This research paper examines the long-term causal relationship between the quality of education and technological readiness. It focuses on Northern Europe, where the quality of education is strongly supported by government policies and/or a high level of intellectual independence, distinguishable from that in the US and Continental Europe (Acemoglu, 2012).
Information technology is increasingly becoming a requirement for the success of modern education. From the point of enrolment in educational institutions up to the point of exit, various technologies are implemented to enhance the smooth running of educational processes such as registration, classroom/online teaching, administration and so on. The implementation of technology in education is aimed at improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of education delivery. Technology, in this regard, covers various teaching and learning aids that are established on the bedrock of an information technology infrastructure (Peña-López, 2016)
. Correspondingly, education combines all available resources to ensure the effective delivery or transfer of knowledge from a teacher to a learner. The end product of education, as suggested by many scholars in education, is “a change in the behavior of the learner” (Mayer-Mihalski & DeLuca, 2014). As education is a key determinant of the social, technological, economic, and political development of any nation, in order to improve and expand access to technology schools are making efforts to increase allocation of technological resources and thus improve the quality of education
Innovation in education can be a major driver behind more equally distributed income among a country’s population. Innovations to improve educational quality can provide long-term benefits in terms of creating a more equal society, which in turn can generate widespread innovative and creative thinking. According to a 2016 OECD report, innovation in educational systems can add value in different ways. First, it can improve learning outcomes and educational processes; for example, personalized learning can be created for each student. Second, education is a means of improving equity and equality; in this sense, innovation can enhance equity in access to education and promote equality in learning outcomes. Third, the educational sector in general introduces changes in response to societal needs. In this context, efficient educational systems should adopt teaching and learning practices that help to foster skills for innovation.
The open educational system in Nordic countries encourages use of technology and a high quality of education. Schleicher (2012) states that good policy in relation to open educational resources can make technology usage more effective in education. According to Schleicher (2012), open platforms can connect teachers experiencing the same difficulties in education and encourage a more collaborative teaching culture, which, in turn, can foster innovation and acq
This document provides information on various vitamins. It begins with an introduction that defines vitamins and their classification. It then discusses individual vitamins - Vitamins A, D, E, K, B, and C. For each vitamin, it describes chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency symptoms, recommended dietary allowances, and implications for dental and periodontal health. The document concludes with references. It serves as a comprehensive yet concise review of the essential roles and impacts of different vitamins.
This document summarizes key information about water soluble vitamins. It discusses Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in depth, covering its structure, functions, metabolism, deficiency, sources, and more. It also briefly covers the B vitamin complex, including thiamine (B1) and riboflavin (B2). The document provides detailed information on the biological roles and importance of water soluble vitamins.
Vitamins are organic substances that are vital for life but cannot be synthesized by the body, and must be obtained through diet. The document discusses the history and discovery of several important vitamins, including their cofactor forms, functions, deficiency symptoms, sources and requirements. It provides details on vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C, D, E, and K, and the roles they play in important metabolic processes in the body.
Vitamins are divided into fat soluble and water soluble groups. Fat soluble vitamins include A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins include the B complex vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamins serve essential roles like visual processes, immune function, bone health and acting as antioxidants. They are obtained through the diet or synthesized in the body and deficiencies can cause diseases like rickets, scurvy or neurological issues depending on the vitamin. Requirements vary based on species, life stage, environment and health status.
Vitamin C plays an essential role in many bodily functions. It acts as a reducing agent and antioxidant, helping to synthesize collagen and aid in iron absorption. A deficiency of vitamin C, known as scurvy, results in fragile blood vessels, bleeding gums, and poor wound healing due to a lack of collagen production. While most land animals can synthesize vitamin C, humans must obtain it through their diet by eating foods like citrus fruits, berries, peppers and leafy greens.
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance and reproduction. They are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on their solubility. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, the B-complex vitamins, and others. They function as coenzymes in metabolism. Deficiencies can cause diseases like scurvy and beriberi. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D, E, and K. The document provides details on the chemistry, sources, functions and deficiencies of various water-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for proper cellular function. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fats and can accumulate in tissues, while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and excess amounts are excreted. Deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins develop slowly due to storage in the body, while deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins develop more rapidly. Antioxidant vitamins like C, E, and beta-carotene help prevent chronic diseases by inactivating reactive oxygen radicals produced during metabolism.
