Visibility and digital art: Blockchain as an ownership layer on the Internet, de Masha McConaghy | Greg McMullen | Glenn Parry | Trent McConaghy | David Holtzman.
DOI: 10.1002/jsc.2146
CRYPTOCOLLEGE: HOW BLOCKCHAIN CAN REIMAGINE HIGHER
EDUCATION
J. David Judd*
New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, Inxeption, 379 Oyster Point Blvd., South San
Francisco, California 94080, USA
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputa...eraser Juan José Calderón
The document proposes using blockchain technology to create a permanent, distributed record of intellectual effort and reputational rewards in education. It discusses how the blockchain could be used to store educational records and credentials in a secure, verifiable way. It also envisions a system where individuals earn a type of "educational reputation currency" or "Kudos" through intellectual contributions, which could be associated with works as a measure of value and traded similarly to academic reputation. This could help open up scholarly reputation beyond academics while providing incentives for participation in an "economy of education." However, it acknowledges concerns about reducing education to a marketplace and commodifying reputation.
1) The document discusses V SYSTEMS, a new blockchain database and apps platform that aims to address scalability issues with existing blockchain technologies and enable widespread blockchain adoption.
2) It proposes a new consensus mechanism called Supernode Proof-of-Stake (SPoS) and a mainchain-sidechain model to improve scalability.
3) The platform will provide tools for deploying blockchains, migrating databases, and developing smart contracts and decentralized apps.
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for educationeraser Juan José Calderón
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education
Guang Chen1,2, Bing Xu1
, Manli Lu1 and Nian-Shing Chen3*
Abstract
Blockchain is the core technology used to create the cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin. As part of the fourth industrial revolution since the invention of steam engine, electricity, and information technology, blockchain technology has been
applied in many areas such as finance, judiciary, and commerce. The current paper focused on its potential educational applications and explored how blockchain technology can be used to solve some education problems. This article first introduced the features and advantages of blockchain technology following by exploring some of the current blockchain applications for education. Some innovative applications of using blockchain technology were proposed, and the benefits and challenges of using blockchain technology for education were also discussed.
Keywords: Blockchain, Educational evaluation, Instructional design, Learning is earning
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reprodu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reproducibility crisis ?
PD Dr. med. Sönke Bartling (@soenkeba,soenkebartling@mailbox.org)
Associate researcher at the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society Benedikt Fecher (benedikt.fecher@hiig.de)
German Institute for Economic Research and Alexander von Humboldt Institute for internet and society.
Abstract:
Blockchain technology has the capacity to make digital goods immutable, transparent,
externally provable, decentralized, and distributed. Besides the initial experiment or data
acquisition, all remaining parts of the research cycle could take place within a blockchain
system. Attribution, data, data postprocessing, publication, research evaluation,
incentivisation, and research fund distribution would thereby become comprehensible, open
(at will) and provable to the external world. Currently, scientists must be trusted to provide a true and useful representation of their research results in their final publication; blockchain would make much larger parts of the research cycle open to scientific selfcorrection. This bears the potential to be a technical solution to the current reproducibility crisis in science, and could ‘reduce waste and make more research results true’.
An introduction to blockchain technology with a big data twist - BigchainDB. Demonstrated by a variety of non-financial decentralized apps: identity, intellectual property, supply chain, iot, data exchanges, fraud prevention, smart factories, etc...
Also features a decentralized stack for production architectures and some notions on consensus flavours and basic design patterns for unspent transactions ouputs (UTXO) and smart contracts.
The document discusses the value and potential of blockchain technology. It defines blockchain as a framework that allows a trusted, centralized system to integrate data across existing untrusted databases. Blockchain is described as the next stage of the internet, designed to build trust in all worldwide data. The document outlines how blockchain can be applied in various sectors such as education, banking, healthcare, and more. It distinguishes blockchain from cryptocurrency and bitcoin, stating that while cryptocurrency relies on blockchain, blockchain has many more applications than just currency.
Decentralized Markets for Data and Artificial IntelligenceDimitri De Jonghe
Society is becoming increasingly reliant on data, especially with the advent of AI. However, a small handful of organizations with both massive data assets and AI capabilities have become powerful with control that is a danger to a free and open society.
With the help of blockchain, tokenomics and privacy-by-design, Ocean Protocol aims to unlock data, for more equitable outcomes for users of data, using a thoughtful application of both technology and governance.
CRYPTOCOLLEGE: HOW BLOCKCHAIN CAN REIMAGINE HIGHER
EDUCATION
J. David Judd*
New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, Inxeption, 379 Oyster Point Blvd., South San
Francisco, California 94080, USA
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputa...eraser Juan José Calderón
The document proposes using blockchain technology to create a permanent, distributed record of intellectual effort and reputational rewards in education. It discusses how the blockchain could be used to store educational records and credentials in a secure, verifiable way. It also envisions a system where individuals earn a type of "educational reputation currency" or "Kudos" through intellectual contributions, which could be associated with works as a measure of value and traded similarly to academic reputation. This could help open up scholarly reputation beyond academics while providing incentives for participation in an "economy of education." However, it acknowledges concerns about reducing education to a marketplace and commodifying reputation.
1) The document discusses V SYSTEMS, a new blockchain database and apps platform that aims to address scalability issues with existing blockchain technologies and enable widespread blockchain adoption.
2) It proposes a new consensus mechanism called Supernode Proof-of-Stake (SPoS) and a mainchain-sidechain model to improve scalability.
3) The platform will provide tools for deploying blockchains, migrating databases, and developing smart contracts and decentralized apps.
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for educationeraser Juan José Calderón
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education
Guang Chen1,2, Bing Xu1
, Manli Lu1 and Nian-Shing Chen3*
Abstract
Blockchain is the core technology used to create the cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin. As part of the fourth industrial revolution since the invention of steam engine, electricity, and information technology, blockchain technology has been
applied in many areas such as finance, judiciary, and commerce. The current paper focused on its potential educational applications and explored how blockchain technology can be used to solve some education problems. This article first introduced the features and advantages of blockchain technology following by exploring some of the current blockchain applications for education. Some innovative applications of using blockchain technology were proposed, and the benefits and challenges of using blockchain technology for education were also discussed.
Keywords: Blockchain, Educational evaluation, Instructional design, Learning is earning
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reprodu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reproducibility crisis ?
PD Dr. med. Sönke Bartling (@soenkeba,soenkebartling@mailbox.org)
Associate researcher at the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society Benedikt Fecher (benedikt.fecher@hiig.de)
German Institute for Economic Research and Alexander von Humboldt Institute for internet and society.
Abstract:
Blockchain technology has the capacity to make digital goods immutable, transparent,
externally provable, decentralized, and distributed. Besides the initial experiment or data
acquisition, all remaining parts of the research cycle could take place within a blockchain
system. Attribution, data, data postprocessing, publication, research evaluation,
incentivisation, and research fund distribution would thereby become comprehensible, open
(at will) and provable to the external world. Currently, scientists must be trusted to provide a true and useful representation of their research results in their final publication; blockchain would make much larger parts of the research cycle open to scientific selfcorrection. This bears the potential to be a technical solution to the current reproducibility crisis in science, and could ‘reduce waste and make more research results true’.
An introduction to blockchain technology with a big data twist - BigchainDB. Demonstrated by a variety of non-financial decentralized apps: identity, intellectual property, supply chain, iot, data exchanges, fraud prevention, smart factories, etc...
Also features a decentralized stack for production architectures and some notions on consensus flavours and basic design patterns for unspent transactions ouputs (UTXO) and smart contracts.
The document discusses the value and potential of blockchain technology. It defines blockchain as a framework that allows a trusted, centralized system to integrate data across existing untrusted databases. Blockchain is described as the next stage of the internet, designed to build trust in all worldwide data. The document outlines how blockchain can be applied in various sectors such as education, banking, healthcare, and more. It distinguishes blockchain from cryptocurrency and bitcoin, stating that while cryptocurrency relies on blockchain, blockchain has many more applications than just currency.
Decentralized Markets for Data and Artificial IntelligenceDimitri De Jonghe
Society is becoming increasingly reliant on data, especially with the advent of AI. However, a small handful of organizations with both massive data assets and AI capabilities have become powerful with control that is a danger to a free and open society.
With the help of blockchain, tokenomics and privacy-by-design, Ocean Protocol aims to unlock data, for more equitable outcomes for users of data, using a thoughtful application of both technology and governance.
Block chain for the humanitarian sector - future opportunitiesPablo Bredt Torres
Interesting presentation related to a next generation data sharing system applicable within the humanitarian supply chain and logistics sector.
Surely, still lots of obstacles but with limitless impact.
BlockChain for the Humanitarian Sector - Future Opportunities - November 2016Vanessa Ko
The document provides an overview of blockchain technology and its potential applications in the humanitarian sector. It begins with key messages about blockchain, including that it is a distributed database hosted across a network that can securely share information and transfer digital assets. It then discusses the technology in more detail, explaining how blockchain works through time-stamped blocks in an immutable chain, its benefits like transparency and cost savings, and challenges like infrastructure requirements. The document outlines several potential humanitarian uses, such as protected data sharing, identity management, supply chain tracking, and cash programs. It concludes by recommending the humanitarian sector study blockchain's impact and experiment with future implementation where it can offer solutions to existing challenges.
