2. Nutrients
• Molecules required in diet for absorption
and use by the body.
• Healthy diet : balance between different types
of nutrients.
• Classified according to the recommended
daily intake:
– Micronutrients
– Macronutrients

3. Micronutrients
• Needed in extremely small amounts (less than
0.005% of body mass)
• Severe consequences if absence.
• Measure in mg or μg per day due to its small
quantities.
• Essential for the body to produce enzymes,
hormones and other substances essential for health.
• Vitamins and trace minerals (Fe,Cu,Zn,I and ect.)

4. Macronutrients
• Needed in relatively large amount.
• Provide energy in the body.
• Build and maintain body structure.
• Includes macromolecules :
– Carbohydrates
– Protein
– Lipids
– Minerals ( Na, Mg, K,Ca,P, S and Cl )

5. VITAMINS
organic micronutrients

6. Vitamins are group of complex organic
compounds present in very small quantities in
food and absorbed into the body during
digestion.(Not synthesized in the body)
They have , but are
for a healthy body and for maintaining
metabolism.

7. Vitamins are classified into
:
 Generally consumed along with fat-containing
foods
 Stored in the liver and adipose (fat) tissue
 Not to be consumed every day.
 Non-polar molecules with long hydrocarbon
chain or ring.
 Eg: Vitamins

8.  Only stored in small amounts inside cells
 Transported directly into the blood
 Excess filtered out by kidney and
excreted.
 Must be consumed frequently
 Have polar bonds and form hydrogen
bonds with water.
 Eg: Vitamins

9. B.5.2: Compare the structures of
(vitamin A,
(vitamin D) and
(vitamin C).
B.5.3: Deduce whether a vitamin is
or from its
structure.

10. VITAMIN (RETANOL)

11. • Contain a
.
• Alternate double and single bonds.
• One polar hydroxyl group
• Vitamin A is , non-polar
hydrocarbon chain and ring influence the solubility.
• Involved in visual cycle and important for vision at
low light intensity.

13. • A (compare to A
and D)
• Has fived-membered containing an oxygen.
• (C=C) alkene and (C=O) carbonyl group
• Contains polar hydroxyl groups that
form hydrogen bond with water.
• Vitamin C and cannot
retained for long by body.
• Cofactor in some enzyme reaction.
• Important in tissue regeneration
• Helps gives resistance to some disease.

15. hydrocarbon molecules.
• Predominantly
• 4 non-polar rings
• One polar hydroxyl group
• Chemically similar to cholesterol.
• Vitamin D is , non-polar
hydrocarbon chain and ring influence the solubility.
• Stimulate uptake of calcium ions by cells.
• Important in bones and teeth health.

16. • Vitamins are easily destroy by most method of
food processing and storage due to the several
functional group that easily oxidized ( -OH and
–C=C- )
• Best obtained from fresh fruits and
vegetables.