This document provides information on various vitamins. It begins with an introduction that defines vitamins and their classification. It then discusses individual vitamins - Vitamins A, D, E, K, B, and C. For each vitamin, it describes chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency symptoms, recommended dietary allowances, and implications for dental and periodontal health. The document concludes with references. It serves as a comprehensive yet concise review of the essential roles and impacts of different vitamins.
This document summarizes key information about water soluble vitamins. It discusses Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in depth, covering its structure, functions, metabolism, deficiency, sources, and more. It also briefly covers the B vitamin complex, including thiamine (B1) and riboflavin (B2). The document provides detailed information on the biological roles and importance of water soluble vitamins.
Vitamins are organic substances that are vital for life but cannot be synthesized by the body, and must be obtained through diet. The document discusses the history and discovery of several important vitamins, including their cofactor forms, functions, deficiency symptoms, sources and requirements. It provides details on vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C, D, E, and K, and the roles they play in important metabolic processes in the body.
Vitamins are divided into fat soluble and water soluble groups. Fat soluble vitamins include A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins include the B complex vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamins serve essential roles like visual processes, immune function, bone health and acting as antioxidants. They are obtained through the diet or synthesized in the body and deficiencies can cause diseases like rickets, scurvy or neurological issues depending on the vitamin. Requirements vary based on species, life stage, environment and health status.
Vitamin C plays an essential role in many bodily functions. It acts as a reducing agent and antioxidant, helping to synthesize collagen and aid in iron absorption. A deficiency of vitamin C, known as scurvy, results in fragile blood vessels, bleeding gums, and poor wound healing due to a lack of collagen production. While most land animals can synthesize vitamin C, humans must obtain it through their diet by eating foods like citrus fruits, berries, peppers and leafy greens.
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance and reproduction. They are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on their solubility. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, the B-complex vitamins, and others. They function as coenzymes in metabolism. Deficiencies can cause diseases like scurvy and beriberi. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D, E, and K. The document provides details on the chemistry, sources, functions and deficiencies of various water-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for proper cellular function. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fats and can accumulate in tissues, while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and excess amounts are excreted. Deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins develop slowly due to storage in the body, while deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins develop more rapidly. Antioxidant vitamins like C, E, and beta-carotene help prevent chronic diseases by inactivating reactive oxygen radicals produced during metabolism.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for proper cellular function. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and can accumulate in the body, while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and excess amounts are excreted. Vitamin A is important for vision, cell growth, and epithelial integrity. It is found in animal foods as retinyl esters and in plants as beta-carotene. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin upon sun exposure or obtained in the diet. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting and is
This document discusses vitamin D in animals. It covers the chemical structure of vitamin D, how it is metabolized in the body through conversion in the liver and kidneys, its functions related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and its roles in the intestines, bones and kidneys. The document also addresses requirements, natural sources, signs of deficiency such as rickets, and supplementation and toxicity concerns.
An illustrative presentation on Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) and Scurvy for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
This document discusses various water-soluble vitamins including vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C. It provides details on the roles, active forms, deficiencies, and food sources of each vitamin. The key points covered include how the vitamins function as enzyme cofactors and in critical metabolic pathways, as well as symptoms that can arise due to deficiencies.
Vitamin D, A, K, and E are fat soluble vitamins that serve important biochemical functions. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels. It is synthesized when skin is exposed to sunlight and is also obtained through dietary sources like fish and fish liver oils. Vitamin A supports vision, reproduction, growth and epithelial tissue maintenance. Vitamin K is a cofactor for blood clotting proteins. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology of vitamins. It defines vitamins, classifies them as fat-soluble or water-soluble, discusses their history of discovery. It then covers the epidemiology of common vitamin deficiencies in India and describes various vitamins (A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, and folic acid) in detail, including their sources, functions, deficiencies, uses, dosages and toxicity. The document aims to educate about the essential roles and clinical implications of vitamins.
This document provides information on fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the absorption, transport, functions and requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A plays a key role in vision through the visual cycle in rods and cones in the retina. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and bone mineralization through its active form, calcitriol. Both vitamins can cause toxicity if consumed in excess.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamins are substances that our body needs for proper grow and development.It is an essential nutrient that body cannot produce enough of and that's why it needs to get from food.
Vitamins are of 13 types and can be classified as Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K ) and Water Soluble Vitamin (Vitamin-C & B-complex).