IRJET-Block Chain based Cyber Security System for Data TransferIRJET Journal
This document proposes a blockchain-based cyber security system for data transfer using fiscal devices like GPRS terminals. It discusses how blockchain can improve data security by making data tampering nearly impossible through decentralization and encryption of transaction records across many nodes. The system would break data into encrypted blocks, distribute copies across nodes, and validate transfers using smart contracts to securely record transfers with reduced storage needs. This provides an auditable record of transfers that improves traceability and security over centralized systems.
How Blockchains Are Transforming Adult EducationJohn Domingue
Slides from a session at the 9th Pan Commonwealth Forum giving an overview of the technology and concrete examples of how it is being used today to transform adult learning in a number of regions.
In supply chain and many other industry verticals there is a lot of opacity related to the origin of products and the chain of custody. Blockchain at scale unlocks a network of trust and value, which connects to the real world using IoT.
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necess...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?
Marcella Atzori, Ph. D.*
ABSTRACT
The core technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, has recently emerged as a disruptive innovation with a wide range of applications, potentially able to redesign our interactions in business, politics and society at large. Although scholarly interest in this subject is growing, a comprehensive analysis of blockchain applications from a political perspective is severely lacking to date. This paper aims to fill this gap and it discusses the key points of blockchain-based decentralized governance, which challenges to varying degrees the traditional mechanisms of State authority, citizenship and democracy. In particular, the paper verifies to which extent blockchain and decentralized platforms can be considered as hyper-political tools, capable to manage social interactions on large scale and dismiss traditional central authorities. The analysis highlights risks related to a dominant position of private powers in distributed ecosystems, which may lead to a general disempowerment of citizens and to the emergence of a stateless global society. While technological utopians urge the demise of any centralized institution, this paper advocates the role of the State as a necessary central point of coordination in society, showing that decentralization through algorithm-based consensus is an organizational theory, not a stand-alone political theory.
Keywords: Bitcoin, blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, decentralization, democracy, Ethereum, encryption, governance, politics, State, peer-to-peer networks
TOWARD A PHILOSOPHY OF BLOCKCHAIN: A SYMPOSIUM. INTRODUCTION MELANIE SWAN AND...eraser Juan José Calderón
This document introduces a symposium on the philosophy of blockchain technology. It discusses how blockchain enables secure transfer of money, assets, and information without third parties. The symposium explores blockchain from philosophical perspectives like ontology, epistemology, and axiology. It aims to develop conceptual understanding of blockchain technology and discuss how it could impact economic, legal and governance systems. The introduction examines different ways of conceptualizing and philosophically understanding blockchain technology.
This document provides an agenda and overview of a presentation on blockchains and databases. The presentation introduces permissioned blockchains to both technical and non-technical audiences, and discusses details of several private blockchain systems. It covers the origins of blockchains, related distributed systems topics, the evolution of smart contracts and private blockchains, consortium approaches to development, applications and use cases, benchmarks, and architectural choices. [END SUMMARY]
In this webinar Prof. Banafa will discuss in details the use of Blockchain in the following businesses: Insurance; Payments; Internet-of-Things (IoT); Supply Chain; Healthcare; Government; Identity; Advertising; Marketing; Banking.
The document discusses the Semantic Web and Web 3.0. It describes the Semantic Web as a collaborative effort led by W3C to develop common data formats and metadata to make web content machine-readable. This will enable computers to process and "understand" web data to perform tasks without human direction. The document outlines key technologies for implementing the Semantic Web like RDF, OWL, and XML and how they describe relationships between resources to form a global graph of linked data. Web 3.0 is defined as the convergence of trends like ubiquitous connectivity, open technologies, and intelligent applications enabled by Semantic Web technologies.
Andoni 2019-blockchain-technology-in-the-energy (2)Li Nu
This document provides a systematic review of blockchain technology applications in the energy sector. It begins with an overview of blockchain fundamentals like system architectures, consensus algorithms, and examples like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It then discusses several potential use cases for blockchain in energy, including peer-to-peer energy trading, smart grids, and electric vehicle charging. The document reviews 140 blockchain projects in energy classified by field of activity, platform, and consensus strategy. It finds blockchain may address challenges in energy like decentralization, but faces issues like scalability that must be overcome. The review provides an in-depth academic analysis of blockchain's relevance and development in the energy industry.
Blockchain Economics: Tackle Debt and Systemic RiskMelanie Swan
Financial Resilience and Sustainability. Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
The document discusses several key internet-related innovations that are driving changes in computing, software development, data usage, and networking. These include continuous service delivery and microservices, which allow faster software creation; federating and commercializing data through linking different data sources; blockchains for securely managing distributed systems like IoT; containerization through tools like Docker; and fog computing which distributes computing to network edges. These innovations are being adopted by many large companies and are creating more jobs in engineering, research, and operations while reducing roles in administration and support. Overall, the innovations emphasize modularity, security, and using data and edge devices to create new networked systems and services.
GLOBAL MUSIC ASSET ASSURANCE DIGITAL CURRENCY: A DRM SOLUTION FOR STREAMING C...cscpconf
The document proposes a blockchain-based digital currency and streaming platform called GoMAA to address issues of piracy in the online music streaming industry. Key points:
- GoMAA would use a digital token on the iMediaStreams blockchain to enable secure dissemination and tracking of streamed content. Content owners could control access and track consumption of released content.
- Original media files would be converted to a Secure Portable Streaming (SPS) format, embedding watermarks and smart contract data to indicate ownership and enable validation on the blockchain.
- A browser plugin would provide wallets for fans to collect GoMAA tokens as rewards for consuming content, incentivizing participation and addressing royalty discrepancies by recording
Blockchain technology is one of the latest technologies on the horizon and has evolved over the last 7-10 years. There is tremendous potential for usage of Blockchain technology in today’s Real Estate industry. This paper aims to analyze the disruptive power of Blockchain digital technologies in the real estate industry. This paper will start with an introduction of the blockchain technology and high-level technical overview. It will then go on to discuss the various benefits the Real Estate industry can reap from this technology. It will also put forth various use cases or opportunities in the Real Estate sector for this technology. In the end, the paper will also discuss the present-day limitations and the questions marks over this technology in relation to its usage for the Real Estate industry.
An Overview: The future of Blockchain Technology in Education. Khadija Mansou...eraser Juan José Calderón
- Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger or database that records digital transactions in a way that is secure, transparent, and permanent. It has the potential to disrupt many industries by reducing costs and the need for intermediaries.
- Some potential applications of blockchain technology include financial transactions, education, cloud storage, healthcare, transportation, legal services, digital currency, and public records management. It allows for more efficient and secure transfer of assets, data, and records.
- Challenges that led to the development of blockchain include overreliance on centralization and third parties in transactions. Blockchain addresses this through decentralization, transparency, cryptography, and incentivizing contribution to the network through a consensus mechanism.
This document discusses the concept of a 3D Internet and outlines its potential benefits and challenges. It argues that a 3D Internet could provide a more intuitive interface for organizing and navigating online information by leveraging spatial relationships, similar to how humans interact in the physical world. However, realizing a 3D Internet would require overcoming significant technical challenges in areas like networking, distributed computing, security, and machine learning. The document outlines a potential architecture for a 3D Internet and explores open research questions around topics such as caching in a 3D environment, minimizing latency, and establishing trust.
From Blockchain to Brexit - edtech trends for 2018 - BETT 2018Martin Hamilton
The document discusses emerging trends in educational technology for 2018, including:
1. Increased exploration of blockchain applications such as verifiable credentials and research provenance.
2. Potential uses of learning analytics to help address challenges from Brexit, such as retaining international students, and adapting education through personalized and adaptive learning.
3. Speculation that academics may increasingly turn to dark web technologies to share restricted information and combat issues like predatory publishing.
4. A growing focus on libraries and librarians taking on expanded roles in supporting open scholarship and changing models of information dissemination.
This document provides a high-level technical overview of blockchain technology. It describes how blockchains are digital ledgers that record transactions in a distributed manner without a central authority. The first blockchain-based cryptocurrency was Bitcoin, which uses cryptographic functions to securely transfer electronic cash between users recorded on the public blockchain. The document aims to explain the underlying technology behind blockchain in a conceptual manner, as there is significant hype but lack of understanding about how it works. It covers key topics like consensus models, mining, and the challenges of modifying data on an immutable blockchain.
Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation InternetJohn Domingue
This talk gives an overview of the blockchain technology describing its impact, the constituent elements and how it may be used. Related EU Funding opportunities are also covered.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
This document provides a comprehensive literature review of blockchain-based Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It begins with introductions to blockchain technology and IoT. It discusses consensus methods, blockchain architecture layers, trends, and the role of blockchain in IoT. It explores communication among IoT nodes in blockchain-IoT frameworks and associated challenges. It also reviews applications and provides comparisons to related work. The document aims to analyze trends in blockchain approaches and tools for IoT environments to explore opportunities and challenges in further integrating blockchain and IoT technologies.
Block chain for the humanitarian sector - future opportunitiesPablo Bredt Torres
Interesting presentation related to a next generation data sharing system applicable within the humanitarian supply chain and logistics sector.
