VTU 18CPS13/23 CPPS module-1 PPT

J N N College of Engineering
Dept. Information Science and Engineering
Course In-charge
Girish Mantha
Asst. Professor
ISE Dept
4/15/2021 C PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING(CPPS)- 18CPS13 1
C Programming for Problem Solving – 18CPS13
C Programming Laboratory - 18CPL17
BE-1st Sem, Chemistry Cycle

C PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Course Objectives
CO1 Understand the basics of computer hardware and software
CO2 Understand the problem solving techniques using C programming constructs
CO3 Develop programs in C language based on modular programming
CO4 Implement the programs in C language based on the concepts of structures, pointers
and preprocessor directives.
Theory :
At the end of Course students should be able to:

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Course Objectives
Lab :
At the end of Course students should be able to:
CO1 Identify different components of a computer
CO2 Develop different programming constructs for problem solving using C language
CO3 Use modular programming concepts to develop solutions to a problem
CO4 Develop program in C language based on concepts of structure and pointers

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Evaluation
Pattern
CIE Marks = 40 (30 marks from test, 10 marks for Assignment)
SEE Marks = 60 ( SEE exam will conducted for 100 marks and reduced to 60)

MODULE-1
Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Syllabus
Introduction to computer hardware and Software: Computer generations,
computer types, bits, bytes, and words, CPU, primary, secondary memory, ports
and connections , input & output devices, computers in networks, network
hardware, software basics and software types.
Overview of C: Basic structure of C program, executing C program. Constant,
variable and datatypes, operators and expressions. (RBT Levels: L1 & L2)

MODULE-1 : Introduction to computer hardware and Software
Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:
Computer generations :
First Generation computers
Time Period : 1951 to 1959
Technology : Vacuum Tubes
Size : Very Large System
Processing : Very Slow
Characterized By:-
 Magnetic Drums
 Magnetic Tapes
 Difficult to program
 Used machine language & assembly language

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Second Generation computers
Technology : Transistors
Size : Smaller
Processing : Faster
Characterized By:-
 Magnetic Cores
 Magnetic Disk
 Used high level language
 Easier to program

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Third Generation computers
Technology : ICs (Integrated Circuits)
Incorporated many transistors & electronic
circuits on a single chip
Size : Smaller as compared to 2nd
generation computers
Processing : Faster than 2nd generation
computers
Characterized By:-
Minicomputers accessible by multiple users
from remote terminals.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Fourth Generation computers
Time Period : 1975 till now
Technology : VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
Incorporated many millions of transistors
& electronic circuits on a single chip
Size : Small as compared to first generation
computer
Processing : Faster than third generation computer
Characterized By:-
 The personal computer and user friendly micro-
programs, very fast processor chip high level
language, OOP (Object Oriented Programming)

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Fifth Generation computers
Time Period : present and Future Technology
Technology : Artificial Intelligence
Size : Micro and Nano size
Processing : Faster than Fourth generation computer
Characterized By:-
 Artificial Intelligence

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
COMPUTER AND COMPUTER TYPES
Computer : Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to
instructions given to it in a variable program.
Classification based on working technology :
 Analog computers
 Digital computers
 Hybrid computers
Classification based on size, usage and speed :
 Super Computers
 Mainframe computers
 Mini Computers
 Micro computers
 Small & Embedded computers

