This document is a paper discussing characteristics of God as they relate to the hydrosphere and global ocean. It begins by asserting that oceanography encompasses all other earth processes and cites a NOAA argument about the magnetic field above and below ocean surfaces. It then discusses several biblical passages in Psalms and Genesis that reference God's voice and power over the waters. The paper goes on to describe the water cycle, composition and coverage of oceans, ocean currents driven by both winds and water density, ocean waves, and ocean floor topography including trenches, ridges, and seafloor spreading. Overall, the document analyzes the hydrosphere through a religious lens, seeing layers and interconnected processes as metaphoric of the holy trinity and God
1) Scientists have learned about Earth's interior structure indirectly through seismic waves and directly from rock samples from mining and drilling. This evidence shows that temperature, pressure, and density all increase towards the center.
2) Earth is divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which forms tectonic plates. Below this is the asthenosphere which is ductile and allows plate movement.
3) The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. Studying seismic waves revealed the liquid outer core through a "shadow zone" where no S-waves were detected.
The document summarizes key facts about the dynamic Earth. It describes the different layers of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic crust of varying thicknesses. The mantle makes up most of the Earth's mass and is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere layers. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The document also briefly outlines the Earth's rotation, revolution around the sun, and reasons for the seasons.
Origin and destruction of ocean floor ppt ; ocean floor :evolution of ocean f...Akash Nair
The document discusses the evolution of ocean floors over time. It begins forming at mid-ocean ridges through sea floor spreading, as new crust is created and the continents diverge. Mature ocean basins develop and widen until beginning to decline due to continued spreading and shrinking. Finally, subduction eliminates most of the ocean crust and continents collide, forming mountain ranges. Sea floor spreading and subduction are the major forces driving the evolution of tectonic plates and the continuous formation and destruction of ocean floors according to the Wilson Cycle.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY OF GEOLOGYiammanilyn
The document discusses plate tectonics, the theory that the Earth's outer layer is made up of rigid plates that move over a softer layer below. It describes how plates are made of rigid lithosphere and move due to convection currents in the mantle. The theory helps explain geological features like mountain ranges and volcanoes. It also discusses related topics like the rock and water cycles, uniformitarianism, and the development of geology as a science over time.
Earth has a unique combination of water in its atmosphere, oceans, and land. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface through different states of matter and includes precipitation, infiltration, storage, and evaporation. Below the surface, groundwater flows through zones of saturation and aeration within permeable rocks and soils called aquifers, eventually emerging in springs, streams or being used by humans.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Prentice Hall ch12 geologic time part 2 editedTim Corner
The document summarizes key events in Earth's history from the Precambrian era to the present Cenozoic era. It describes how early Earth's atmosphere evolved, the emergence of stromatolites and other early fossils in the Precambrian, the formation and breakup of supercontinents like Pangaea, the rise of plants and amphibians in the Paleozoic, the dominance of dinosaurs in the Mesozoic, and the replacement of reptiles by mammals as the dominant land animals in the Cenozoic era. Major extinctions like the late Paleozoic extinction and the disappearance of North American megafauna are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including the planets and other celestial bodies. It describes the planets' elliptical orbits around the sun in the same plane, with most orbits inclined less than 3.4 degrees. Terrestrial planets like Earth are smaller and rocky, while gas giants like Jupiter are much larger with lower densities. Other objects in the solar system include comets, asteroids, and meteorites. Early Earth had no life due to high radiation and winds before the atmosphere contained oxygen 1.5-3.5 billion years ago. The sun gives off light and energy, with surface temperatures of 6000 K and corona temperatures over 2 million K.
1) Scientists have learned about Earth's interior structure indirectly through seismic waves and directly from rock samples from mining and drilling. This evidence shows that temperature, pressure, and density all increase towards the center.
2) Earth is divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which forms tectonic plates. Below this is the asthenosphere which is ductile and allows plate movement.
3) The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. Studying seismic waves revealed the liquid outer core through a "shadow zone" where no S-waves were detected.
The document summarizes key facts about the dynamic Earth. It describes the different layers of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic crust of varying thicknesses. The mantle makes up most of the Earth's mass and is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere layers. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The document also briefly outlines the Earth's rotation, revolution around the sun, and reasons for the seasons.
Origin and destruction of ocean floor ppt ; ocean floor :evolution of ocean f...Akash Nair
The document discusses the evolution of ocean floors over time. It begins forming at mid-ocean ridges through sea floor spreading, as new crust is created and the continents diverge. Mature ocean basins develop and widen until beginning to decline due to continued spreading and shrinking. Finally, subduction eliminates most of the ocean crust and continents collide, forming mountain ranges. Sea floor spreading and subduction are the major forces driving the evolution of tectonic plates and the continuous formation and destruction of ocean floors according to the Wilson Cycle.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY OF GEOLOGYiammanilyn
The document discusses plate tectonics, the theory that the Earth's outer layer is made up of rigid plates that move over a softer layer below. It describes how plates are made of rigid lithosphere and move due to convection currents in the mantle. The theory helps explain geological features like mountain ranges and volcanoes. It also discusses related topics like the rock and water cycles, uniformitarianism, and the development of geology as a science over time.