Surely, still lots of obstacles but with limitless impact.
BlockChain for the Humanitarian Sector - Future Opportunities - November 2016Vanessa Ko
The document provides an overview of blockchain technology and its potential applications in the humanitarian sector. It begins with key messages about blockchain, including that it is a distributed database hosted across a network that can securely share information and transfer digital assets. It then discusses the technology in more detail, explaining how blockchain works through time-stamped blocks in an immutable chain, its benefits like transparency and cost savings, and challenges like infrastructure requirements. The document outlines several potential humanitarian uses, such as protected data sharing, identity management, supply chain tracking, and cash programs. It concludes by recommending the humanitarian sector study blockchain's impact and experiment with future implementation where it can offer solutions to existing challenges.
IRJET-Block Chain based Cyber Security System for Data TransferIRJET Journal
This document proposes a blockchain-based cyber security system for data transfer using fiscal devices like GPRS terminals. It discusses how blockchain can improve data security by making data tampering nearly impossible through decentralization and encryption of transaction records across many nodes. The system would break data into encrypted blocks, distribute copies across nodes, and validate transfers using smart contracts to securely record transfers with reduced storage needs. This provides an auditable record of transfers that improves traceability and security over centralized systems.
How Blockchains Are Transforming Adult EducationJohn Domingue
Slides from a session at the 9th Pan Commonwealth Forum giving an overview of the technology and concrete examples of how it is being used today to transform adult learning in a number of regions.
In supply chain and many other industry verticals there is a lot of opacity related to the origin of products and the chain of custody. Blockchain at scale unlocks a network of trust and value, which connects to the real world using IoT.
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necess...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?
Marcella Atzori, Ph. D.*
ABSTRACT
The core technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, has recently emerged as a disruptive innovation with a wide range of applications, potentially able to redesign our interactions in business, politics and society at large. Although scholarly interest in this subject is growing, a comprehensive analysis of blockchain applications from a political perspective is severely lacking to date. This paper aims to fill this gap and it discusses the key points of blockchain-based decentralized governance, which challenges to varying degrees the traditional mechanisms of State authority, citizenship and democracy. In particular, the paper verifies to which extent blockchain and decentralized platforms can be considered as hyper-political tools, capable to manage social interactions on large scale and dismiss traditional central authorities. The analysis highlights risks related to a dominant position of private powers in distributed ecosystems, which may lead to a general disempowerment of citizens and to the emergence of a stateless global society. While technological utopians urge the demise of any centralized institution, this paper advocates the role of the State as a necessary central point of coordination in society, showing that decentralization through algorithm-based consensus is an organizational theory, not a stand-alone political theory.
Keywords: Bitcoin, blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, decentralization, democracy, Ethereum, encryption, governance, politics, State, peer-to-peer networks
TOWARD A PHILOSOPHY OF BLOCKCHAIN: A SYMPOSIUM. INTRODUCTION MELANIE SWAN AND...eraser Juan José Calderón
This document introduces a symposium on the philosophy of blockchain technology. It discusses how blockchain enables secure transfer of money, assets, and information without third parties. The symposium explores blockchain from philosophical perspectives like ontology, epistemology, and axiology. It aims to develop conceptual understanding of blockchain technology and discuss how it could impact economic, legal and governance systems. The introduction examines different ways of conceptualizing and philosophically understanding blockchain technology.
This document provides an agenda and overview of a presentation on blockchains and databases. The presentation introduces permissioned blockchains to both technical and non-technical audiences, and discusses details of several private blockchain systems. It covers the origins of blockchains, related distributed systems topics, the evolution of smart contracts and private blockchains, consortium approaches to development, applications and use cases, benchmarks, and architectural choices. [END SUMMARY]
In this webinar Prof. Banafa will discuss in details the use of Blockchain in the following businesses: Insurance; Payments; Internet-of-Things (IoT); Supply Chain; Healthcare; Government; Identity; Advertising; Marketing; Banking.
The document discusses the Semantic Web and Web 3.0. It describes the Semantic Web as a collaborative effort led by W3C to develop common data formats and metadata to make web content machine-readable. This will enable computers to process and "understand" web data to perform tasks without human direction. The document outlines key technologies for implementing the Semantic Web like RDF, OWL, and XML and how they describe relationships between resources to form a global graph of linked data. Web 3.0 is defined as the convergence of trends like ubiquitous connectivity, open technologies, and intelligent applications enabled by Semantic Web technologies.
Andoni 2019-blockchain-technology-in-the-energy (2)Li Nu
This document provides a systematic review of blockchain technology applications in the energy sector. It begins with an overview of blockchain fundamentals like system architectures, consensus algorithms, and examples like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It then discusses several potential use cases for blockchain in energy, including peer-to-peer energy trading, smart grids, and electric vehicle charging. The document reviews 140 blockchain projects in energy classified by field of activity, platform, and consensus strategy. It finds blockchain may address challenges in energy like decentralization, but faces issues like scalability that must be overcome. The review provides an in-depth academic analysis of blockchain's relevance and development in the energy industry.
Blockchain Economics: Tackle Debt and Systemic RiskMelanie Swan
Financial Resilience and Sustainability. Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
The document discusses several key internet-related innovations that are driving changes in computing, software development, data usage, and networking. These include continuous service delivery and microservices, which allow faster software creation; federating and commercializing data through linking different data sources; blockchains for securely managing distributed systems like IoT; containerization through tools like Docker; and fog computing which distributes computing to network edges. These innovations are being adopted by many large companies and are creating more jobs in engineering, research, and operations while reducing roles in administration and support. Overall, the innovations emphasize modularity, security, and using data and edge devices to create new networked systems and services.
GLOBAL MUSIC ASSET ASSURANCE DIGITAL CURRENCY: A DRM SOLUTION FOR STREAMING C...cscpconf
The document proposes a blockchain-based digital currency and streaming platform called GoMAA to address issues of piracy in the online music streaming industry. Key points:
- GoMAA would use a digital token on the iMediaStreams blockchain to enable secure dissemination and tracking of streamed content. Content owners could control access and track consumption of released content.
- Original media files would be converted to a Secure Portable Streaming (SPS) format, embedding watermarks and smart contract data to indicate ownership and enable validation on the blockchain.
- A browser plugin would provide wallets for fans to collect GoMAA tokens as rewards for consuming content, incentivizing participation and addressing royalty discrepancies by recording
Blockchain technology is one of the latest technologies on the horizon and has evolved over the last 7-10 years. There is tremendous potential for usage of Blockchain technology in today’s Real Estate industry. This paper aims to analyze the disruptive power of Blockchain digital technologies in the real estate industry. This paper will start with an introduction of the blockchain technology and high-level technical overview. It will then go on to discuss the various benefits the Real Estate industry can reap from this technology. It will also put forth various use cases or opportunities in the Real Estate sector for this technology. In the end, the paper will also discuss the present-day limitations and the questions marks over this technology in relation to its usage for the Real Estate industry.
An Overview: The future of Blockchain Technology in Education. Khadija Mansou...eraser Juan José Calderón
- Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger or database that records digital transactions in a way that is secure, transparent, and permanent. It has the potential to disrupt many industries by reducing costs and the need for intermediaries.
- Some potential applications of blockchain technology include financial transactions, education, cloud storage, healthcare, transportation, legal services, digital currency, and public records management. It allows for more efficient and secure transfer of assets, data, and records.
- Challenges that led to the development of blockchain include overreliance on centralization and third parties in transactions. Blockchain addresses this through decentralization, transparency, cryptography, and incentivizing contribution to the network through a consensus mechanism.
This document discusses the concept of a 3D Internet and outlines its potential benefits and challenges. It argues that a 3D Internet could provide a more intuitive interface for organizing and navigating online information by leveraging spatial relationships, similar to how humans interact in the physical world. However, realizing a 3D Internet would require overcoming significant technical challenges in areas like networking, distributed computing, security, and machine learning. The document outlines a potential architecture for a 3D Internet and explores open research questions around topics such as caching in a 3D environment, minimizing latency, and establishing trust.
From Blockchain to Brexit - edtech trends for 2018 - BETT 2018Martin Hamilton
The document discusses emerging trends in educational technology for 2018, including:
1. Increased exploration of blockchain applications such as verifiable credentials and research provenance.
2. Potential uses of learning analytics to help address challenges from Brexit, such as retaining international students, and adapting education through personalized and adaptive learning.
3. Speculation that academics may increasingly turn to dark web technologies to share restricted information and combat issues like predatory publishing.
4. A growing focus on libraries and librarians taking on expanded roles in supporting open scholarship and changing models of information dissemination.
This document provides a high-level technical overview of blockchain technology. It describes how blockchains are digital ledgers that record transactions in a distributed manner without a central authority. The first blockchain-based cryptocurrency was Bitcoin, which uses cryptographic functions to securely transfer electronic cash between users recorded on the public blockchain. The document aims to explain the underlying technology behind blockchain in a conceptual manner, as there is significant hype but lack of understanding about how it works. It covers key topics like consensus models, mining, and the challenges of modifying data on an immutable blockchain.
Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation InternetJohn Domingue
This talk gives an overview of the blockchain technology describing its impact, the constituent elements and how it may be used. Related EU Funding opportunities are also covered.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
This document provides a comprehensive literature review of blockchain-based Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It begins with introductions to blockchain technology and IoT. It discusses consensus methods, blockchain architecture layers, trends, and the role of blockchain in IoT. It explores communication among IoT nodes in blockchain-IoT frameworks and associated challenges. It also reviews applications and provides comparisons to related work. The document aims to analyze trends in blockchain approaches and tools for IoT environments to explore opportunities and challenges in further integrating blockchain and IoT technologies.
27 MAJOR BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS AND REAL-WORLD USES.pdfYunusAdam1
Blockchain applications now go well beyond money and bitcoin. Technology is having an impact across a wide spectrum of organizations, from contract enforcement to government efficiency, due to its ability to promote openness and justice while also saving corporations time and money. This approach offers a much broader variety of applications.
Many people focus on cryptocurrencies, their speculative value, and how they may be utilized to make – or lose – a lot of money quickly when it comes to blockchain. This, however, does not do justice to the blockchain's incredible technology. Current and future breakthroughs have the potential to alter many industries.
Things (sensors, actuators) that connect to the
Internet either directly or via gateways. They use IoT networking
protocols like Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, etc.
»
Gateway: A device that connects multiple things to the Internet
using IoT networking protocols and acts as a bridge to the
Internet.
»
IoT platform: A cloud-based service that manages connectivity,
data storage, and processing for IoT applications. It exposes
APIs for applications to access data and control things.
»
Application: Software that interacts with the IoT platform to
access data, control things, and provide value to end users.
The document summarizes a literature review on the use of blockchain technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). It finds 18 documented use cases of blockchain beyond cryptocurrencies, with 4 cases explicitly designed for IoT applications. Regarding implementation differences from Bitcoin, it identifies variations in data stored on-chain and mining techniques used. The review also examines issues with blockchain integrity from attacks, and degrees of anonymity and adaptability.
Running head BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY BEYOND CRYPTOCURRENCY1B.docxtoddr4
Running head: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY: BEYOND CRYPTOCURRENCY
1
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY: BEYOND CRYPTOCURRENCY
7
Block-chain Technology: Beyond Crypto-currency
Christophe Bassono
University of Nebraska Omaha
CYBR-4360-860-Foundation of IA
Assignment: Semester Project Presentation
Block-chain Technology: Beyond the Crypto-currency
Contents
Contents
2
Abstract
3
Introduction
3
Fundamentals of Block-chain Technology
4
Application of Block-chain Beyond Crypto-currency
5
Future of Block-chain
8
Conclusion
8
Abstract
Block-chain is relatively new; therefore, a representative research sample is presented that spans over the last couple of years from the earlier literature addressing the field. The different usage types of Block-chain, as well as the digital ledger methods, applications, challenges privacy, and security issues, are examined. The technology constitutes two distinct components including block and transaction. Block refers to the collection of data, transaction recording, as well as other related details such as the creation of timestamp, correct sequence, et cetera. Blockchain which is the digital technology fundamental for crypto-currency has managed to bring forth a novel revolution through the provision of a mechanism that can be used for peer-to-peer transactions (P2P). The blockchain is a globally accepted ledger that is capable of achieving numerous new applications beyond transaction verification. Bitcoin that is progressively gaining awareness around the world is a vital example of Blockchain in practice. The block-chain technology is still at the stage of building up and is expected to be full-blown in the next few years. Introduction
The predominant goal of this proposal is to outline the literature on the functionality of Block-chain and other techniques of the digital ledger in several different spheres of influence beyond its use to crypto-currency and to come up with an appropriate conclusion. The technology of block-chain is relatively new; therefore, a representative research sample is presented that spans over the last couple of years from the earlier literature addressing the field. The different usage types of Block-chain, as well as the digital ledger methods, applications, challenges privacy, and security issues, are examined. However, the main focus of this proposal is to determine the most auspicious for future application of Block-chain beyond crypto-currency.
Block-chain is the technology that facilitates the system of Bitcoin crypto-currency, which is also regarded to be important in the formation of the backbone that guarantees privacy and security of several applications in different areas such as the eco-system of the Internet of Things. The block-chain technology has also been successfully applied in the industrial and the educational sectors (Pilkington, 2016). A Proof-of-Work, which is a mathematical challenge, guarantees the security of the chain-block by maintaining the transactions of the digital le.
For more than 20 years the Internet was narrowed down to the usage
of a few tech-savvy that knew how to navigate it. It’s only in 1993-94
that it became mainstream when Marc Andreessen created
the Mosaic browser while studying at the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and brought the Internet to the
general public allowing them to navigate the web comfortably with a
positive user-friendly experience. And, for the first time user could
establish an active presence over the internet by loading their own
documents, photos, sounds, video clips, and hypertext “links” to
other documents. And just like that, navigation of the internet started
to have a meaning and it made sense to a layman.
In the blockchain world, Bitcoin (2008) was the first application of the
technology, the most disruptive, and its first wave of users, just like in
the first internet era, was also more on the technical savvy
side. Despite significant immunization of capital into the blockchain
space, we have not had yet an incredible app or project that could
compare to Mosaic or Netscape.
For more than 20 years the Internet was narrowed down to the usage of a few tech-savvy that knew how to navigate it. It’s only in 1993-94 that it became mainstream when Marc Andreessen created the Mosaic browser while studying at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
Using Blockchain as a Platform for Smart Cities. Christian Nãsulea, Stelian-M...eraser Juan José Calderón
Using Blockchain as a Platform for Smart Cities
Christian Nãsulea, Stelian-Mihai Mic University of Bucharest, Romania.
ABSTRACT: Objectives: Incorporating new technologies into the development of smart cities means rethinking the way
different services are provided. From this perspective, Blockchain might represent the future of both smart cities and smart
communities as it offers new alteratives for individuals and institutions.
Prior Work: Blockchain was mainly perceived through its linkage with bitcoin, but recent developments have started
exploring the idea of using it for financial transactions, logistics and securing contracts. Tapscott & Tapscott (2016)have
acknowledged the potential the Blockchain Revolution had on redefining the idea of trust in both digital and local communities.
Blockchain technology has the ability to enhance transparency of local and regional institutions while also making it easier
to communicate sensitive data without compromising security and privacy.
Approach: We look at the different fields blockchain can have an impact on and we try to assess the viability of moving
towards an integrated platform for intermediating day-to-day activities between both institutions and individuals. We will
assess the advantages of digitizing and securing public and private data while also considering the potential risks this
process might involve.
Results: We aim to create a model of how blockchain might work in communities and assess its impact on the overall
economic and human development indicators.
Implications: Public administrators in many countries are starting to acknowledge blockchain’s potential in solving problems
for local communities our results will be a valuable starting point for developing local initiatives for using blockchain as a
platform for communications and transactions. Furthermore, a smart city must be a city where individuals can interact and
solve their issues quickly, using digital technologies for increased efficiency.
Value: Blockchain is thought to be the future of managing both public and private affairs. Countries such as Dubai, Singapore
and China are incorporating blockchain technology into developing smart cities. Blockchain makes us rethink many of the
different aspects of how communities can be organized, offering new alternatives and promising a more transparent and
efficient economic model.
Keywords: Digital Era, Economic Model, IoT, Technology
IRJET- Secure Online Voting Systems using Block of ChunksIRJET Journal
This document proposes a blockchain-based online voting system called Blockchain Voting System (BVS) to address the issues of slow voting processes and corruption in existing systems. BVS allows voters to simultaneously transmit their votes by assigning votes to pre-defined blocks on the blockchain. This significantly reduces delays in vote collection and tallying. BVS uses cryptography and message authentication to secure votes against hacking or manipulation. Analytical models show that BVS voting robustness increases with larger block parameters. The system could help achieve secure and transparent election results in less time.
A survey on security and policy aspects of blockchain technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This survey talks about the problem of security and privacy in the blockchain ecosystem which is currently a hot issue in the blockchain community. The survey intended to study this problem by considering different types of attacks in the blockchain network with respect to algorithms presented. After a preliminary literature review it seems that some focus has been given to study the first use case while, to the best of my knowledge, the second use case requires more attention when blockchain is applied to study it. The research is also interested in exploring the link between these two use cases to study the overall data ownership preserving accountable system which will be a novel contribution of this work. However, due to the subsequent government mandated secrecy around the implementation of data encryption standard (DES), and the distrust of the academic community because of this, a movement was spawned that put a premium on individual privacy and decentralized control. This movement brought together the top minds in encryption and spawned the technology we know of as blockchain today. This survey explores the genesis of encryption, its early adoption, and the government meddling which eventually spawned a movement which gave birth to the ideas behind blockchain.
Supply Chain Effects of Implementing Blockchain Technology for L.docxcalvins9
Supply Chain Effects of Implementing Blockchain Technology for Logistics
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Abstract
The blockchain technology continues to gain recognition in the international logistics industry following the successful adoption of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as modes of settling transactions. The technology ensures the security of transaction data through the decentralized storage of the transaction details as well as increasing the difficulty of changing the data. Currently, a number of businesses have adopted the blockchain technology in their supply chain management to enhance their operational efficiencies and consistency in meeting their quality demands. The current paper focuses on identifying some of the effects of adopting the blockchain technologies in contemporary logistics activities as well as the suggested applications in the future.
