1. Vitamin- History
• The protective substances present in milk were named as accessory factors
by Hopkins.
• Almost in the same year, Funk (1911–12) isolated a crystalline substance
from rice polishings which could prevent or cure polyneuritis in pigeons.
• Chemically it was found to be an amine and as it was vital to life, he
named it as vitamine.
1/24/2024 1
2. Vitamins- Definition
• Natural micronutrient organic substances having specific biochemical
functions in the human body (essential for health maintenance).
• Obtained from animals, plants, and microorganisms.
• Required in very tiny (mcgs) and balanced amounts.
• Not made in the body.
1/24/2024 2
3. Vitamins
• They are necessary dietary factors, not produced by the body (except
vitamin D3).
• They function as co-factor (regulator) of metabolic reactions in the body.
• Daily requirement of most vitamins is around 1 mg.
• A nutrient that helps the body use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
is a vitamin.
1/24/2024 3
4. Role of vitamins in Body Metabolism
• Vitamins have catalytic functions (co-factors) in the metabolic reactions
and do not act as building substances (that is why the daily requirement is
very small).
• Since each vitamin has very specific function in metabolism, therefore, its
deficiency will adversely affect one or more biochemical reactions in
certain organs and very characteristic deficiency symptoms will appeared.
1/24/2024 4
5. 5
Vitamins Dose- Daily reference intake
• In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets
“Daily Reference Intakes” which are the highest amounts of daily
vitamins that are needed by 95% of the population.
• Four categories of reference values- RDA, AI, UL, EAR.
1/24/2024
6. Vitamins Dose- Daily reference intake
1. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): It is the daily dietary intake
levels sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of approximately 98% of
healthy people
2. Adequate Intakes (AI): The amount of a nutrient thought to be adequate
for most people; used when EAR & RDA can not be determined.
3. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR): The amount of a nutrient that
meets the requirement of 50% of the people of a particular age & gender
4. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL): The maximum amount of a nutrient
that is unlikely to pose risk or harm in healthy people when consumed
daily; intake above the UL can be harmful.
1/24/2024 6
9. Water Soluble Vitamins
• The B complex vitamins and vitamin C
• Act largely as coenzymes - combine with proteins to assist in the regulation
of chemical reactions.
• They are easily dissolved in water.
• They are directly absorbed into the blood stream, where they travel freely.
• They are not stored in tissues to any great extent - excess is excreted
1/24/2024 9
20. Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Don’t need to be ingested daily
• Years may elapse before showing fat soluble deficiency
• Liver stores vit A and D and K (only in little amounts)
• Vit E is stored throughout the body in fat stores
• Transported as part of the lipoproteins in the lymph fluid
• Travel to the liver to be dispersed to various body tissue
• By having a very low fat or fat free diet could cause fat-soluble vitamin insufficiency.
1/24/2024 20
21. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin Sources Functions in
Body
Signs of
Toxicity
Signs of
deficiency
Vitamin A Orange, yellow, green vegetables,
liver, margarine, and egg yolk
Maintains healthy
eyes, skin, bone
growth and tooth
development,
possible aid in cancer
protection
Nausea, vomiting, dry
skin, rashes, hair loss,
headache, fatigue
Night blindness, eye-
infections, rough skin,
respiratory infections
Vitamin D Milk, eggs, liver, exposure of skin
to sun’s ultraviolet rays
Promotes absorption
of phosphorus and
calcium to build and
maintain bones
Loss of appetite,
headache, nausea,
weakness, calcification
of bone and soft tissue
Rickets (poor bone
development),
malformation of teeth
Vitamin E Wheat germ, whole grains,
vegetable oils, legumes, nuts,
dark green leafy vegetables
Protects red blood
cells; stabilizes cell
membranes
General digestive
discomfort
Rupture of red blood cells,
anemia, nerve
abnormalities
Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables, liver,
kale, cabbage; made in body by
intestinal bacteria
Assists in normal
clotting of blood
Anemia Slow clotting of blood,
hemorrhage especially in
newborns
1/24/2024 21
26. Cases of Vitamin Deficiency and Toxicity
(1). Avitaminosis:
• It is any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency or caused by a
defect in metabolic conversion, such as tryptophan to niacin. It leads to well defined
symptoms e.g.
o Xerophthalmia due to Vitamin A deficiency.
o Rickets due to Vitamin D deficiency.
o Pellagra due to Vitamin B3 deficiency.
o Beriberi due to Vitamin B1 deficiency.
o Scurvy due to Vitamin C deficiency.
1/24/2024 26
27. Cases of Vitamin Deficiency and Toxicity
(2). Hypovitaminosis: Result from inadequate supply of one or more
vitamins. It appears in the form of well defined symptoms as skin
changes, reduced vitality and low resistance to infections.
(3). Latent Hypovitaminosis: A case of unrecognizable deficiency
symptoms but immediately appeared under sudden stress or exposure
to different environment.