Earth has a unique combination of water in its atmosphere, oceans, and land. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface through different states of matter and includes precipitation, infiltration, storage, and evaporation. Below the surface, groundwater flows through zones of saturation and aeration within permeable rocks and soils called aquifers, eventually emerging in springs, streams or being used by humans.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Prentice Hall ch12 geologic time part 2 editedTim Corner
The document summarizes key events in Earth's history from the Precambrian era to the present Cenozoic era. It describes how early Earth's atmosphere evolved, the emergence of stromatolites and other early fossils in the Precambrian, the formation and breakup of supercontinents like Pangaea, the rise of plants and amphibians in the Paleozoic, the dominance of dinosaurs in the Mesozoic, and the replacement of reptiles by mammals as the dominant land animals in the Cenozoic era. Major extinctions like the late Paleozoic extinction and the disappearance of North American megafauna are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including the planets and other celestial bodies. It describes the planets' elliptical orbits around the sun in the same plane, with most orbits inclined less than 3.4 degrees. Terrestrial planets like Earth are smaller and rocky, while gas giants like Jupiter are much larger with lower densities. Other objects in the solar system include comets, asteroids, and meteorites. Early Earth had no life due to high radiation and winds before the atmosphere contained oxygen 1.5-3.5 billion years ago. The sun gives off light and energy, with surface temperatures of 6000 K and corona temperatures over 2 million K.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
This document provides an overview of continental margins. It begins with introducing the objectives of understanding the importance and characteristics of continental margins in the context of earth and oceanographic studies. It then discusses various topics relevant to continental margins, including the earth's crust, plate tectonics, sea floor spreading, types of plate boundaries and movement, and features of convergent and divergent plate boundaries. The key aspects of continental margins are that they are the submerged zones separating thick continental crust from thin oceanic crust, and form the outer edges of continents.
This document summarizes the internal structure of Earth based on seismic wave studies. It describes the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is thinner under oceans than continents and consists of less dense granite and more dense basalt. There is a sharp boundary between the crust and mantle. The mantle is divided into upper and lower sections. The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. Plate tectonics involves rigid lithospheric plates floating on the mantle that move and interact at boundaries.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the different energy transfer processes that the Earth is experiencing.
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is derived from the Greek words "geo" meaning earth and "morph" meaning form. Geomorphology helps us understand geomorphological processes in different environments, detect natural hazards, identify landforms, and conduct coastal and river research. There are three main types of geomorphology: physical, chemical, and biological. The key geomorphic processes that shape landforms are erosion, transportation, and deposition, which involve the physical and chemical interaction between the earth's surface and natural forces.
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
1) The oceans are important sources of food, energy, minerals, and allow for transportation. They formed from water vapor in the atmosphere condensing over millions of years.
2) The oceans contain dissolved gases, salts, and other elements. Desalination plants remove salt from seawater to produce freshwater.
3) Ocean currents are large masses of water that circulate horizontally, powered by winds, and move different water temperatures in different directions around the globe.
The document discusses key concepts in earth system dynamics including:
1. It describes the solid earth system, plate tectonics, and various earth cycles like the hydrologic and tectonic cycles.
2. It explains the interaction between different subsystems that make up the biosphere and earth system like the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere.
3. It provides examples of different depositional environmental subsystems and phenomena like El Nino and La Nina that impact atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
The document summarizes plate tectonic theory, including how the Pacific plate is moving northwest over millions of years, creating new islands like the one forming southeast of Hawaii. It explains how hot spots under the lithospheric plates cause volcanic eruptions and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean region. The movement of tectonic plates also causes the Atlantic Ocean to expand and the Pacific Ocean to shrink over time.
The hydrosphere refers to all the water on, under, and over the surface of a planet, including the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ice caps, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor. It makes up about 1% of Earth's total mass and covers about 70% of Earth's surface. The hydrosphere is always in motion through various processes of the water cycle, with water circulating between the oceans, atmosphere, and land through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Water pollution from human and natural sources threatens the hydrosphere by contaminating water bodies.
The document describes William Morris Davis' geographical cycle of erosion, which outlines the evolution of landforms over time through three main stages: youth, mature, and old. The cycle begins with the uplift of a landmass, initiating rapid erosion during the youthful stage as rivers deepen valleys. In the mature stage, erosion shifts to lateral widening of valleys as gradients decrease. Finally, in the old stage valleys become flat as erosion slows, resulting in a peneplain landscape. The cycle may be rejuvenated by drops in sea level or renewed uplift restarting the erosion process.
Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain over 97% of the planet's water. They absorb heat from the sun, regulating the climate. Ocean basins formed over millions of years through plate tectics, creating features like mid-ocean ridges and trenches. Scientists study the oceans through various disciplines to better understand ocean processes, life, and influence on weather. The seafloor contains diverse topographic areas from continental shelves and slopes to abyssal plains and undersea volcanoes.
The document discusses different aspects of oceanography and ocean floor topography. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The ocean floor is divided into three primary provinces - continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and mid-ocean ridges.
2) Continental margins include continental shelves, slopes, and rises. Shelves are shallow areas near land where sediment accumulates. Slopes are steep transitions to deeper waters, and rises are flat sediment piles at the base of slopes.
3) Bathymetry uses sound waves to map ocean floor topography in high resolution, revealing features like submarine canyons cutting into continental slopes.
The document summarizes key aspects of oceanography and hydrology. It discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates between the atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere. It also describes the ocean floor's relief features formed by tectonic, volcanic, and depositional processes. Finally, it outlines ocean water movements including waves, tides, currents, and how currents are influenced by factors like temperature, winds, and Coriolis effect.
Continental drift theory developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 proposes that the Earth's continents were once joined together and have been slowly moving apart over geologic time. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations found on different continents, as well as evidence that climates have changed in certain areas. The theory of plate tectonics expanded on this, stating that the Earth's lithosphere is made up of plates that move over Earth's surface, causing geologic events where they meet.
The document describes the four major spheres that make up Earth's system: the lithosphere (solid land and crust), hydrosphere (water), biosphere (living things), and atmosphere (air). It provides details on the characteristics and components of each sphere. Additionally, it discusses Earth's basic facts, motions of revolution and rotation, how seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis and orbit around the sun, and defines solstices and equinoxes as the astronomical start of each season.