Keywords:
Blockchain, supply chain, logistics, Bitcoin
Introduction
The primary concept in supply chain management is the management of the flow or distribution of information, goods, and services effectively to minimize risks and enhance performance. Managing contemporary supply chains is a highly complicated activity due to the number of payments, information shared, the magnitude of distribution networks, and geographical extent that affects company logistics. As argued by Soosay & Hyland (2015), the rapidly occurring changes in the economy have necessitated various organizations to cooperate more closely to enhance the efficiency of their processes and increase the overall performance of the supply chain. Tsou (2013) observes that the supply chain collaboration offers a number of benefits that include enhanced service levels and cost reductions in addition to efficient and faster response to changes.
Nonetheless, the success of the collaborations between firms primarily depends on the levels of commitment and engagement by the partners involved in the supply chains (Moreira, Ferreira, & Zimmermann, 2018). Ralston, Richey, & Grawe (2017) point out some of the challenges in realizing successful such as differences in the application of information technologies in the supply chains, contrasting organizational objectives, varying or conflicting financial decisions, and power differences. The increasing numbers of stakeholders involved in the supply chains are partially responsible for such problems (Casey & Wong, 2017).
Blockchain continues to receive significant amounts of attention by logistics experts following the acknowledgment of the contributions of early cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum in the financial sector. Staples et al. (2017) insist that the blockchain technology has the far-reaching consequences that include changing industries, supply chains, and company cultures among others. The blockchain technology is widely considered a secure method of conducting transactions between multiple entities through digital decentralized .
DiscussionThe vast majority of the population associates Blockch.docxmadlynplamondon
This document discusses blockchain technology and its potential applications beyond cryptocurrencies. It begins by explaining that blockchain is a distributed ledger that records transactions in a verifiable and permanent way by linking transaction "blocks" together through cryptography. The document then discusses some challenges to implementing blockchain at scale, such as issues with scalability and privacy. It concludes by noting that blockchain is still in the early stages of development and experimentation, and many of its promised benefits have yet to be realized beyond small trials, especially in business-to-business applications.
This document provides an overview of blockchain technology and its history. It discusses how blockchain emerged from concepts developed in the early 1990s, and how Bitcoin launched in 2009 helped popularize the use of blockchain. The document then defines blockchain as a distributed ledger of transactions shared across a network of computers, and explains how blockchain works using private/public key cryptography and a distributed network to validate transactions. It also covers different types of consensus protocols like proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, and Byzantine fault tolerance. Finally, it discusses applications of blockchain like smart contracts and supply chain audits.
A framework for improving the efficiency of the transparency in financial dom...Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
National Web Conference on Challenges and Innovation in Engineering and Technology, NWCCIET 2021, organized by Ramco Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India on 19th and 20th March 2021
PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT
Date 2020-03-16
Words 865
Characters 5478
Content Checked For Plagiarism
Blockchain Student’s name Institutional affiliation Submission date Introduction Blockchain technology has been art=tracing a lot of oftenest
from many industries. This blockchain has enhanced many developments, unlike any other feed that is associated with the internet. His is
attributed to how individuals and organizations will be functioning (Swan, 2015). .in addition, block chain is said to be going to have changes
to the way the governments are run and how certain aspects in society will apply the I=enforcement of varied transactions. In the past
centuries, trust has been I the hand s of large corporations such as banks s but the development of the Blockchain will create an arena
through which power will be dynamic, and there will be space for new channels for validation of information. Functionality Blockchains are
made up of data sets that are made up of smaller chains of data packages known as blocks. A block is made up of multiple transactions.
Therefore, the Blockchain arises from the addition of new blocks. A complete blockchain is a representation of an entire ledger that has
transaction history. The functionality of the blockchain state that transactions are not automatically added to the leger that is in place. The
application of the general agreement will allow transactions to be stored I a block for a certain amount of time before being transferred to the
ledger. The implication of the Blockchain The Blockchain is a ledger that holds the records of all transactions that have been processed by a
network in addition to allowing the user computer top to give a verification of the operation that has taken place. The distributed ledger system
is vital because, in contrast to the centralized systems, the functionalities of the network persist even if the particular nodes break down.
Therefore, the significant impact that Blockchain has is the fact that trust is no longer an issue of concern. Digital assets can be developed
and managed by the use of a blockchain channel. The Blockchain enables the space for selective transparency and privacy that is attained by
the use of cryptographic technologies. Clarity can bring up the ethics that are associated with a company. (Salah et al. 2019). Advantages of
Blockchain Immutability is the essence by which it refers to the fact that past transactions cannot be altered since multiple copies of the
Blockchain are preserved and taken care of by the general agreement across the networks. Data that is stored you the block cannot be lasted
thereof secure enough The Blockchain enables the idea associated with verifiability whereby anion within the system, can check by
themselves if the rules of the system in place are being adhered to. Thus the information cannot be manipulated. The information sobered
within the block can be accessed even if the peers go or l.
PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT
Date 2020-03-16
Words 865
Characters 5478
Content Checked For Plagiarism
Blockchain Student’s name Institutional affiliation Submission date Introduction Blockchain technology has been art=tracing a lot of oftenest
from many industries. This blockchain has enhanced many developments, unlike any other feed that is associated with the internet. His is
attributed to how individuals and organizations will be functioning (Swan, 2015). .in addition, block chain is said to be going to have changes
to the way the governments are run and how certain aspects in society will apply the I=enforcement of varied transactions. In the past
centuries, trust has been I the hand s of large corporations such as banks s but the development of the Blockchain will create an arena
through which power will be dynamic, and there will be space for new channels for validation of information. Functionality Blockchains are
made up of data sets that are made up of smaller chains of data packages known as blocks. A block is made up of multiple transactions.
Therefore, the Blockchain arises from the addition of new blocks. A complete blockchain is a representation of an entire ledger that has
transaction history. The functionality of the blockchain state that transactions are not automatically added to the leger that is in place. The
application of the general agreement will allow transactions to be stored I a block for a certain amount of time before being transferred to the
ledger. The implication of the Blockchain The Blockchain is a ledger that holds the records of all transactions that have been processed by a
network in addition to allowing the user computer top to give a verification of the operation that has taken place. The distributed ledger system
is vital because, in contrast to the centralized systems, the functionalities of the network persist even if the particular nodes break down.
Therefore, the significant impact that Blockchain has is the fact that trust is no longer an issue of concern. Digital assets can be developed
and managed by the use of a blockchain channel. The Blockchain enables the space for selective transparency and privacy that is attained by
the use of cryptographic technologies. Clarity can bring up the ethics that are associated with a company. (Salah et al. 2019). Advantages of
Blockchain Immutability is the essence by which it refers to the fact that past transactions cannot be altered since multiple copies of the
Blockchain are preserved and taken care of by the general agreement across the networks. Data that is stored you the block cannot be lasted
thereof secure enough The Blockchain enables the idea associated with verifiability whereby anion within the system, can check by
themselves if the rules of the system in place are being adhered to. Thus the information cannot be manipulated. The information sobered
within the block can be accessed even if the peers go or l ...
Similar to Visibility and digital art: Blockchain as an ownership layer on the Internet (20)
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias digitales docentes medi...eraser Juan José Calderón
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias
digitales docentes mediante juicio de expertos
según el Marco DigCompEdu.
Julio Cabero-Almenara
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
cabero@us.es
Julio Barroso--‐Osuna
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
jbarroso@us.es
Antonio Palacios--‐Rodríguez
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
aprodriguez@us.es
Carmen Llorente--‐Cejudo
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
karen@us.es
This document announces a special issue of the journal "Comunicar" on hate speech in communication. It provides details such as the issue date, submission deadline, thematic editors, and scope. The scope describes hate speech and calls for research analyzing hate speech messages, backgrounds, and intervention strategies. The document lists descriptive keywords and questions to guide submitted papers. It introduces the three thematic editors and provides their backgrounds and research interests related to communication, media, and online environments. Submission guidelines and relevant website links are also included.
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONIS...eraser Juan José Calderón
Proposal for a
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
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LEGISLATIVE ACTS
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La jornada analizó casos reales de uso de blockchain y sus posibilidades en Las Rozas a través de varias mesas redondas. Se presentó el proyecto DeConfianza que usa blockchain para dar transparencia a la compra de viviendas. También se discutió el potencial de la identidad digital soberana basada en blockchain y algunas aplicaciones posibles en Las Rozas como la gestión energética. Las Rozas fue elogiado como un espacio para probar innovaciones como blockchain.
Ética y Revolución Digital
Revista Diecisiete nº 4 2021. Investigación Interdisciplinar para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
PANORAMA
Ética y Derecho en la Revolución Digital
Txetxu Ausín y Margarita Robles Carrillo
artículoS
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Ricardo Riaza
Desafíos éticos en la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial a los sistemas de defensa
Juan A. Moliner González
notas y colaboraciones
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#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech: More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide Oppose Plans for a
Big Tech Dominated Body for Global Digital Governance.