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally occurring antioxidant. It prevents non-enzymatic oxidation of cell components by molecular oxygen and free radicals. This protects cell membrane structure and integrity. Vitamin E works with other antioxidants like vitamins A and C to delay cataract development and protect against heart disease. Deficiency can cause sterility, muscular problems, and blood cell issues while toxicity is rare.
This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification and biochemical functions. It discusses 15 essential vitamins for humans, which are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C and B complex). The document then focuses on vitamins A, D, and E, describing their sources, functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances. Vitamins are required in small amounts and act as coenzymes to perform specific biological functions for growth, health, and maintenance of the human body.
This document discusses vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. It provides information on the chemical and physical properties of vitamin C, its structure, production sources, functions in the body, recommended dietary intake, deficiency, excess intake, and references. Key functions of vitamin C include its role in collagen synthesis, carnitine synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, acting as an antioxidant, and aiding iron absorption. Vitamin C helps support tissue growth and repair, immune function and cardiovascular health. Deficiency can result in scurvy while excess intake in the long term can potentially lead to oxalate or urate kidney stones.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients involved in important metabolic processes. They do not provide energy but support various functions. There are two types - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) which are stored in body and water soluble which circulate freely. Vitamins have specific roles like bone growth (D), antioxidant protection (E), blood clotting (K). Deficiencies can cause diseases while excess intake beyond recommended amounts can lead to toxicity in some cases.
This document provides information on vitamins A and D. It begins with definitions of vitamins and classifications of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. For vitamin A, it describes the two forms it occurs in foods, its sources, digestion and absorption, functions, deficiency, and laboratory tests. For vitamin D, it discusses activation in the body through hydroxylation, absorption and transport, regulation of action to maintain calcium levels, recommended intake, deficiency diseases, and toxicity at high levels.
This presentation highlights the oral manifestations of each of the vitamins in general, citations of each of the references are provided within the slides.
INTRODUCTION
Vitamins may be regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biologic functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organisms
Generally, vitamins are not synthesized by the body, and need to be supplied through the diet
History and Nomenclature
HOPKINS - Coined term ACCESSORY FACTORS to unknown and essential nutrients present in the natural foods
FUNK - 1) Isolated an active principle from rice polishing's and in yeast cured Beri - Beri in pigeons
2) Coined the term VITAMINE from the words vital + amines
3) Later it was called “ VITAMIN ”
Mc COLLUM and DAVIS - Introduced the usage of A, B, and C to vitamins
CLASSIFICATION
There are about 13 vitamins, essential for humans classified as follows
Vitamers:
Chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity
VITAMIN A
Fat soluble vitamin
Present only in foods of animal origin
Carotenes - Plants
Dietary Sources:
Animal sources
Liver
Kidney
Egg yolk
Milk
Cheese
Fish liver oils
Plant sources
Carrots
Papaya, Mangoes
Avocado, Melon
Pumpkins
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance):
Men - 1000 RE (3500 IU)
Women - 800 RE (2500 IU)
Children - below 6 years - 350 - 400 µg Retinol
- 6-17 years – 600 µg Retinol
Pregnancy – 800 µg Retinol
Lactation – 950 µg Retinol
1 RE – 1 µg of Retinol
1 IU – 0.3 mg of Retinol
Biochemical Functions:
Vision - the role of vit A in the process
of vision was first elucidated
by GEORGE WALD(1968)
The events occur in a cyclic process known as Rhodopsin Cycle (or) Wald’s Cycle
RODS and CONES:
Retina of eye possesses rods and cones
Human eye - 10 million rods
5 million cones
Rods –Periphery – Dim light vision
Cones – Centre – Bright light and color vision
Deficiency of Vitamin A:
1) Night Blindness
2) Conjuctival X
VITAMIN D
ANGUS – Isolated and named it as CALCIFEROL
Resembles sterols in structure
Functions like hormone
Dietary Sources:
Fatty acids
Fish liver oils
Egg yolk
Cheese
Butter
RDA:
400 IU or 10 mg of cholecalciferol
Countries with good sunlight – 200 IU or 5 mg
Deficiency:
1) RICKETS - In young children aged 6 months to 2 years
Due to reduced calcification of young bones
Characterized by Growth failure
Bone deformity
Muscular hypotonia
Tetany and convulsions
Elevated conc. Of alkaline phosphatase in serum
Bony deformities - Bow legs, Deformed pelvis, Pigeon chest, Harrison’s sulcus
walking and teething are delayed.