1/24/2024 27
28. Cases of Vitamin Deficiency and Toxicity
(4). Hypovitaminosis due to Anti- vitamins:
• Thiaminase in raw fish destroy Vit. B1.
• Avidin in raw egg forming complex with biotin (vitamin) (biotin-avidin) prevents
absorption of biotin.
• Liatin in linseed oil is antagonist to Vit. B6.
(5). Hypervitamninosis: A case which develops only upon prolonged use of
excessive amount of vitamins.
1/24/2024 28
29. Minerals
• Minerals are small, naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical elements-
Occur naturally in rocks and soil.
• Serve as structural components & in many vital processes in the body
• Inorganic- being composed of matter other than plant or animal
• More than 25 have been isolated
• 21 elements have been shown to be essential.
• Minerals make up about 4 to 5% of body weight.
1/24/2024 29
30. General Functions of Minerals
• Minerals provide a suitable medium for cellular activity
o Permeability of membranes
o Irritability of muscles and nerve cells
• Play a primary role in osmotic phenomenon
• Involved in acid base-balance
• Confer rigidity and hardness to certain tissues (bones and teeth)
• Become part of specialized compounds
1/24/2024 30
31. Minerals Vs Vitamins
Similarities
• Do not contribute energy
(calories) to the diet
• Have diverse functions within
the body
• Work with enzymes to facilitate
chemical reactions
• Required in the diet in very small
amounts
Differences
• Whereas vitamins are organic
compounds, minerals are
inorganic compounds
• Unlike vitamins, some minerals
contribute to the building of
body structures
1/24/2024 31
32. Minerals- Classification
• Two categories:
o Macrominerals > 0.005%
o Microminerals < 0.005%
• Macrominerals are essential at levels of 100mg or more per day for human adults-
Include Calcium Ca, Phosphorous P, Potassium K, Sulfur S, Sodium Na, Chlorine Cl and
Magnesium Mg.
• Microminerals are often referred to as trace elements- Include Iodine (I), Copper (Cu),
Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se), Manganese (Mn), Molybedenum (Mo) and Zinc (Zn).
1/24/2024 32
34. 1. Major Minerals
• Major mineral are essential mineral nutrients found in the body in amounts greater than
5 grams.
• Calcium (Ca): Most abundant mineral in the body. 99% is stored in the bones.
• Functions:
• Structural role in bones & teeth
• Transmission of nerve impulses
• Maintains cellular structure
• Essential for muscle contraction
• Essential for blood clotting
• Helps maintain normal blood pressure
1/24/2024 34
35. Calcium (Ca)
• Deficiency and toxicity:
• Stunted growth in children
• Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults
• Excess is usually excreted so toxicity is rare
1/24/2024 35
36. Dietary sources and RDA- Ca
• Foods
• Milk/milk products
• Dark green vegetables
• Some fish & shellfish
• Tofu & other legumes
• Fortified foods
• DRI = 1000 mg – 1300 mg
1/24/2024 36
37. Phosphorous (P)
• 2nd most abundant mineral in the body (85% combined with calcium)
• Functions:
• Structure of bones & teeth
• Necessary for growth (DNA)
• Energy metabolism (ATP)
1/24/2024 37
38. Phosphorous (P)
• Deficiency and toxicity:
• Muscle weakness
• Bone pain
• Phosphorous deficiency is rare
• Found widely in foods
• Excess may cause calcium excretion and hinder absorption
1/24/2024 38
39. Dietary sources and RDA- (P)
• Foods
• Meat, poultry & fish
• Dairy products
• Processed foods
• Soda
• DRI = 700 mg
1/24/2024 39
40. Sodium- (Na)
• One of the main electrolyte in the body.
• Functions:
• Chief positive charged ion outside of cells
• Helps to maintain normal fluid and acid-base balance
• Nerve impulse transmission
• Heartbeats
• Contraction of muscle
1/24/2024 40
41. Sodium- (Na)
• Deficiency and toxicity:
• Deficiency cause
• Muscle cramps
• Mental apathy
• Loss of appetite
• Excess Na cause
• High blood pressure
1/24/2024 41
42. Dietary sources and RDA- (Na)
• Table salt (Sodium Chloride)
• 1 tsp = 2300 mg sodium
• Processed foods- canned, cured, pickled & boxed
• 75% of dietary intake
• NO DRI
• Minimum requirements = 500 mg
• Daily Value = 2400 mg
1/24/2024 42
43. Potassium(K)
• An electrolyte (Chief positive ion inside cells)
• Functions:
• May lower blood pressure
• Protein synthesis
• Fluid balance
• Nerve transmission
• Contraction of muscles
• Critical for maintaining heartbeat
1/24/2024 43
44. Potassium(K)
• Deficiency and toxicity: Deficiency cause
• Muscle weakness
• Paralysis
• Confusion
• Can cause death
• Accompanies dehydration
• Unlikely but can occur with increase in sodium intak
• Excess triggers vomiting.