Earth science encompasses the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. It includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. The document discusses theories of Earth's formation from a rotating nebula, its layered structure including the crust, mantle and core, and its major spheres - the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. It also describes plate tectonics, methods of representing Earth's surface including latitude, longitude, maps and topographic maps, the concept of Earth as a complex, interacting system, environmental problems facing the planet, and the scientific method of gathering facts, formulating hypotheses and testing theories.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geography. It discusses how geography allows examination of global patterns and changes. The five themes of geography are then introduced: location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. Several lessons cover different geographic concepts in detail, such as the study of earth's layers and landforms, plate tectonics, and processes that change the earth's surface like weathering and erosion. Geographic tools and how geography can be used to understand various topics are also mentioned.
This document discusses various topics related to ocean floor topography including continental margins, oceanic divisions, submarine canyons, ocean currents, the Coriolis effect, tidal currents, ocean waves, and how waves can cause coastal erosion. It describes key features of passive and active continental margins and how the ocean floor transitions from the continental shelf to deeper ocean basins and trenches.
This document discusses hydrology and the water cycle. It begins by explaining that hydrology studies the flows of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans, which make up the water cycle. It then describes the different types of water flows, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. The document also provides statistics on the quantities and distributions of water on Earth. It finishes by outlining some of the uses of hydrology in areas like predicting floods, assessing reservoir needs, and designing hydraulic structures.
The hydrosphere refers to all the water on, under, and over the surface of the Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water in the atmosphere. It makes up about 0.023% of the Earth's total mass and covers around 70% of the Earth's surface. Water circulates through the hydrosphere in the water cycle, driven by energy from the sun that evaporates water from oceans, rivers, and lakes, where it rises into the atmosphere and condenses to form rain or snow and returns to Earth. The hydrosphere supports all life on Earth and its motion influences climate patterns globally.
ES 1010, Earth Science 1 Course Learning Outcomes for.docxaryan532920
ES 1010, Earth Science 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Compare the geography, composition, circulation, and temporal cycles of the oceans.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9:
Oceans: The Last Frontier
Chapter 10:
The Restless Ocean
Watch the following video:
Williams, C. [IDT-CSU]. (2015, August 7). Coastal processes [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/ZO07SgCFKWs
Click here to access a transcript of the video.
NASA Goddard. (2008, October 24). In the zone. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/lB1FADETAyg
Unit Lesson
It is easy to see why Earth is referred to as the “Blue
Planet”—71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by
oceans and seas. However, less than 5% of our
oceans have been explored (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] 2014). So
essentially, most of our Earth is still unexplored and
largely unknown. We do know that oceans contain the
highest mountains, the deepest trenches, and the
longest mountain ranges. On average, the ocean
depth is about four times the average elevation of
continents. In fact, Lutgens & Tarbuck (2014) state that
if the Earth’s continents were perfectly flat, they would
be completely submerged under more than 2,000
meters of seawater!
Oceanography is the branch of science that studies
the world’s oceans. It includes geology, chemistry,
physics, and biology (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014).
Oceanographers started mapping the oceans floors as
early as 1872 by dropping weighted lines down to the
ocean bottom at random points. The use of sound navigation and ranging (sonar) began during World War I
to detect enemy submarines, and was later improved during World War II. Sonar uses the echo of sound
waves to plot the profile of the ocean floor. Satellite radar technology has also contributed to mapping the
ocean floor. Today, we have a fairly good picture of the ocean floor topography.
As we study the ocean floor, we notice three major features: continental margins, basin floors, and mid-
oceanic ridge. The continental margins can be classified as active or passive. Active margins are where the
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Oceans
An iceberg captured on camera during a 30-day mission in
2012 to map areas of the Arctic aboard the NOAA Ship
Fairweather (NOAA, 2013).
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/General_Studies/ES/ES1010/15N/UnitV_CoastalProcesses.pdf
ES 1010, Earth Science
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
ocean lithosphere is subducted beneath the continental crust (recall what you learned in Units III and IV).
These are mainly found around the Pacific Ocean. Passive margins are those that are not experiencing plate
tectonic activity and have more stable topography. Basin floors make up about 30% of the Earth’s surface
(Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014). These areas are between the margins and the mid-ocean ridges and include
deep trenches, under ...
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
This document provides an overview of continental margins. It begins with introducing the objectives of understanding the importance and characteristics of continental margins in the context of earth and oceanographic studies. It then discusses various topics relevant to continental margins, including the earth's crust, plate tectonics, sea floor spreading, types of plate boundaries and movement, and features of convergent and divergent plate boundaries. The key aspects of continental margins are that they are the submerged zones separating thick continental crust from thin oceanic crust, and form the outer edges of continents.
This document summarizes the internal structure of Earth based on seismic wave studies. It describes the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is thinner under oceans than continents and consists of less dense granite and more dense basalt. There is a sharp boundary between the crust and mantle. The mantle is divided into upper and lower sections. The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. Plate tectonics involves rigid lithospheric plates floating on the mantle that move and interact at boundaries.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the different energy transfer processes that the Earth is experiencing.
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is derived from the Greek words "geo" meaning earth and "morph" meaning form. Geomorphology helps us understand geomorphological processes in different environments, detect natural hazards, identify landforms, and conduct coastal and river research. There are three main types of geomorphology: physical, chemical, and biological. The key geomorphic processes that shape landforms are erosion, transportation, and deposition, which involve the physical and chemical interaction between the earth's surface and natural forces.
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
1) The oceans are important sources of food, energy, minerals, and allow for transportation. They formed from water vapor in the atmosphere condensing over millions of years.