Not only in developing countries but also in the US and EU, calls for stronger regulation of Big Tech
are rising. At the precise point when we should be shaping global norms to regulate Big Tech, plans
have emerged for an ‘empowered’ global digital governance body that will evidently be dominated
by Big Tech. Adding vastly to its already overweening power, this new Body would help Big Tech
resist effective regulation, globally and at national levels. Indeed, we face the unbelievable prospect
of ‘a Big Tech led body for Global Governance of Big Tech’.
Este documento presenta un pacto por la ciencia y la innovación en España. Propone aumentar la inversión pública en I+D+I gradualmente hasta alcanzar el 1.25% del PIB en 2030 para alcanzar los niveles de inversión de la UE. También compromete dotar de autonomía a las entidades financiadoras de I+D+I y consolidar una carrera pública estable para los investigadores.
The document announces the expert panel members of the European Blockchain Observatory and Forum. It lists over 100 experts from academia and industry across Europe who will advise on strengthening the European blockchain ecosystem. The experts come from a variety of backgrounds including law, technology, finance, government, and consulting.
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminis...eraser Juan José Calderón
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminista. Análisis de los discursos de profesionales de la educación madrileña.
Melani Penna Tosso * Mercedes Sánchez SáinzCristina Mateos CasadoUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, España
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Resultados: Los docentes se han visto sobrecargados por el trabajo en confinamiento, en general el tiempo de trabajo ha tomado las casas, los espacios familiares, el tiempo libre y los fines de semana. Las profesionales entrevistadas se ven obligadas a una conexión permanente, sin limitación horaria y con horarios condicionados por las familias del alumnado. Se distinguen dos períodos bien diferenciados, en que los objetivos pasaron de ser emocionales a académicos. Como problemática general surge la falta de coordinación dentro los centros educativos.
Método: Análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas a través de la metodología de análisis crítico de discurso.
Fuente de datos: Entrevistas
Autores: Melani Penna Tosso, Mercedes Sánchez Sáinz y Cristina Mateos Casado
Año: 2020
Institución: Universidad Complutense de Madrid
País al que refiere el análisis: España
Tipo de publicación: Revista arbitrada
"Experiencias booktuber: Más allá del libro y de la pantalla"
Maria Del Mar Suárez
Cristina Alcaraz Andreu
University of Barcelona
2020, R. Roig-Vila (Coord.), J. M. Antolí Martínez & R. Díez Ros (Eds.), XARXES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Llibre d’actes / REDES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Libro de actas (pp. 479-480). Alacant: Universitat d'Alacant. ISBN: 978-84-09-20651-3.
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This document discusses using one's own thinking as a pedagogical strategy to promote critical thinking, leadership, and humanism in university students. It describes teaching an epistemology course where collaborative dynamics and transdisciplinary integration were used to develop students' cognitive abilities and social construction of knowledge. The strategy began with collaborative practice in the classroom and concluded with students publishing a reflective journal.
Escuela de Robótica de Misiones. Un modelo de educación disruptiva. 2019, Ed21. Fundación Santillana.
Carola Aideé Silvero
María Aurelia Escalada
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Este documento resume el contexto internacional de la pandemia de COVID-19 y sus efectos en la educación superior a nivel mundial. Se cerraron universidades en 185 países, afectando al 90% de los estudiantes. Las instituciones tuvieron que adaptar rápidamente la enseñanza a la modalidad online. Organismos internacionales como la UNESCO y el Banco Mundial publicaron recomendaciones para garantizar la continuidad educativa y mitigar los impactos sociales y económicos a corto y largo plazo. Además, asociaciones
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Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of
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Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
2. MCCONAGHY et al.462
Sianesi, & Tumino, 2010; Caridi, Perego, & Tumino, 2013; Klueber &
O’Keefe, 2013), three definitions are given (Parry et al., 2016): (1) vis‐
ibility relates to access and use of information in supply chains and
focuses on information sharing; (2) visibility relates to the properties
of the information exchanged, which is determined by the extent to
which information is accurate, trusted, timely, useful, and usable; (3)
visibility is the availability and capability of information to inform and
initiate action.
Taking the latter definition, we can see that information availabil‐
ity helps both initiate and inform action, thus impacting upon an indi‐
vidual’s decision‐making process. In the current digital domain, there
is limited data and often information asymmetry occurs where one
party has information and another does not. The Internet, and espe‐
cially the World Wide Web, have been built with uni‐directional links.
As opposed to a continued dialogue, data flows in one direction at a
time and the flow can end whenever a party disengages; in the case
of an image file on the web, information flows from the end user who
requests content to the server it is hosted on, and from the server to
the end user who downloads it. The consumer may not have complete
information about the rights pertaining to a work, and once the cre‐
ator has put the work online they do not have complete information
about who is using their work, where, when, and how.
In a contractual situation, if both parties do not have the same
data, then information asymmetry can be problematic. There is a great
deal of literature relating to the issue of buyer–supplier information
asymmetry and how asymmetry often results in deception due to a
conflict of interests (Clots‐Figueras, Hernán‐González, & Kujal, 2015).
Google allows users to search and view any image, and does not block
the ability to copy that image. The conflict of interest between buyer
and supplier seen in the case of digital music can readily lead to copy‐
right infringement. An individual who wants to listen to a music track
can choose to pay for it as a download, stream it from an authorized
source like Spotify, or access it free by downloading it illegally. The
conflict of interest is in paying for content, as the user gives away
metadata about themselves to the provider, whereas when engaging
in illegal activity, not only does the user gain content for free, but they
are also usually anonymous. Websites such as YouTube and Sound‐
Cloud allow users to upload music for others to share and, in certain
circumstances, the site pays a royalty to the creators. There is a lack of
transparency as to the contractual processes of a website. Consumers
may not be aware that an action is legal or illegal due to unfamiliar‐
ity with digital distribution formats and a lack of visibility over who
owns the work and how it may be used, which could better inform or
influence their actions (Parry, Bustinza, & Vendrell‐Herrero, 2012). The
creator of a work also lacks visibility of the use of their materials, unless
they are contacted by a site with regard to potential royalty payments,
or spend time searching to see if their materials are being used.
It is with regard to the provision of visibility to creators and
consumers of content that the Bitcoin blockchain provides part of
a potential solution. The Bitcoin blockchain is the distributed ledger
technology underpinning the eponymous cryptocurrency, Bitcoin
(Nakamoto, 2008). The Bitcoin blockchain consists of a cryptographi‐
cally secure ledger of all transactions made using the currency. Bitcoin
as a currency may not succeed in the longer term, but the authors of
this article share the belief that it is the blockchain technology behind
the Bitcoin currency that will have the greater impact on the world
(Kiviat, 2016).
Blockchain technology provides a decentralized network in
which the participants in the network, known as “nodes,” record
transactions on a public ledger. As a set of transactions accumulates,
those transactions are written to the list together as a “block,” which
is added to the previous block of transactions, forming a chain. To
create a block, participants in the network must perform a compli‐
cated mathematical “puzzle” requiring massive computing power,
and the solution is included in the block. While difficult to solve, it
is easy to verify the solution, allowing anyone to confirm that the
block is valid. Users are encouraged to devote computing power to
the task of securing the network by the fact of the network offering
Bitcoin currency as a reward for solving the puzzle, a process known
as “mining.” The more computing power is dedicated to the problem,
the harder the problem gets, so blocks are created on a fixed schedule
(Kraft, 2016). Approximately six blocks are created each hour. Every
block has its own unique cryptographically generated code—a hash—
which is added to the next block of transactions, effectively locking
the blocks together in a linear time sequence and ensuring individual
transaction records are not duplicated. The hashes can demonstrate
cryptographically that the transactions are valid and that no blocks
have been changed.
Blockchain technology solves a networking problem where indi‐
viduals wish to undertake value exchanges over a computer network
that can be monitored, verified, and enforced, all without the need
for a centralized governance institution. The blockchain forms a dis‐
tributed ledger of transactions that is duplicated across many com‐
puters and can be read and verified by anyone, creating visibility of
transactions.
While the Bitcoin currency was the first application of blockchain
technology, there are many other areas where the technology can be
applied. It is possible to add data other than Bitcoin transactions to
the blockchain, such as information about valuable asset transfers or
to provide a “trustless” record of those transactions (Swanson, 2014).
3 | INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND
THE LAW
Creative works such as art, literature, music, and film are protected
by copyright law. This is true for digital works as well as traditional
works, but the effectiveness of these laws in the digital world has
been limited.
The World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) is a body of the
United Nations tasked with overseeing international copyright trea‐
ties and creating guidelines for intellectual property. The WIPO guide‐
lines serve as a baseline, and each country decides how to implement
the guidelines in their domestic law. Implementations can vary sig‐
nificantly from country to country, but are rarely consumer‐centric.
Examples of the legislation introduced to protect intellectual property
3. MCCONAGHY et al. 463
rights in the digital domain include the UK Digital Economy Act (DEA,
2010), France’s Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Pro‐
tection des droits d’auteur sur Internet (HADOPI), introduced in 2009,
and the US’s Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998.