OSTEOMALACIA
In adults, women, during pregnancy and lactation
Prevention:
Educating parents to expose their children regularly to sunshine.
Vitamin C has several important metabolic functions in the body. It is required for collagen synthesis by acting as a cofactor for enzymes involved in hydroxylation reactions during collagen formation. Vitamin C also plays a role in carnitine and norepinephrine synthesis through similar hydroxylation reactions. Additionally, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, helping to reduce oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species.
A vitamin is an organic chemical compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts for promoting healthy physiological functions of the body and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
More Related Content
Similar to Vitamin C.pptx You will learn a more knowledge
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for proper cellular function. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and can accumulate in the body, while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and excess amounts are excreted. Vitamin A is important for vision, cell growth, and epithelial integrity. It is found in animal foods as retinyl esters and in plants as beta-carotene. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin upon sun exposure or obtained in the diet. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting and is
This document discusses vitamin D in animals. It covers the chemical structure of vitamin D, how it is metabolized in the body through conversion in the liver and kidneys, its functions related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and its roles in the intestines, bones and kidneys. The document also addresses requirements, natural sources, signs of deficiency such as rickets, and supplementation and toxicity concerns.
An illustrative presentation on Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) and Scurvy for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
This document discusses various water-soluble vitamins including vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C. It provides details on the roles, active forms, deficiencies, and food sources of each vitamin. The key points covered include how the vitamins function as enzyme cofactors and in critical metabolic pathways, as well as symptoms that can arise due to deficiencies.
Vitamin D, A, K, and E are fat soluble vitamins that serve important biochemical functions. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels. It is synthesized when skin is exposed to sunlight and is also obtained through dietary sources like fish and fish liver oils. Vitamin A supports vision, reproduction, growth and epithelial tissue maintenance. Vitamin K is a cofactor for blood clotting proteins. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology of vitamins. It defines vitamins, classifies them as fat-soluble or water-soluble, discusses their history of discovery. It then covers the epidemiology of common vitamin deficiencies in India and describes various vitamins (A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, and folic acid) in detail, including their sources, functions, deficiencies, uses, dosages and toxicity. The document aims to educate about the essential roles and clinical implications of vitamins.
This document provides information on fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the absorption, transport, functions and requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A plays a key role in vision through the visual cycle in rods and cones in the retina. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and bone mineralization through its active form, calcitriol. Both vitamins can cause toxicity if consumed in excess.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamins are substances that our body needs for proper grow and development.It is an essential nutrient that body cannot produce enough of and that's why it needs to get from food.
Vitamins are of 13 types and can be classified as Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K ) and Water Soluble Vitamin (Vitamin-C & B-complex).
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally occurring antioxidant. It prevents non-enzymatic oxidation of cell components by molecular oxygen and free radicals. This protects cell membrane structure and integrity. Vitamin E works with other antioxidants like vitamins A and C to delay cataract development and protect against heart disease. Deficiency can cause sterility, muscular problems, and blood cell issues while toxicity is rare.
This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification and biochemical functions. It discusses 15 essential vitamins for humans, which are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C and B complex). The document then focuses on vitamins A, D, and E, describing their sources, functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances. Vitamins are required in small amounts and act as coenzymes to perform specific biological functions for growth, health, and maintenance of the human body.
This document discusses vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. It provides information on the chemical and physical properties of vitamin C, its structure, production sources, functions in the body, recommended dietary intake, deficiency, excess intake, and references. Key functions of vitamin C include its role in collagen synthesis, carnitine synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, acting as an antioxidant, and aiding iron absorption. Vitamin C helps support tissue growth and repair, immune function and cardiovascular health. Deficiency can result in scurvy while excess intake in the long term can potentially lead to oxalate or urate kidney stones.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients involved in important metabolic processes. They do not provide energy but support various functions. There are two types - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) which are stored in body and water soluble which circulate freely. Vitamins have specific roles like bone growth (D), antioxidant protection (E), blood clotting (K). Deficiencies can cause diseases while excess intake beyond recommended amounts can lead to toxicity in some cases.