2) The oceans contain dissolved gases, salts, and other elements. Desalination plants remove salt from seawater to produce freshwater.
3) Ocean currents are large masses of water that circulate horizontally, powered by winds, and move different water temperatures in different directions around the globe.
The document discusses key concepts in earth system dynamics including:
1. It describes the solid earth system, plate tectonics, and various earth cycles like the hydrologic and tectonic cycles.
2. It explains the interaction between different subsystems that make up the biosphere and earth system like the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere.
3. It provides examples of different depositional environmental subsystems and phenomena like El Nino and La Nina that impact atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
The document summarizes plate tectonic theory, including how the Pacific plate is moving northwest over millions of years, creating new islands like the one forming southeast of Hawaii. It explains how hot spots under the lithospheric plates cause volcanic eruptions and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean region. The movement of tectonic plates also causes the Atlantic Ocean to expand and the Pacific Ocean to shrink over time.
The hydrosphere refers to all the water on, under, and over the surface of a planet, including the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ice caps, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor. It makes up about 1% of Earth's total mass and covers about 70% of Earth's surface. The hydrosphere is always in motion through various processes of the water cycle, with water circulating between the oceans, atmosphere, and land through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Water pollution from human and natural sources threatens the hydrosphere by contaminating water bodies.
The document describes William Morris Davis' geographical cycle of erosion, which outlines the evolution of landforms over time through three main stages: youth, mature, and old. The cycle begins with the uplift of a landmass, initiating rapid erosion during the youthful stage as rivers deepen valleys. In the mature stage, erosion shifts to lateral widening of valleys as gradients decrease. Finally, in the old stage valleys become flat as erosion slows, resulting in a peneplain landscape. The cycle may be rejuvenated by drops in sea level or renewed uplift restarting the erosion process.
Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain over 97% of the planet's water. They absorb heat from the sun, regulating the climate. Ocean basins formed over millions of years through plate tectics, creating features like mid-ocean ridges and trenches. Scientists study the oceans through various disciplines to better understand ocean processes, life, and influence on weather. The seafloor contains diverse topographic areas from continental shelves and slopes to abyssal plains and undersea volcanoes.
The document discusses different aspects of oceanography and ocean floor topography. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The ocean floor is divided into three primary provinces - continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and mid-ocean ridges.
2) Continental margins include continental shelves, slopes, and rises. Shelves are shallow areas near land where sediment accumulates. Slopes are steep transitions to deeper waters, and rises are flat sediment piles at the base of slopes.
3) Bathymetry uses sound waves to map ocean floor topography in high resolution, revealing features like submarine canyons cutting into continental slopes.
The document summarizes key aspects of oceanography and hydrology. It discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates between the atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere. It also describes the ocean floor's relief features formed by tectonic, volcanic, and depositional processes. Finally, it outlines ocean water movements including waves, tides, currents, and how currents are influenced by factors like temperature, winds, and Coriolis effect.
Continental drift theory developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 proposes that the Earth's continents were once joined together and have been slowly moving apart over geologic time. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations found on different continents, as well as evidence that climates have changed in certain areas. The theory of plate tectonics expanded on this, stating that the Earth's lithosphere is made up of plates that move over Earth's surface, causing geologic events where they meet.
The document describes the four major spheres that make up Earth's system: the lithosphere (solid land and crust), hydrosphere (water), biosphere (living things), and atmosphere (air). It provides details on the characteristics and components of each sphere. Additionally, it discusses Earth's basic facts, motions of revolution and rotation, how seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis and orbit around the sun, and defines solstices and equinoxes as the astronomical start of each season.
Earth science encompasses the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. It includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. The document discusses theories of Earth's formation from a rotating nebula, its layered structure including the crust, mantle and core, and its major spheres - the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. It also describes plate tectonics, methods of representing Earth's surface including latitude, longitude, maps and topographic maps, the concept of Earth as a complex, interacting system, environmental problems facing the planet, and the scientific method of gathering facts, formulating hypotheses and testing theories.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geography. It discusses how geography allows examination of global patterns and changes. The five themes of geography are then introduced: location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. Several lessons cover different geographic concepts in detail, such as the study of earth's layers and landforms, plate tectonics, and processes that change the earth's surface like weathering and erosion. Geographic tools and how geography can be used to understand various topics are also mentioned.
This document discusses various topics related to ocean floor topography including continental margins, oceanic divisions, submarine canyons, ocean currents, the Coriolis effect, tidal currents, ocean waves, and how waves can cause coastal erosion. It describes key features of passive and active continental margins and how the ocean floor transitions from the continental shelf to deeper ocean basins and trenches.
This document discusses hydrology and the water cycle. It begins by explaining that hydrology studies the flows of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans, which make up the water cycle. It then describes the different types of water flows, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. The document also provides statistics on the quantities and distributions of water on Earth. It finishes by outlining some of the uses of hydrology in areas like predicting floods, assessing reservoir needs, and designing hydraulic structures.
The hydrosphere refers to all the water on, under, and over the surface of the Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water in the atmosphere. It makes up about 0.023% of the Earth's total mass and covers around 70% of the Earth's surface. Water circulates through the hydrosphere in the water cycle, driven by energy from the sun that evaporates water from oceans, rivers, and lakes, where it rises into the atmosphere and condenses to form rain or snow and returns to Earth. The hydrosphere supports all life on Earth and its motion influences climate patterns globally.
ES 1010, Earth Science 1 Course Learning Outcomes for.docxaryan532920
ES 1010, Earth Science 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Compare the geography, composition, circulation, and temporal cycles of the oceans.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9:
Oceans: The Last Frontier
Chapter 10:
The Restless Ocean
Watch the following video:
Williams, C. [IDT-CSU]. (2015, August 7). Coastal processes [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/ZO07SgCFKWs
Click here to access a transcript of the video.