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
COMPUTER MEMORY SYSTEM
Computer : Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to
instructions given to it in a variable program.
BITS
Computer memory stores everything in terms of bits, zero’s and ones’s. (1/0).
BYTES
Group of 8 bits are called as 1 byte. Similarly group of 1028 Bytes are called 1KB and so on.
PRIMARY & SECONDARY MEMORY
Physical memory in CPU is differentiated as primary and secondary memory.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY
SR.NO. PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY
1. Primary memory is temporary. Secondary memory is permanent.
2.
Primary memory is directly accessible by
Processor/CPU.
Secondary memory is not directly accessible by the
CPU.
3.
Nature of Parts of Primary memory varies,
RAM- volatile in nature. ROM- Non-volatile.
It’s always Non-volatile in nature.
4.
Primary memory devices are more expensive
than secondary storage devices.
Secondary memory devices are less expensive when
compared to primary memory devices.
5.
The memory devices used for primary
memory are semiconductor memories.
The secondary memory devices are magnetic and
optical memories.
6.
Primary memory is also known as Main
memory or Internal memory.
Secondary memory is also known as External memory
or Auxiliary memory.
7.
Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache memory, PROM,
EPROM, Registers, etc.
Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tapes,
etc.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a
computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
PORTS & CONNECTIONS
A port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer.
1. Serial Port – to connect mouse
2. Parallel Port – Scanner and Printers
3. PS/2 Port - to connect old computer keyboard and mouse
4. Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port - It can connect all kinds of external USB devices
5. VGA Port - Connects monitor to a computer's video card
6. Power Connector - Connects to the computer's power cable
7. Firewire Port - Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed.
8. Modem Port - Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.
9. Ethernet Port - Connects to a network and high speed Internet.
10. Game Port - Connect a joystick to a PC
11. Digital Video Interface, DVI port - Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end video graphic
cards.
12. Sockets - connect the microphone and speakers to the sound card of the computer.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
COMPUTERS IN NETWORK
Types of Network
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
4. Campus Area Network (CAN)
5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
6. Wide Area Network (WAN) Storage
7. System-Area Network (also known as SAN)
8. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)
9. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
10. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Networking Hardware
1. Network Cables - Network cables are the transmission media to transfer data from one device to another.
2. Routers - is a connecting device that transfers data packets between different computer networks.
3. Repeaters, Hubs, and Switches - Connects network devices together so that they can function as a single
segment.
4. Bridges - Connects two separate Ethernet network segments. It forwards packets from the source network to the
destined network.
5. Gateways - Connects entirely different networks that work upon different protocols. It is the entry and the exit
point of a network and controls access to other networks.
6. Network Interface Cards - NIC is a component of the computer to connect it to a network. Network cards are of
two types: Internal network cards and external network cards.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Software’s and types :
Software is a collection of data, programs, procedures, instructions, and documentation that
perform various predefined tasks on a computer system. They enable users to interact with the
computer
Types
1. System Software
System software aids the user and the hardware to function and interact with each other. Basically, it is software to manage computer hardware
behavior so as to provide basic functionalities that are required by the user.
a. Operating Systems
b. Device Drivers
c. Firmware
d. Programming Language Translators
e. Utility
1. Application Software
Application software also known as end-user programs or productivity programs are software that helps the user in completing tasks such as doing
online research, jotting down notes, setting an alarm, designing graphics, keeping an account log, doing calculations or even playing games.
a. Word processors
b. Database software
c. Multimedia software
d. Education and Reference Software
e. Graphics Software
f. Web Browsers

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
MODULE-1 : OVERVIEW OF ‘C’
Problem Solving in C

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Basic Concepts of C Program. Example :
/* This is Documentation Section */
Program to Print Hello World on the
terminal */
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
/* This is how comments are implemented in C
to comment out a block of text */
// or like this for a single line comment
printf( "Hello Worldn" ) ;
}

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Steps in Executing a C Program Executing a C program involves following steps :
1. Creating a C Program
2. Compiling the C Program
3. Linking the program Executing the C program.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Properties of C Programming Language.
C language became popular because of the following reasons.
• C is a robust language, which consists of number of built-in functions and operators can be used to write any complex
program
• Programs written in c are executed fast compared to other languages.
• C language is highly portable
• C language is well suited for structured programming.
• C is a simple language and easy to learn.

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
‘C’ - TOKENS

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
‘C’ - TOKENS
KEYWORDS
• Keywords are tokens which are used for their intended
purpose only.
• Each keyword has fixed meaning and that cannot be
changed by user. Hence, they are also called reserved-
words.
IDENTIFIER
• As the name indicates, a identifier is used to identify various
entities of program such as variables, constants, functions etc.
• In other words, an identifier is a word consisting of sequence
of
→ Letters
→ Digits or
→ "_"(underscore)
• For ex: area, length, breadth

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
‘C’ - TOKENS
CONSTANTS
A constant is an identifier whose value remains fixed
throughout the execution of the program.
The constants cannot be modified in the program.
For example:
1, 3.14512 , “z‟, “girishmantha"
Different types of constants are:
1) Integer Constant
2) Floating Point Constant
3) Character Constant
4) String Constant
5) Escape Sequence Characters

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
‘C’ - DATATYPES
The data type defines the type of data stored in a memory-location.
1) int
2) float
3) double
4) char
5) void
Data type Bytes Range of data type
char 1 bytes -128 to 127
int 2 bytes -32, 768 to 32,767
float 4 bytes 3.4E-38 to 3.4E38
double 8 bytes 1.7E-308 to 1.7E308

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
‘C’ - VARIABLES
A variable is an identifier whose value can be changed during execution of the program.
In other words, a variable is a name given to a memory-location where the data can be stored.
• Using the variable-name, the data can be
→ stored in a memory-location and
→ accessed or manipulated
Rules for defining a variable
1) The first character in the variable should be a letter or an underscore
2) The first character can be followed by letters or digits or underscore
3) No extra symbols are allowed (other than letters, digits and underscore)
4) Length of a variable can be up to a maximum of 31 characters
5) Keywords should not be used as variable-names
Valid variables:
Ex : a, principle_amount, sum_of_digits

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
‘C’ - VARIABLES
Declaring Variables
Syntax :- datatype var-name;
Ex : int age; //stores integer value in variable age
Char section; //variable section stores only one char
Double salary; // Variable salary stores double value with decimal number