There is debate about the nature of intellectual property law and
how principles that are used to govern ownership and protection of
tangible physical property could or should also apply to the intangi‐
ble digital space (Menell, 2011). In the UK, Cammaerts, Mansell, and
Meng (2013) argue that the UK DEA risks “stifling innovation as indi‐
viduals cannot edit content to create something new.” The arguments
are countered by Parry et al. (2014), who questioned why rights to
dispose of the property of an artist should be different for artists in
the physical realm than for those working in digital media. HADOPI
faced significant opposition from groups who felt it infringed upon
their rights through heavy‐handed measures like suspension of Inter‐
net service to alleged repeat infringers (Giblin, 2014) and the legisla‐
tion was subsequently tempered, through the work of Danaher, Smith,
Telang, and Chen (2013), who empirically demonstrated that the
implementation of the law reduced online copyright infringement and
increased revenues by up to 25% for music sold on the iTunes plat‐
form. The US DMCA is also more restrictive than the WIPO guidelines
require, which stifles and damages innovation and limits consumer
choice (Stout, 2015). Despite these criticisms, it would appear that
the laws in place to protect digital art are already very strong, which
suggests new legal restrictions are not required.
Whilst some individuals may believe that “property is theft”
(Proudhon, 1840) and “piracy” is their right (Bustinza, Vendrell‐Her‐
rero, Parry, & Myrthianos, 2016), for others the situation surrounding
the copying and use of digital property is less clear. The act of taking
digital property can be considered from many different perspectives:
moral, ethical, legal, and economic (Al‐Rafee & Cronan, 2006; Houle,
1991; Ku, 2002; Yoon, 2011). The key question is why those who
would reject “theft” in the physical domain do not bring this frame‐
work to their understanding of copyright infringement in the digital
domain (Coyle, Gould, Gupta, & Gupta, 2009, p. 12). Rights holders
want to call copyright infringement “theft,” but it isn’t theft in law—it’s
infringement of an artificial monopoly on copying. The belief in the
existence of copyright infringement may not cross the boundary from
the socio‐cultural epistemic domain represented by the wider (physi‐
cal) world to the epistemic domain governing an individual’s beliefs
and hence action in the digital domain (Davis, Parry, Carruthers, &
Kepple‐Palmer, 2015). An epistemic belief is based upon knowledge
and understanding, which can only be formed in domains where the
individual has visibility. In the physical store, the products are clearly
in the ownership of the store holder and the method and processes
of transactions to purchase and transfer ownership are well under‐
stood as part of general beliefs in the socio‐cultural context: taking a
physical good from the store holder is clearly and immediately to their
detriment. By contrast, the ease of digital copying and the fact that the
rights holder does not have less after the copy is made creates a differ‐
ent context in the digital realm. There is a complex argument regard‐
ing copyright infringement and business models, though the current
online behavior would suggest change is needed to protect property
rights whilst allowing creative use of content by communities (Docto‐
row, 2014; Parry et al., 2014).
In the digital domain, the visibility of who owns what and who is
using what is obscure. We find a situation with limited visibility and
poor understanding of the law in a relatively new domain, where cul‐
tural norms have yet to be established. The Internet makes it easy to
copy and distribute digital work, making copyright law ineffective in
practice. Visibility of ownership, use, and clear, simple processes to
transfer ownership are required to enable consumers to pay for digital
assets. A failure to provide such process technologies will mean con‐
sumers in the digital domain will continue to act in abeyance, incon‐
gruous with their behavior in other domains (Davis et al., 2015).
4 | THE CHALLENGE OF DIGITAL ART
The global art market is worth $64bn (TEFAF, 2015), which is compa‐
rable to video games ($91.4bn) (Newzoo, 2015), film, or online adver‐
tising. The market for art is moving online, however, as buyers are
increasingly familiar with online shopping and are comfortable mak‐
ing payments online. The 2014 online art market was $1.57bn and
is expected to be $3.7bn by 2018 (Hiscox, 2014). However, much of
the online art trade relates to the exchange of physical pieces of work
and not art that is digital in origin. According to Hiscox (2014), the
digital art market is in its infancy and is estimated to make up just
11% ($173m) of the online art market; 50% of purchases are less than
£100. The market seems small compared with the well‐established
market for photography, which makes up 46% ($720m) of the online
art market. The digital art market remains relatively small for a number
of reasons; norms and standards for collecting digital art have not yet
been established, meaning that people are not sure what it means to
own a digital work and attribution, authenticity, and provenance have
yet to be resolved satisfactorily.
Collecting physical art seems straightforward: an artist makes a
work and consigns it to a gallery or dealer; the work is put up for sale;
a collector sees the work in the gallery or is contacted by the dealer,
likes the work, pays for it, and takes it away; an agreed amount of
money is retained by the dealer or gallery owner and the balance is
paid to the artist; the collector is said to “own” the purchased work.
In the art world, “provenance” is a work’s history—its biographic
details, proof of authenticity, and attribution. Ideally, there will be a
complete dataset from the moment of creation through to the present,
including each transfer of ownership and information on the work’s
location, dates, and reasons or means of transference (i.e. inheritance,
private sale, or auction) (IFAR, 2016). Provenance is important for
proving the authenticity of an art work, as it establishes a chain of
ownership and drives the value of a work. One example is the Mona
Lisa, possibly the most famous picture in the world. It has a detailed
provenance,†
even though it is over 500 years old. There are few
†
The provenance dates back to manuscript reports during the initial creation
of the work in 1503/4, and its purchase by King François I from Leonardo da
Vinci when the artist moved to France and was in the Royal Court. Following
the French Revolution of 1789–1799, ownership transferred to the French State
4. MCCONAGHY et al.464
questions pertaining to its ownership or history. The Mona Lisa was
assessed at $100 million USD on December 14, 1962. Taking inflation
into account, the 1962 value would be around $782 million USD in
2016, making it the most expensive painting in the world. While it is
impossible to speculate as to its value if it did not have such a clear
provenance, it would certainly not be as valuable without detail of its
colorful history.
Many art works have poor provenance, which negatively affects
their value (Danchev, 2006). To assist in proving the authenticity of
works by famous artists, a catalogue raisonné may be created, which
is a ledger that provides descriptive detail of all the works they have
produced. The market for physical art is well established, and beliefs
and actions therefore conform to larger socio‐cultural and domain‐
specific contexts (Davis et al., 2015; Muis, Bendixen, & Harele, 2006).
However, despite processes to capture provenance in the physical art
world, experts from the Fine Arts Expert Institute (FAEI) of Geneva
suggest that more than 50% of works circulating on the market are not
authentic (Larson, 2014). It is even easier to commit fraud or misat‐
tribute art when the work is digital.
Digital art is a new domain. Existing norms do not apply and new
behaviors are not yet established or shared within the wider socio‐
cultural context. Behavior in this digital world is incongruent with
behavior in the physical world. There is no physical artefact, so what is
being exchanged is digital information. Free and easy sharing of digi‐
tal work in its many forms has been normalized on social networks.
Over 1 billion users access YouTube every day (YouTube, 2016), and in
2014 over 1.9 billion images were reported to be shared online daily
(Meeker, 2014). Copyright infringement has also been normalized.
Research in the music industry has shown that at least 28% of the
population participate in illegal file sharing (Bustinza, Vendrell‐Herrero,
Parry, & Myrthianos, 2013). Whether it is obtained legally or illegally,
much of this content will be consumed on the screens of laptops or
smartphones, never taking physical form.
There are additional challenges with regard to establishing the
provenance of digital art: How does a collector collect digital art in a
way that allows resale? How does one establish provenance of a digital
file, if a perfect copy of the file can be made at will? The problem of
digital art ownership has been called “the elephant in the room” of the
art world (Osberg, 2013).
Reproduction of work is common in the art world, and has a rich
history in areas such as traditional woodblock printing, sculpture,
engravings, and “wet” film photography. In these media, artworks are
often reproduced in limited editions by the artist themselves to gener‐
ate revenue. In these cases, an original or source work was retained
by the artist, and copies sold to collectors. Industrial‐era bronze stat‐
ues had molds from which multiple bronze “prints” were made. For
example, there are many copies of Rodin’s The Thinker, and Rodin him‐
self produced different versions, making molds and casting in bronze
and plaster, and from which over 20 “copies” have been made (De
Roos, De Roos‐Kozma, Dieckhoff, & Kreutzer, 2004). In photography,
the negative was a source from which unlimited copies of a work
could be made, but the negative and intellectual property (IP) rights
remained with the photographer. The photographer chose a fixed
number of editions in advance and could destroy the negative in order
to create scarcity.
The nature of digital works changes this relationship with an
original source. Unlike with prints, sculpture, or photographs, anyone
with a copy of a digital artwork can make many perfect copies indis‐
tinguishable from the original, and then share those copies globally
at close to zero effort or expense. To counter this ease of reproduc‐
tion, digital artists have tried to introduce physicality to their work in
an effort to engender the norms of the physical art market. Examples
of this adoption of physicality have included: (1) saving the work in
physical format and trading that as the object, whilst encouraging the
owner not to digitally copy and share it. This is a variation on the model
used for physical music or home movie sales (e.g. vinyl, CD, DVD, or
tape). In the context of digital art, the object may be any of those, or
a USB stick. Further physical artefacts or bonuses may be included,
such as signing the physical format or creating an ad‐hoc “certificate
of authenticity”; (2) embedding the work into an object which then
becomes part of the work. For example, a television linked to a VCR or
DVD player with the tape or disc literally glued inside, or a number of
televisions placed one on top of the other; and (3) making the digital
idea into a physical object or representation by some means, such as
printing an image, 3D printing a sculpture, and so on. Though these
methods have been tried, none of them are wholly satisfactory pre‐
cisely because the physicality aspect is being artificially created for art
that is naturally digital, unless the choice of embedding the file into a
physical object is part of the artistic concept.