NASA Goddard. (2008, October 24). In the zone. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/lB1FADETAyg
Unit Lesson
It is easy to see why Earth is referred to as the “Blue
Planet”—71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by
oceans and seas. However, less than 5% of our
oceans have been explored (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] 2014). So
essentially, most of our Earth is still unexplored and
largely unknown. We do know that oceans contain the
highest mountains, the deepest trenches, and the
longest mountain ranges. On average, the ocean
depth is about four times the average elevation of
continents. In fact, Lutgens & Tarbuck (2014) state that
if the Earth’s continents were perfectly flat, they would
be completely submerged under more than 2,000
meters of seawater!
Oceanography is the branch of science that studies
the world’s oceans. It includes geology, chemistry,
physics, and biology (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014).
Oceanographers started mapping the oceans floors as
early as 1872 by dropping weighted lines down to the
ocean bottom at random points. The use of sound navigation and ranging (sonar) began during World War I
to detect enemy submarines, and was later improved during World War II. Sonar uses the echo of sound
waves to plot the profile of the ocean floor. Satellite radar technology has also contributed to mapping the
ocean floor. Today, we have a fairly good picture of the ocean floor topography.
As we study the ocean floor, we notice three major features: continental margins, basin floors, and mid-
oceanic ridge. The continental margins can be classified as active or passive. Active margins are where the
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Oceans
An iceberg captured on camera during a 30-day mission in
2012 to map areas of the Arctic aboard the NOAA Ship
Fairweather (NOAA, 2013).
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/General_Studies/ES/ES1010/15N/UnitV_CoastalProcesses.pdf
ES 1010, Earth Science
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
ocean lithosphere is subducted beneath the continental crust (recall what you learned in Units III and IV).
These are mainly found around the Pacific Ocean. Passive margins are those that are not experiencing plate
tectonic activity and have more stable topography. Basin floors make up about 30% of the Earth’s surface
(Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014). These areas are between the margins and the mid-ocean ridges and include
deep trenches, under ...
This document discusses waves, currents, tides and how they are formed. It explains that waves are created by energy passing through water and are caused by wind or disturbances like storms, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Currents are driven by factors like wind, density differences, gravity and tides. There are surface currents in the top layers and deep currents caused by temperature and salinity differences. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon which bulges the Earth's oceans on the side facing the moon and opposite the moon, creating high and low tides as the Earth rotates.
This document provides information about oceanography and beaches. It discusses how the oceans formed from volcanic activity and impacts from comets and meteorites over 4.6 billion years. Key topics covered include ocean composition, temperature variation with depth, ocean currents like gyres, and coastal landforms shaped by wave erosion and deposition such as barrier islands, spits, and sea stacks. Ocean features like continental shelves, trenches, and guyots are also mentioned.
The concept map shows:
- The geosphere influences the hydrosphere through volcanoes melting glaciers and raising sea levels
- The hydrosphere influences the atmosphere through evaporation forming clouds and precipitation
- The atmosphere influences the biosphere through temperature and weather affecting plant and animal habitats
- The biosphere influences the geosphere through organisms breaking down rocks and soil formation
The document provides an overview of key facts about Earth's oceans:
- Oceans cover 71% of the planet and are composed primarily of sodium chloride, making ocean water undrinkable.
- Ocean currents are driven by global winds and the Coriolis effect, influencing climate by transporting warm and cold waters.
- Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity, not winds at the surface.
In the Name of Allāh (God Almighty), the All Merciful and the Most Merciful. ...HarunyahyaEnglish
The document discusses manifestations of Allah's names of Rahman (All-Merciful) and Rahim (Most Merciful) in the universe, life on Earth, the human body, and in animals and plants. It provides examples of how perfectly balanced conditions support life, from the formation of galaxies and conditions for life on Earth, to complex systems that regulate functions in the human body without any effort by humans. Everything demonstrates Allah's infinite mercy through protected and optimal conditions for survival.
The document discusses the hydrosphere and water pollution. It defines the hydrosphere as the liquid water component of Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and streams, which covers 70% of the planet. The hydrosphere is in constant motion due to ocean currents driven by factors like temperature, salinity, and wind energy transfer. The document then discusses how water pollution has increased as the human population has grown and industrialized, threatening the quality of both surface waters and underground aquifers, with over half of Iowa's groundwater wells found contaminated in 1996.
This document provides an overview of ocean currents and tides. It describes how surface currents are driven by winds and affected by the Coriolis effect and continental deflections, while deep currents are formed by differences in water density. It also discusses how currents influence climate, such as warm currents creating warmer coastal areas. The document outlines the formation and types of ocean waves, including how tides are influenced by the positions of the Earth, sun and moon. Tidal ranges vary, with spring tides having the largest ranges during new and full moons. Tidal bores can also occur in narrow coastal inlets during high tide rises.
The Creation of the Ocean FloorSCI209Running head .docxtodd241
The Creation of the Ocean Floor
SCI/209
Running head: THE CREATION OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
1
THE CREATION OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
5
The Creation of the Ocean Floor
One scientific speculation about the beginning of ocean water declares that as Earth developed from a gas and dust cloud more than 4.5 billion years ago, an enormous quantity of insubstantial elements such as oxygen and hydrogen became confined inside the liquefied inner part of the newly formed planet (Advameg, 2013). In the course of the first few billion years following planets formation, these basic gases emerged across thousands of miles of red-hot and liquefying rock to discharge on the Earth’s surface through fissures (long narrow cracks) and volcanoes.