This document provides information on vitamins A and D. It begins with definitions of vitamins and classifications of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. For vitamin A, it describes the two forms it occurs in foods, its sources, digestion and absorption, functions, deficiency, and laboratory tests. For vitamin D, it discusses activation in the body through hydroxylation, absorption and transport, regulation of action to maintain calcium levels, recommended intake, deficiency diseases, and toxicity at high levels.
This presentation highlights the oral manifestations of each of the vitamins in general, citations of each of the references are provided within the slides.
INTRODUCTION
Vitamins may be regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biologic functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organisms
Generally, vitamins are not synthesized by the body, and need to be supplied through the diet
History and Nomenclature
HOPKINS - Coined term ACCESSORY FACTORS to unknown and essential nutrients present in the natural foods
FUNK - 1) Isolated an active principle from rice polishing's and in yeast cured Beri - Beri in pigeons
2) Coined the term VITAMINE from the words vital + amines
3) Later it was called “ VITAMIN ”
Mc COLLUM and DAVIS - Introduced the usage of A, B, and C to vitamins
CLASSIFICATION
There are about 13 vitamins, essential for humans classified as follows
Vitamers:
Chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity
VITAMIN A
Fat soluble vitamin
Present only in foods of animal origin
Carotenes - Plants
Dietary Sources:
Animal sources
Liver
Kidney
Egg yolk
Milk
Cheese
Fish liver oils
Plant sources
Carrots
Papaya, Mangoes
Avocado, Melon
Pumpkins
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance):
Men - 1000 RE (3500 IU)
Women - 800 RE (2500 IU)
Children - below 6 years - 350 - 400 µg Retinol
- 6-17 years – 600 µg Retinol
Pregnancy – 800 µg Retinol
Lactation – 950 µg Retinol
1 RE – 1 µg of Retinol
1 IU – 0.3 mg of Retinol
Biochemical Functions:
Vision - the role of vit A in the process
of vision was first elucidated
by GEORGE WALD(1968)
The events occur in a cyclic process known as Rhodopsin Cycle (or) Wald’s Cycle
RODS and CONES:
Retina of eye possesses rods and cones
Human eye - 10 million rods
5 million cones
Rods –Periphery – Dim light vision
Cones – Centre – Bright light and color vision
Deficiency of Vitamin A:
1) Night Blindness
2) Conjuctival X
VITAMIN D
ANGUS – Isolated and named it as CALCIFEROL
Resembles sterols in structure
Functions like hormone
Dietary Sources:
Fatty acids
Fish liver oils
Egg yolk
Cheese
Butter
RDA:
400 IU or 10 mg of cholecalciferol
Countries with good sunlight – 200 IU or 5 mg
Deficiency:
1) RICKETS - In young children aged 6 months to 2 years
Due to reduced calcification of young bones
Characterized by Growth failure
Bone deformity
Muscular hypotonia
Tetany and convulsions
Elevated conc. Of alkaline phosphatase in serum
Bony deformities - Bow legs, Deformed pelvis, Pigeon chest, Harrison’s sulcus
walking and teething are delayed.
OSTEOMALACIA
In adults, women, during pregnancy and lactation
Prevention:
Educating parents to expose their children regularly to sunshine.
Vitamin C has several important metabolic functions in the body. It is required for collagen synthesis by acting as a cofactor for enzymes involved in hydroxylation reactions during collagen formation. Vitamin C also plays a role in carnitine and norepinephrine synthesis through similar hydroxylation reactions. Additionally, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, helping to reduce oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species.
A vitamin is an organic chemical compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts for promoting healthy physiological functions of the body and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized
Similar to Vitamin C.pptx You will learn a more knowledge (20)
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Contents
• History
• Sources
• Structure and Biochemistry
• Functions
• Biosynthesis
• Absorption and Transport
• Metabolism
• Role in Disease States
• Hyperascorbemia
• Hypoascorbemia
3. 1595 Dutch fleet sailed with 249 men and returned with only 88.
1620 Mayflower lost 50 out of 120 men due to scurvy.
1747 James Lind first identified affective treatment for scurvy.
Six different treatments were applied on 6 pairs.
i. A quart of cider a day
ii. 25 drops of vitriol
iii. Vinegar 3 times a day
iv. Half a pint of sea water
v. A purgative electuary
vi. 2 oranges and 1 lemon
• The last pair recovered and did not show any symptoms of scurvy.
1912 Casimir Funk recognized scurvy as a result of dietary deficiency.
The lacking agent of these diseases was termed as Vital amines or
Vitamins.
