Barnes, M., & Co., catalogue, Groesbeck, Ohio.
MDB Beatie, M. D., catalogue, Atlanta, Ga.
MdB Maryland Experiment Station Bulletin.
MdExR Maryland Experiment Station Report.
MdH Maryland Horticultural Society Report.
MeB Maine Experiment Station Bulletin.
MeeM Meehan's Monthly, 1894-1897.
MeExR Maine Experiment Station Report.
MeH Maine Pomological Society Report.
MHSC Montreal Horticultural Society, Canada, 1876-1888.
MichB Michigan Experiment Station Bulletin.
MichExR . . Michigan Experiment Station Report.
MichH Michigan Horticultural Society Report.
-MinnB Minnesota Experiment Station Bulletin.
MinnExR . . Minnesota Experiment Station Report.
MinnH Minnesota Horticultural Society Report.
MinnHort . . Minnesota Horticulturist, monthly, 1894-1901.
MissB Mississippi Experiment Station Bulletin.
MissExR . . . Mississippi Experiment Station Report.
MJG Graham, M. J., catalogue, Adel, Iowa.
MJH Henry, M. J., catalogue, Vancouver, B. C.
MLACo Missing Link Apple Co., catalogue, Clayton, 111.
MoB Missouri Experiment Station Bulletin.
MoExR Missouri Experiment Station Report.
MoH Missouri Horticultural Society Report, 1863-1902.
MontB Montana Experiment Station Bulletin.
MontExR . . Montana Experiment Station Report.
M&S Myer, D. S., & Son, catalogue, Ridgeville, Del.
N Northw'estern Pomology, Gurney, 1894.
NAPC North American PomologicaUConvention Report, 1849.
NCB North Carolina Experiment Station Bulletin.
NCExR North Carolina P^xperiment Station Report.
NCH North Carolina Horticultural Society Report.
NDB North Dakota P^xperiment Station Bulletin.
NDExR North Dakota Experiment Station Report.
NebB Nebraska Experiment Station Bulletin.
NebExR . . . Nebraska Experiment Station Report.
16571—No. 56—05 2
24. .
.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE.
NebH Nebraska Horticultural Society Report.
NEF New England Farmer, 1822-1871.
NevB Nevada Experiment Station Bulletin.
NevExR . . Nevada Experiment Station Report.
NHB New Hampshire Experiment Station Bulletin.
NHExR New Hampshire Experiment Station Report.
NJB New Jersey Experiment Station Bulletin.
NJExR New Jersey Experiment Station Report.
NJH New Jersey Horticultural Society Report.
NMB New Mexico Experiment Station Bulletin.
NMExR New Mexico Experiment Station Report.
NSB Nova Scotia Experiment Station Bulletm.
NSExR Nova Scotia Experiment Station Report.
NSH Nova Scotia Horticultural Society Report.
NWC W., catalogue, Shore, N. C.
Craft, N.
NWFG Northwestern Fruit Growers' Association Report, 1852 and 1855.
NYAg New York Agricultural Society Report.
NYB . : New York Geneva Experiment Station Bulletin.
NYExR New York Geneva Experiment Station Report.
OhioB Ohio Experiment Station Bulletin.
OhioExR . . Ohio Experiment Station Report.
OhioH Ohio Horticultural Society Report.
OKG Gerrish, O. K., catalogue, Lakeville, Mass.
OklB Oklahoma Experiment Station Bulletin.
OklExR Oklahoma Experiment Station Report.
OL Locke, Otto, catalogue, New Braunfels, Tex.
OntB Ontario, Canada, Experiment Station Bulletin.
OntExR Ontario, Canada, Experiment Station Report.
OntH Ontario Fruit Growers' Association Report.
OreB Oregon Experiment Station Bulletin.
OreExR Oregon Experiment Station Report.
P Pomologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Report, 1886-95.
PaB Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin.
PaCR Pennsylvania Agricultural College Report.
PaExR Pennsylvania Experiment Station Report.
PaH Pennsylvania Horticultural Society Report.
PE Emmerson, P., catalogue, Wyoming, Del.
PEN Port Elgin Nursery, catalogue. Port Elgin, Ontario.
PenH Peninsula Horticultural Society Report.
PFar Prairie Farmer, 1843-1897.
PHF.^ Foster, I». H., catalogue, Babylon, N. Y.
PJB Berckmans, P. J., catalogue, Augusta, Ga.
PN Phoenix Nursery, catalogue, Delavan, Wis.
Pr Prince, Wm. R., Pomological Manual, 1831.
R Ragan, V. H. name modified by Mr. Ragan as Chairman
; of Com-
mittee.
Rgltola Russian varieties sent by Dr. Regel to Iowa Agricultural College.
RGN Nicholson, R. G., catalogue, Chestertown, Md.
RIB Rhode Island Experiment Station Bulletin.
RI l'.l Rhode Island Exi^eriment Station Report.
RIM Rhode Island Horticultural Society Report.
R&P Rakestraw & Pyle, catalogue, Willowdale, Pa.
RNY Rural New Yorker, 1854-1872.
S Strong, W. C, Fruit Culture, 1885.
25. KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS. 19
SBro Stark Brothers, catalogue, Louisiana, Mo.
SCB South CaroUna Experiment Station Bulletin.
SCExR South Carolina Experiment Station Report.
SCH South Carolina Horticultural Society Report.
SCtB Stori-s, Connecticut, Experiment Station Bulletin.
SDB South Dakota Experiment Station Bulletin.
SDExR South Dakota Experiment Station Report.
SHNCo Spring Hill Nursery Co., catalogue, Prospect, Va.
SHR Rump, S. H., catalogue, Marshallville, Ga.
Shrotola . . . Russian apples sent by Dr. Schroeder to Iowa Agricultural College.
SHS Hoyt (Stephen) Sons, catalogue. New Canaan, Conn.
SK Kinsey, Samuel, catalogue, Kinsey, Ohio.
SLN Silver Leaf Nurseries, catalogue. Boons Path, Va.
SL&Co Lewelling, Seth, & Co., catalogue, Milwaukee, Oreg.
SMB Mo.
Bayles, S. M., catalogue, St. Louis,
SNCo Sherman Nursery Co., catalogue, Charles City, Iowa.
SP&L Smith, Powell & Lamb, catalogue, Syracuse, N. Y.
S&H Storrs & Harrison, catalogue, Painesville, Ohio.
S&W Stone & Wellington, catalogue, Toronto, Ontario.
T Thomas, J. J., The American Fruit Culturist, 1846.
TCF Ferrell,Thad C, catalogue, Humboldt, Tenn.
Td Todd, S. E., The Apple Culturist, 1871.
TennB Tennessee Experiment Station Bulletin.
TennExR... Tennessee Experiment Station Report.
TexB Texas Experiment Station Bulletin.
TexExR Texas Experiment Station Report.
TexH Texas Horticultural Society Report.
Th Thacher, James, The American Orchardist, 1821.
TJG&S Garden, Thos. J., & Son, catalogue, Springhill, Va.
TSH Hubbard, T. S. & Co., catalogue, Fredonia, N. Y.
TVM Munson, T. V. & Son, catalogue, Denison, Tex.
TWW&S ... Wood, T. W., & Son, catalogue, Richmond, Va.
UCExR University of California Experiment Station Report
UtahB Utah Experiment Station Bulletin.
UtahExR . . Utah Experiment Station Report.
VaB Virginia Experiment Station Bulletin.
VaExR Virginia Experiment Station Report.
VaH Virginia Horticultural Society Report.
Van D Van Deman, H. E., name suggested by Prof. Van Deman.
VRS Russian varieties introduced fi'om various sources.
VtB Vermont Experiment Station Bulletin.
VtExR Vermont Experiment Station Report.
W Warder, Dr. John A., American Pomology —Apple, 1867.
WashB Washington Experiment Station Bulletin.
WashExR . . Washington Experiment Station Report.
WAW&C... Watson, AV. A., & Co., catalogue, Normal, 111.
WBK J Johnson, W. B. K. catalogue, AUentown, Pa.
,
WBro Wirt Brothers, catalogue, Alpha, 111.
WCR Reed, W. C, catalogue, Vincennes, Ind.
Wg Waring, Wm. G., The Fruit Grower's Hand-Book, 1851.
WGW White, Wm. G., catalogue, Ovid, Mich.
WHMCo ... Moon, W. H., Co., catalogue, Morrisville, Pa.
WHR Western Horticultural Review, monthly (Vols. 1 to 4) 1850-1853.
WHyS Smith, Wm. Hy., catalogue, Franklin, Tenn.
26. 20 NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE.
WisB Wisconsin Experiment Station Bulletin.
WisExR . . . Wisconsin Experiment Station Report.
WisH Wisconsin Horticultural Society Report.
WisHort Wisconsin Horticulturist, monthly, 1897-1902.
WJN West Jersey Nursery Co., catalogue, Bridgeton, N. J.
WMB Benninger, W. M., catalogue, Walnutport, Pa.
WmCh Chappelow, AVilliam, catalogue, Duarte, Cal.
WmP Parry, William, catalogue, Parry, N. J.
WMP&S Peters, W. M., & Son, catalogue, Snowhill, Md.
WmW Watson, William, catalogue, Brenham, Tex.
Wn Wickson, E. J., The California Fruits, 1889.
WRH Harris, W. R., catalogue, Tecumseh, Nebr.
WSL&Co... Little, W. S., & Co., catalogue, Rochester, N. Y.
WTH&Co .. Hood, W. T., & Co., catalogue, Richmond, Va.
WVaB West Virginia Experiment Station Bulletin.
W VaExR . . West Virginia Experiment Station Report.
WyB Wyoming Experiment Station Bulletin.
WyExR Wyoming Experiment Station Report.
W&Co Webster & Co., catalogue, Centralia, 111.
W&TSCo... Smith, W. & T., Co., catalogue,Geneva, N. Y.
Y&Co Youngers & Co., catalogue, Geneva, Nebr.
30. J
24 NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE.
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31. ^ '
CATALOGUE OF VARIETIES. 25
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36. 30 NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE.
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