Inside the earth and atop the exterior, the gas hydrogen joined oxygen developing water. Massive amounts of liquid blanketed the planet as an extraordinarily heavy atmosphere of water cloud. Close to the uppermost part of the atmosphere, where high temperature may possibly dissipate to outward reaches of the earth, water vapor concentrated to a liquid form and dropped into the stratum below, chilling the level. This atmospheric cool down procedure lasted till the initial precipitation dropped to the planet’s young exterior and flared into a misty haze. This came to pass as the creation of an astonishing downpour that through the course of time, progressively filled the ocean cavities.
There are three major classes of tectonic plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, covergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. The divergent boundaries outstanding features are fresh crust is produced as two or more plates tear away from one other. Oceans are generated and grow broader where plates deviate or pull apart. Seafloor expanding is a process in which the molten rock produces new ground underneath water. This progression takes millions of years to establish a 10 foot hill because growth fluctuates from two to 10 centimeters yearly. The convergent boundaries outstanding features are here crust is demolished and reprocessed back into the inside of the Earth as one plate descents under another. These are recognized as Subduction Zones - volcanoes and mountains are often discovered where plates come together. The kinds of volcanoes that can occur depend on the chemical composition of the molten rock that decides its fluidity. There are three kinds of convergent boundaries: Oceanic-Continental Convergence, Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence, and Continental-Continental Convergence (Platetectonics, 2010). The transform boundaries outstanding features are when two plates are skimming parallel by each other. These are additionally identified as transform boundaries or in addition normally called faults. The San Andreas Fault is the best known and considered the most lethal translational line.
One natural event that occurs as a direct result of plate boundary interactions is a tsunami. Plate tectonics are the secondary trigger of tsunamis. When a maj.
15. the astonishing genesis flood, part 2Ariel Roth
This document discusses evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible. It summarizes five pieces of evidence from the document:
1) Abundant marine sediments are found on continents, which is unusual since continents normally float above denser rocks below oceans. This distribution of sediments is better explained by a worldwide flood bringing ocean sediments inland.
2) Turbidites and other deposits indicating rapid underwater activity and sediment movement are commonly found on continents far from oceans, suggesting past submergence.
3) Sediment layers show continent-wide currents dominated in one direction, rather than local flows in all directions as seen today, further indicating a large-scale catastrophic event.
4) Some fossil layers contain
This document provides a summary of key topics from a social science presentation, including:
- The lithosphere refers to the hard, rocky surface of Earth including the land masses.
- The large land masses above sea level are called continents, of which there are seven.
- Oceans are vast stretches of water that extend thousands of kilometers, with five major oceans.
- The biosphere includes the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, collectively known as the living world.
The document discusses several key physical properties of oceans including:
1) Waves are caused mainly by wind, with stronger or longer winds creating larger waves. Tides are caused by the moon's gravity pulling on Earth's water and cause high and low tides each day.
2) The most common chemical in ocean water is sodium chloride (salt). Salinity refers to the salt concentration, which varies due to temperature, evaporation, and proximity to freshwater sources.
3) Ocean currents are caused by differences in temperature, salinity, and ocean floor topography. The Coriolis effect causes currents and winds to curve as the Earth rotates.
The document discusses several key physical properties and features of the oceans. It explains that wind causes ocean waves and that tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. It also notes that the most common chemical in ocean water is sodium chloride (salt), and that salinity refers to the salt concentration in water. The document further describes ocean currents, noting that surface currents are caused by wind while deep currents are caused by differences in temperature, salinity, and ocean floor shape. It explains how the Coriolis effect impacts ocean currents. Additional topics covered include methods of ocean exploration like sonar, submersibles, and satellites, as well as seafloor topography features such as the continental shelf, continental slope, and
This document is a student paper discussing the topic of oceans. It begins with the student explaining their choice to write about oceans over other topics like weather or hurricanes. The paper then provides background on the size and composition of oceans, noting there is technically one global ocean divided into 5 regions. It discusses theories on the formation of oceans and details various ocean floor features like trenches, ridges, and volcanoes. The paper also examines powerful ocean phenomena like tsunamis and earthquakes. It explains ocean circulation driven by factors such as wind, the Coriolis effect, and thermohaline circulation. In closing, it briefly touches on climate patterns influenced by ocean currents like El Niño and La Niña.
Geography class 11(Fundamentals of Physical Geography) Shivam Kapri
This file is made form NCERT class 11 book titled "Fundamental of Physical Geography". Will be of help to students and for competitive exam preparations.
The document discusses various topics related to oceans including waves, tsunamis, sea creatures in the Indian Ocean, and oceanography. It provides details on how winds cause ocean waves and how tsunamis are typically caused by underwater earthquakes. It also describes some common sea life found in the Indian Ocean like whales, turtles, sailfish, and bottle nose dolphins. The document notes that oceanography is the interdisciplinary study of oceans and seas and explains why it is an important field of research.
Similar to VPHebert-WS5.5-FINAL PAPER-HYDROSPHERE and GLOBAL OCEAN (20)
1) The document describes a PISCO model for implementing a new non-profit division called The Shepherd's House. PISCO stands for identifying the Problem, Inputting nutrients, Seeking measures, Choosing direction, and implementing results.
2) The Shepherd's House aims to empower orphaned children and young, single mothers through education, vocational training, and life skills programs.
3) To implement the new division, leadership will be divided among four departments wearing different "hats" (roles). They will work in rotating groups and meet bi-monthly to integrate solutions while limiting individual workloads.
The document discusses the Stanford prison experiment from 1971 and the Abu Ghraib prison scandal. It argues that giving power and authority without accountability can lead to corruption, as seen in both situations. At Abu Ghraib, the torture and abuse depicted went against human decency, though some detainees were not entirely innocent. Both experiments showed how fragile human psychology can be when power is concentrated in certain individuals in an environment without oversight. Overall, the document analyzes the similarities and differences between the Stanford and Abu Ghraib situations in how power dynamics can influence human behavior.