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
‘C’ - VARIABLES
Initializing Variables
Syntax :- datatype var-name = constant ;
For Example :-
char ch = 'a' ;
double d = 12.2323 ;
int i, j = 20 ; /* note in this case i is not initialized */
Assigning values to variables
Ex :
int x,y,z;
x = 20 ;
x = y = z = 100 ;

Girish Mantha
ISE Dept
JNNCE, Shimoga
Type Conversions
• Unary Operator
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• Binary Operator
• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operator
• Assignment Operator
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Ternary Operator
• Conditional Operator

Increment and Decrement Operators
INCREMENT OPERATOR
• ++ is an increment operator.
• As the name indicates, increment means increase, i.e. this operator is used to increase the value of a variable by 1.
• For example:
If b=5
then b++ or ++b; // b becomes 6
• The increment operator is classified into 2 categories:
1) Post increment Ex: b++
2) Pre increment Ex: ++b
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x=10,y = 10, z ;
z= x++;
printf(“ z=%d x= %dn”, z, x);
z = ++y;
printf(“ z=%d y= %d”, z, y);
}
Output:
z=10 x=11
z=11 y=11

Increment and Decrement Operators
DECREMENT OPERATOR
• -- is a decrement operator.
• As the name indicates, decrement means decrease, i.e. this operator is used to decrease the value of a variable by 1.
• For example:
If b=5
then b-- or --b; // b becomes 4
• Similar to increment operator, the decrement operator is classified
into 2 categories:
1) Post decrement Ex: b--
2) Pre decrement Ex: --b
void main()
{
int x=10,y = 10, z ;
z= x--;
printf(“ z=%d x= %dn”, z, x);
z = --y;
printf(“ z=%d y= %d”, z, y);
}
Output:
z=10 x=9
z=9 y=9

Logical Operators
Operator Meaning Example
&& Logical AND If c=5 and d=2 then ((c==5) && (d>5)) returns false.
|| Logical OR If c=5 and d=2 then ((c==5) || (d>5)) returns true.
! Logical NOT If c=5 then !(c==5) returns false.
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
printf(“7 && 0 : %d n”, 7 && 0 );
printf(“7 || 0 : %d n”, 7 || 0 );
printf(“ !0 : %d”, !0 );
}
Output:
7 && 0 : 1
7 || 0 : 1
!0 : 1

CONDITIONAL OPERATOR (Ternary Operator)
• The conditional operator is also called ternary operator it takes three operands.
• Conditional operators are used for decision making in C.
• The syntax is shown below:
(exp1)? exp2: exp3;
where exp1 is an expression evaluated to true or false;
If exp1 is evaluated to true, exp2 is executed;
If exp1 is evaluated to false, exp3 is executed.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b, max ;
printf(“ enter 2 distinct numbers n”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
max=(a>b)? a : b;
printf(“ largest number =%d ”, max);
}
Output:
enter 2 distinct numbers
3 4
largest number = 4

BITWISE OPERATORS(Binary Operator)
• These operators are used to perform logical operation (and, or, not) on individual bits of a binary number.
• There are 6 bitwise operators:
Operators Meaning of operators
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
~ Bitwise complement
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

TYPE CONVERSION
• Type conversion is used to convert data of one type to data of another type.
• Type conversion is of 2 types as shown in below figure:

IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
• If a compiler converts one type of data into another type of data automatically, it is known as implicit
conversions.
• There is no data loss in implicit conversion.
• The conversion always takes place from lower rank to higher rank.
For ex, int to float as shown in the above datatype hierarchy.
• For ex:
int a = 22, b=11;
float c = a; //c becomes 21.000000
float d=b/c=11/22.000000=11.000000/22.000000=0.500000
• Example: Program to illustrate implicit conversion.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 22, b=11;
float d ;
d=b/c;
printf("d Value is : %f ", d );
}
Output:
d Value is : 0.500000

EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
• When the data of one type is converted explicitly to another type with the help of some pre-define functions,
it is called as explicit conversion.
• There may be data loss in this process because the conversion is forceful.
• The syntax is shown below:
data_type1 v1;
data_type2 v2= (data_type2) v1;
where v1 can be expression or variable
• For ex:
float b=11.000000;
int c = 22;
float d=b/(float)c=11.000000/22.000000=0.500000
• Example: Program to illustrate explicit conversion.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float b=11.000000;
int c = 22;
float d;
d=b/(float)c;
printf("d Value is : %f ", d );
}
Output:
d Value is : 0.500000

THE PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS
• The order in which different operators are used to evaluate an expression is called precedence
of operators. #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : %d n", e );
e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : %d n" , e );
e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)
printf("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : %d n", e );
e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)
printf("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : %d " , e );
}
Output:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50

MODULE-1
END MODULE-1

VTU 18CPS13/23 CPPS module-1 PPT

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VTU 18CPS13/23 CPPS module-1 PPT