1928 Albert Szent-Gyorgyi isolated hexuronic acid as powerful reducing
agent. First isolated from animal source. He and colleague Walter
Norman Haworth later isolated the molecule from lemons and paprika.
Szent-Gyorgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1937; the same year, Haworth received the prize in chemistry.
1932 Hexuronic acid was revealed to be Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid.
History of Vitamin C
5. Structure and Biochemistry
GSSH GSH
NADP+ NADPH
• L-ascorbic acid is a dibasic
acid that contains:
• an enediol group
• five membered
heterocyclic lactone ring.
• Strong reducing agent.
• Thousands of tons of
ascorbic acid commercially
produced from D-glucose.
6. • Regeneration of Vitamin E
Donates electrons to Vitamin E
radical to regenerate α-tocopherol
(active form) of Vitamin E.
α-tocopherol acts as an antioxidant
and prevents lipid peroxidation of
cell membrane.
• Iron bioavailability
Maintains non-heme iron in the ferrous (Fe2+)
state.
Promotes activity of duodenal ferric reductase
Vitamin C
(Menega et al,.)
8. Vitamin C
Tyrosine degradation As a cofactor
- Tyrosine can be degraded when
needed to produce energy
- Two vitamin C depend
hydroxylases are needed to
catabolize tyrosine
- Vitamin C functions as a reducing
agent, reducing ferric iron back to
ferrous iron.
Vitamin C reduces Cu2+ to Cu+ in
Peptidyl-glycine alpha -amidating
monooxygenase dioxygenase
Synthesis of neuro-transmitters and
hormones including: Calcitonin,
Oxytocin, Vasopressin.
(Martin et al,.)
9. Vitamin C
Role as Anti-histamine
• Vitamin C acts as a natural antihistamine by
reducing the amount of histamine your body
produces in response to an allergen.
• Destroys the imizadole ring of histamine.
• As a result, reduces cold severity and allergy.
Antioxidant Activity
• Protects against oxidative damage by donating
its two hydrogens with their electrons to free
radicals.
• Vitamin C reduces several oxygen center
radicals: hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical,
hydrogen peroxide.
(Amanda K. Schlueter et al,.)
10. Biosynthesis of Vitamin C
• All green plants (Smirnoff’s Wheeler
pathway) , and most higher animals
(Gluronic acid pathway) can
synthesize Vitamin C
• L-glunolactone oxidase deficiency
in fishes, birds, cats, pigs ,fruit bats,
humans (Linster and Van
Schaftingen 2007)
11.
12. Absorption and Transport of Vitamin C
• (SVCTs) → L-ascorbic
acid
• (GLUTs) → Dehydro-
ascorbic acid
15. Vitamin C and disease States
Common cold :
• Antihistamine action
• Chemotaxis promotion
• Respiratory tract antioxidant
Cardiovascular health :
• Anti atherogenic action
• Reduce Bp, Arterial stifness,
CRP
• Endothelial Compliance
Cancer:
• Promoting collagen synthesis
• Gastric juice antioxidant (H. pylori)
• Pro Oxidative action (ROS formation )
Immunity :
• Stimlulate production of interferons,Ab
• Chemotaxis of neutrophills
• Antioxidant , Anti histamine action
16.
17. Hyperascorbemia
• Doses >1000mg/d cause gastrointestinal
distress, osmotic diarrhea, nausea.
• In hemochromatosis, iron overload and
damage body tissues.
• Increase Destruction of B12 in gut (
controversial)
• Oxlate kidney stones.
• Higher doses has less bioavailability (Levine M,
Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C)
18. Hypoascorbemia
• Congenital Metabolic Disease, Scurvy
• Swelling of the lower extremities
• Bleeding gums
• Fatigue, Bruising ,Corkscrew hairs
• Hemorrhaging ,Anemia
• Psychological Symptoms Depression,
Hysteria, and Social Introversion.
M.N.Chatterjea
19. Maintaining adequate vitamin C
• RDI for Vitamin C range from 45mg/d to 90mg/d
(WHO)
• Natural and synthetic sources of Vitamin C are
equally Bioavaible (Mangels AR, Block G, Frey
CM, et al.)
• Oxygen , pH, Heat Metallic ions disturbs
vitamin C stability
• Well preserved in frozen foods , loss during
cooking and storage.( Ascorbigen)