1/24/2024 44
45. Dietary sources and RDA- (K)
• Foods: Poultry, fish, meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes
• The more processed a food, the less potassium it contains
• RDA: Estimated minimum requirement = 2000 mg
1/24/2024 45
46. Chloride (Cl)
• An electrolyte (The major anion in the body).
• Functions:
• Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach
• Necessary for proper digestion
• Fluid balance
1/24/2024 46
47. Chloride (Cl)
• Deficiency and toxicity: Deficiency causes
• Growth failure in children
• Muscle cramps
• Mental apathy
• Loss of appetite
• Excess: Normally harmless
• Disturbed acid-base balance
1/24/2024 47
50. Sulphur(S)
• Deficiency and toxicity: Deficiency is not known because protein
deficiency would occur first
• Toxicity symptoms are rare, but when occurs depresses growth
1/24/2024 50
51. Dietary sources and RDA- (S)
• Foods:
• All protein- containing foods
• Meats, poultry, fish, nuts, legumes, milk
• RDA: 800- 900 mg/day
1/24/2024 51
52. Magnesium (Mg)
• Functions:
• Bone and teeth formation
• Protein synthesis
• Cofactor for enzymes
• Normal muscle contraction & relaxation
• Nerve transmission
1/24/2024 52
53. Magnesium (Mg)
• Deficiency and toxicity: Deficiency causes
• Weakness
• Confusion
• Depressed pancreatic hormone secretion
• Growth failure
• Muscle spasms
• Excess causes Low blood pressure
• Lack of coordination
• Coma or death
1/24/2024 53
55. 2. Microminerals (Trace elements)
• The important trace elements in human nutrition are zinc, copper,
selenium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iodine, and iron.
• Although they only represent a small fraction of the human body’s
total mineral content, they play important roles in various metabolic
processes.
1/24/2024 55
57. Iron (Fe)
• Iron is present in the body in two types.
• Heme iron
• hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalases, peroxidases, cytochromes (a, b and c – involved in electron
transport), cytochrome P450 (involved in drug metabolism)
• Non-heme iron
• ferritin, hemosiderin, hemofuscin, transferrin, ferroflavoproteins, aromatic amino acid
hydroxylases
• Functions:
• Formation of hemoglobin
• Formation of enzymes
• Storage: Iron is stored in liver, bone marrow and spleen in the form of
ferritin.
1/24/2024 57
58. Dietary sources and RDA- (Fe)
• Foods: Meat, egg, cereals and bread, leafy vegetable, liver, kidney, nuts and
legumes.
• Absorption of iron is facilitated by ascorbic acid( Vit C) and inhibited by phytic
acid and lack of gastric secretion
• RDA: (10-15mg/day)
• Deficiency of iron causes iron deficiency anaemia
1/24/2024 58
59. Iodine(I)
• Functions:
• Iodine is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones (T-4 and T-3).
• Foods: Salt water, vegetables, fish and seaweeds are a good source of
iodine. Cabbage, turnip & hard water are (goitrogens ).
• Deficiency of iodine causes goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) and
cretinism in children.
• RDA: 150 mcg per day.
1/24/2024 59
60. Fluorine (F)
• Found in bone and teeth as Calcium fluoride.
• Foods: Fluoridated water, tea , seafood
• Functions:
• Form and harden teeth enamel
• Build and maintains healthy bones.
• Deficiency causes weak teeth or increase in tooth cavities and brittle and
weak bones.
• Excessive: Intake cause discoloration of the teeth
• RDA: 4mg/day
1/24/2024 60
61. Zinc (Zn)
• 3rd most abundant trace element in body
• Biological roles
• Involved in over 200 human enzymes enzymes(metalloenzymes)
• Carbonic anhydrase
• Carboxypeptidase A
• Four types of proteases
• Serine
• Cysteine
• Aspartic acid
• Zinc
• ACE (angiotensin I convering enzyme)
• RNA and DNA polymerases
1/24/2024 61
62. Zinc (Zn)
• Functions:
• Metabolism (functions in over 200 enzymatic reactions)
• Antioxidant function
• Immunity and Wound healing
• Fetal Growth and Development
• Production of brain neurotransmitters
• Foods: Meat, Liver, Nuts, Eggs and dairy foods
• Deficiency:
• Poor immunity
• Reduction in collagen synthesis
• Acne
• Poor growth, delayed wound healing, impairment of sexual development and
decreased taste perception
1/24/2024 62
63. Zinc (Zn)
• Zinc is present in gustin, a salivary polypeptide that is necessary for
the development of taste buds.
• Zinc absorption appears to be dependent on a transport protein,
Metallothionein.
• RDA: 11-15 mg/day
1/24/2024 63
Editor's Notes
Chocolate contains small amounts of a chemical called phenylethylamine (PEA), a.k.a. the "love drug," and it's been linked to the regulation of physical energy, mood, and attention. A tiny amount of PEA is released at moments of emotional euphoria, elevating blood pressure and heart rate.