Classical and operant conditioning are both forms of learning but differ in their processes. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response through repeated exposure. Operant conditioning focuses on how voluntary behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences. Both result in learned behaviors through experience, but classical conditioning involves natural stimuli while operant conditioning involves consequences for behaviors. The key difference is that classical conditioning does not require a voluntary response while operant conditioning depends on voluntary actions and their outcomes.
This document discusses factors that can lead to happiness, including self-knowledge, faith, a healthy lifestyle, and relationships. It disagrees with the idea that one can simply "act happy" and argues that addressing hardships through perseverance, prayer, and faith is more effective. To begin the journey to happiness, one must have a vision for how to live authentically while being inspired by faith and knowing their strengths. Understanding oneself and one's needs at different stages of development can help achieve self-actualization despite difficult circumstances.
Morality is the ability to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate actions. The author believes morality comes from a higher level of faith or hope and an elevated personal perspective. While nature and nurture influence morality, the end result is based on worshipping and seeking guidance from God. Moral development occurs in stages, from making decisions based on external consequences to justifying actions based on internalized rules to postconventional morality attained by consistently working to ascend to the highest level of morality. The author believes morality is a combination of beliefs, nature, and nurture that enables standing alone through difficult times with integrity and character.
This document provides instructions for preparing and scanning employee records into Laserfiche. It describes how to sort documents by type, insert barcode sheets, and scan files either individually with barcodes or in batches. Settings for standard scanning like resolution, paper size, and enabling blank page removal are included. Steps for quality control and troubleshooting scanner issues are also outlined.
VPHebert-WS5.5-FINAL PAPER-HYDROSPHERE and GLOBAL OCEAN
1. Running head: VPHEBERT-WS5.5 FINAL PAPER: CHARACTERISTICS OF GOD: UPON
THE HYDROSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN
Characteristics of God:
Upon the Hydrosphere and Global Ocean
Vanessa P Hebert
Dr. C
July 4, 2015
EAR SCN-120
Earth Science
I have read and I understand the plagiarism policy as outlined in the syllabus and the sections in
the Student Catalog relating to the IWU Honesty/Cheating Policy. By affixing this statement to
the title page of my paper, I certify that I have not cheated or plagiarized in the process of
completing this assignment. If found that cheating and/or plagiarism did take place in the
writing of this paper, I understand the possible consequences of the act/s, which could include
expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University.
2. Running head: VPHEBERT-WS5.5: THE HYDROSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN
Abstract
Oceanography is an independent science that encompass all of the other spheres or earth
processes and their sub-sciences; NOAA, makes avaiable a strong argument about the magnetic
field that rest above the surface of the waters and extend below to the global oceans basin:
(Interior, 2014)
This pursues my theory of perpetual processes and layering-this is another example of the energy
and power of God that affects the currents, energy fields or winds.
“The voice of the Lord is upon the waters: the God of glory thundered: the Lord is upon many
waters. The voice of the Lord is powerful; the voice of the Lord is full of majesty. (Psalms 29)
3. Running head: VPHEBERT-WS5.5: THE HYDROSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN
Looking at the system of Universal Laws, turn your attention to look at the omnipresence
of God; his expanse is as un-measurable as is the known universe in our solar region. There is
the world, spoken into existence; his Son Jesus, birthed- from his creation: then there is the Word
of God-eternally in him: Lastly but certainly not least, there is the Holy spirit that came down
from heaven which can be seen as the atmosphere, because it is invisible, but it has varying
degrees and levels it covers and protects. Have you noticed the shell or the hull or law of order
and seeding, in every system that God has created?
The system of the earth and it processes have a similar makeup: we can detect this order
by observing the spheres that each earth system inhibits. What I mean is this, we cannot live
without the air of the atmosphere and ecosystems of the biosphere, or the water hydration and
evaporation processes of the hydrosphere. Our geosphere is simply the ground beneath our feet-
like the Word of God; being that hard-core system providing the geosphere minerals or nutrients:
just as our blood functions for our human bodies-a life source including the Holy spirit as our
spiritual fuel. The earth processes are a completely self-sufficient operating system; however,
they have been carefully designed or layered to utilize the life source of each other; with
interdependent elements that is necessary for all forms of life.
The Hydrosphere affects greatly our survival as humans. The vehicle in which water
travels is evaporation from our oceans then into precipitation to our land then running back to the
ocean. (Tarbuck, Lutgens, & Tasa, 2015)“Evaporation can be defined as the process where
liquid water, or any other liquid, is transformed into a gaseous state: the evaporation process
requires an input of energy from the environment”. (Hubbart & Pidwimy, 2011)
The miracle of water is so astounding that Ecclesiastes 1:7 "All the rivers flow into the
sea, yet the sea is not full. To the place where the rivers flow, there they flow again. Water is no
4. Running head: VPHEBERT-WS5.5: THE HYDROSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN
doubt the most abundant substance at the surface of the earth. Our oceans contribute to over 97%
of the earth’s water source; the second largest contributor are the ice caps at 2.05 percent. Our
underground and above groundwater sources are caverns, water tables, springs, lakes and rivers
are still less than 10 percent combined. The earth is approximately 197 million square miles; of
that- a 140 million square mile are oceans and seas. 71% of our earth’s surface is covered by
water.
Revelation 1:15b says “and his voice as the sound of many waters”: I now think many, as in
diverse; not only volume and mass.
Genesis 1:6-9 Shares with us Gods activity of separating the heavens from the waters;
creating that divide of space of here and there. Who other than the one true living God can take
the earth and hold it on its axis, while spinning the winds in their hemisphere or gyros in
opposite directions to correspond with ocean currents; and never allowing the earth to fall or
without our feeling it physically. As humans we could possibly experience the chaos or friction
that arises from time to time in our lives as an effect of that energy: but His Holy Word gives us
the power to speak peace into any turbulent circumstance.
Currents are made up of two elements-speed and direction; tides are big waves that move
through the ocean in response to the forces exerted by the moon and sun. Currents put the
motion in the ocean, whereas tides involve water moving up and down. (NOAA, 2014) Ocean
waves are energy traveling along the surface between ocean and atmosphere, often transferring
energy from a storm far out at sea over distances of several thousand kilometers. Even on calm
days, the ocean still has waves that travel across its surface. (Tarbuck, Lutgens, & Tasa, 2015)
An ICR associate confirms in a survey performed by NASA that life on earth depends on
the continuous movement of ocean water to mix nutrients both horizontally and vertically. Their
5. Running head: VPHEBERT-WS5.5: THE HYDROSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN
satellite “Aquarius” shows the complicated causes of our ocean currents, and are primarily
driven by winds above surface; but below the water they are driven by water density: I contend
that they are harkening to the voice of God-he created processes to be perpetual. Thomas also
goes on to say "This globally interconnected process of overturning circulation occurs in all
ocean basins and helps to regulate earth's climate." (Thomas, 2011) Here again is that layering
process I referred to earlier about how God has embedded a seed of generation within the earth
to reproduce or perform processes systematically.
Global oceans are spectacular and full of forceful movement; Psalm 93:4 “The Lord on
high is mightier than the noise of many waters, yea, than the mighty waves of the sea”. (KJV)
Darkness –a hue; was upon the face of the deep: I wonder if there was any color before God
spoke the heavens in place and it became the sky. A blue that is unlike another color we can
behold, but we know that God will not just have it reflect one color; it is actually a spectrum of
colors. The blue of our oceans that varies in shades and hues from very dark blue to a very light-
virtually transparent aqua-green provides tranquility for weary eyes.
“Pure water is perfectly clear, of course - but if there is a lot of water, and the water is very deep
so that there are no reflections off the sea floor, the water appears as a very dark navy blue. The
reason the ocean is blue is due to the absorption and scattering of light. The blue wavelengths of
light are scattered, similar to the scattering of blue light in the sky but absorption is a much larger
factor than scattering for the clear ocean water. In water, absorption is strong in the red and weak
in the blue, thus red light is absorbed quickly in the ocean leaving blue. Almost all sunlight that
enters the ocean is absorbed, except very close to the coast. The red, yellow, and green
wavelengths of sunlight are absorbed by water molecules in the ocean” the agent that is needed
for light absorption in the ocean is chlorophyll. (Acker, 2010)
6. Running head: VPHEBERT-WS5.5: THE HYDROSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN
I know that when he separated the heavens from the deep, being under water; it caused a
great shift, rift and impact upon the earth; and created varying seamounts, which are isolated
elevations near volcanoes. Knowing that God used words to perform is works; maybe just maybe
this is what some refer to as a big bang. Ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges under the
sea. Seas are simply extended bodies of water preceding an ocean: the course of time and molten
rock has caused-an issue of change on the seafloor. Seafloor spreading leads to rifting then to
faults; plate tectonics, I learned are in constant motion accommodating these changes to sea
floor. Imagine a world beneath the ocean floor, seeing as how mountains rise from it and plates
form to cover it. The average depth of bodies of seawater is about 3.8 kilometers (2.4 miles).
Maximum depths can exceed 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in areas known as ocean trenches
(Hubbart & Pidwimy, 2011) ; however, deep ocean basins are occasionally 36,000 feet.
As I study the ocean floors, I can see the probability how the ocean floor-topography, could very
well mirror the terrain of above surface waters, fitting together like a puzzle: a theory I once
disagreed with. Consider for a moment-the deep underwater trenches were they resting places of
the tops of the mountain that was torn apart when God separated the waters, creating the
firmament.
I am persuaded that our oceans are methphoric of God and the Holy Tinity. My reasoning
is that Gods voice rests upon or abides upon the face of the waters; it is also indicative of his
Omnipresence: note that all other spheres of the earth’s sciences and their elements are
conneceted by a process of layering; as is the Holy Trinity, one upon the other; obeyging the
voice of God:accomplishing the word he has sent forth.
7. Running head: VPHEBERT-WS5.5: THE HYDROSPHERE AND GLOBAL OCEAN
References
Acker, J. (2010, April ). Science NASA Earth. Retrieved from NASA :
http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/living-ocean/ocean-color/
Hubbart, J. A., & Pidwimy, M. (2011, October 3). Water. Retrieved from Encyclopedia of Earth
: http://www.eoearth.org/topics/view/51cbfc78f702fc2ba8129e9b/
Information-NOAA, N. C. (n.d.). World Data Center A Marine Geology & Geophysics.
Retrieved from National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC):
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html
Interior, U. D. (2014). BOEM-Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Retrieved from DOI.GOV:
http://www.doi.gov/pmb/ocean/index.cfm
KJV. (1982). Holy Bible King James Version (Giant Print ed.). Nashville, TN, USA: Holman
Bible Publishers.
NOAA, N. O. (2014, 6). Nation's Ocean and Coastal Agency. Retrieved from Ocean Service:
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/
Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., & Tasa, D. (2015). EARTH SCIENCE (14th ed.). (A. Dunaway,
Ed.) Upper Saddle River , New Jersey , USA : PEARSON.
Thomas, B. (2011, September 22). NASA'S Ocean Currents Study Confirms Providential Care.
Retrieved from Institute Creation Research: https://www.icr.org/article/6385