Domain names have emerged as a partial solution to owning
digital art. If a domain and website make up a work of art, then a con‐
tract with the artist can state that the owner of the domain is the
owner of the art. It’s a simple idea but a powerful concept, made pos‐
sible because domain names have scarcity. Only one entity can own
a domain name. The technology enabling the scarcity is the domain
name system (DNS), which at its core is a ledger recording a list of con‐
nections between a domain name (e.g. amazon.com) and a network
address (e.g. 54.239.26.128). People trust the DNS not just because of
its widespread use, but because the body in charge of it, the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, is independent of gov‐
ernment or corporate control (Escudero, 2012; Kalinauskas & Barčys,
2013). The result is that Internet domains offer scarcity in the digital
world because they are catalogued in a public ledger that is trusted by
users. The system is “trust minimizing,” as contractual parties do not
need to know or trust each other significantly.
Websites for art are not a complete solution, however, as many
digital artefacts are not naturally websites—they are images, videos, or
other code executing on a platform. To force such media into a web‐
site format is as contrived as creating a physical object. The website
and the painting was relocated with the Royal Art Collection to the Louvre
museum in 1797, but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon in the
Tuileries Palace. During the Franco‐Prussian War (1870–1871) it was moved
from the Louvre to the Brest Arsenal. During World War II, the painting was
again removed from the Louvre and taken to safely, first to Château d’Amboise,
then to the Loc‐Dieu Abbey and Château de Chambord, then finally to the In‐
gres Museum in Montauban.
5. MCCONAGHY et al. 465
approach also introduces new fees and requirements, as the owner is
forced to pay annual domain name registration fees. If the fee is not
paid, the domain and associated art may get removed or deleted. The
possibility of expiration reveals another problem: the DNS record itself
is relatively safe but there is no direct link between the domain and the
art, except that the art appears on the domain. Furthermore, websites
were never intended to support editions: there can only be one “col‐
lector” per website domain—the registered owner of that domain—so
a website would need to be duplicated with different domain names
given to each collector to represent their own edition. Finally, it is not
obvious where to store metadata such as the provenance of the work,
although third‐party historical domain name information provides a
partial solution to this problem.
Despite rapid innovation, art is still significantly bound to the
physical, as it is in the physical format that established processes exist
for the creator to sell and ensure that property rights are not violated.
Innovation is needed to change behavior and support artists working
in digital art. We need to be able to “see” who owns what and who is
using it.
5 | METHODOLOGY
The purpose of the research was to examine the use of blockchains
outside of cryptocurrency, in the realm of intellectual property. The
approach was from the perspective of a critical realist, reflecting the
complexity of the research subject that links the empirical world of
computer code and software, which are mechanisms creating phe‐
nomena, and the individuals who view the world through their own
framework (Bhaskar, 2008). There are unobservable events which
influence what can be observed, and understanding of socio‐cultural
actions can only be achieved by seeking understanding of the struc‐
tures that drive events.
A case study approach has been adopted as blockchain technol‐
ogy is a contemporary phenomenon and boundaries between the phe‐
nomenon and its context are not clear (Yin, 2003). In this article, the
case study is useful for examining why and how phenomena occur in
complicated contexts (Stuart, McCutcheon, Handfield, McLachlin, &
Samson, 2002). The single case example selected allows researchers
to understand phenomena in depth and provides information to sup‐
port explanation and theory building (Dyer & Wilkins, 1991; Eisen‐
hardt, 1989).
The choice of case as a unit of analysis was BigchainDB GmbH
(bigchaindb.com), who with their ascribe service (ascribe.io) use the
Bitcoin blockchain to create a transparent ledger of transactions.
ascribe provides a web‐based solution that facilitates attribution,
ownership, provenance, and trade in the digital art market. While the
product can be applied to many kinds of digital goods, ascribe was
developed to meet the specific needs of the digital art market, and
that market is the focus of the work here.
The work was undertaken through a process of co‐operative writ‐
ing, with academic researchers and BigchainDB personnel, including
founders, programmers, and managers, acting as co‐researchers in the
production of the case study materials. In creating this article, the joint
researchers reflected ideas and concepts back and forth to ensure
that practical and experiential knowledge were correctly captured and
contextualized within the extant literature.
6 | THE ASCRIBE CASE STUDY
The ascribe service has been open to the public since April 2014, and
as of then used by 4500+ users who have registered nearly 38,000
editions of digital property in the form of images, videos, 3D designs,
screensavers, software, and other media.ascribe approaches the chal‐
lenges of the digital art market by conceptualizing a two‐factor prob‐
lem captured by the phrase: “Where’s my stuff?” The first factor in this
problem is the issue of “my stuff,” which identifies ownership claims
and requires a system for registry of ownership along with a means of
transfer of ownership or the ability to grant usage rights. The second
factor is visibility, which asks where on the Internet an artist’s work is
in use, how, and by who.
To address the “my stuff” part of the equation, ascribe allows
users to record claims about rights to a work on the Bitcoin blockchain
(Nakamoto, 2008). The Bitcoin blockchain can be treated as a data‐
base in which anyone can add information by performing a transac‐
tion, but no one can delete information once it has been added, and
no one owns the information it contains or the protocol it runs on. The
Bitcoin protocol was designed to provide a means of transferring value
and enabling payment, but in this application the payment aspect is
not important. Instead, ascribe uses the Bitcoin blockchain to store
information about works and ownership transactions.
There are other protocols that are designed to transfer non‐financial
assets represented by “tokens” on a blockchain, such as OpenAssets
(Theron, 2013) and Counterparty (www.counterparty.io). However,
these protocols do not support ascribe’s need for ownership process‐
ing in two key areas: the feature set and the legal requirements. The
feature set is different, as art needs to distinguish between unique
editions, such as edition 1/10 of a photograph from edition 2/10.
Other protocols consider these simply as quantities or units of value,
but without unique identities. Protocols for art also need to support
a number of different ownership actions beyond a simple yes or no
for ownership, such as consigning, un‐consigning, loaning, renting, and
more. The other protocols do not support those needs.
The ascribe terms of service (ToS) seek to make the legal pro‐
cesses simple for both creators and consumers. They incorporate
actions such as claiming rights by a creator registering a work, creating
editions, transferring editions, or consigning a work for sale by a third
party. ascribe has worked with its users and lawyers in several coun‐
tries to ensure that its basic terms meet the needs of most users, while
customers with special use cases can use custom contracts. Users can
also choose to register a work under a Creative Commons license,
as part of an ongoing experiment with Creative Commons France.
Similarly, ascribe’s legal solution enables electronic transfer of digital
property between individuals, allowing digital property flows across
the Internet and potentially into the long tail, though it is noted that
ascribe does not deal in the transfer of funds (Anderson, 2005).
6. MCCONAGHY et al.466
Existing blockchain protocols were not sufficient to meet the
identified needs. ascribe developed a new protocol called Secure Pub‐
lic Online Ownership Ledger (SPOOL), which it has made available
to the public under a Creative Commons license (https://github.com/
ascribe/spool). SPOOL is built with intellectual property on the Bitcoin
blockchain in mind, and allows secure registration with a time stamp.
This is a modern version of the “poor man’s copyright,” the practice of
artists mailing their own work to themselves and keeping it in a sealed
envelope in case of a dispute over authorship, allowing the artist to
demonstrate that they had the work at the time of the date stamp.
SPOOL also allows information about transfers or consignments to be
recorded to the blockchain, creating provenance on the blockchain.
Because ascribe uses the blockchain to record ownership and
transfers, rights holders and collectors do not have to rely on ascribe
to maintain ownership records for them. The blockchain is stored on
the thousands of computers making up the Bitcoin blockchain, mean‐
ing that each of those computers has a record of every transaction
written to SPOOL. Even if ascribe ceased operations, the transactions
recorded by its users would still be recorded on the Bitcoin blockchain.
The two main ownership transactions are registering a piece of
work, and ownership of an edition. Figure 1 illustrates both. The trans‐
actions have special choices for inputs and outputs. On the left, Figure
1 shows a registration transaction, when the work has three editions
(1/3, 2/3, 3/3). The input address is a public ascribe address, in the
role akin to a certificate authority. There are six outputs. The first out‐
put is a hash of information defining the work: the file containing the
work, the artist name, the title, and the year. The second, third, and
fourth outputs are the addresses “owning” editions 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3,
respectively. By definition of the ToS, whoever has the private key to
one of those addresses is the owner of that work. The fifth output is
the verb of the transaction; ascribe uses the Bitcoin OP_RETURN to
embed the word “register.” The final output is change. This is a quirk of
the Bitcoin blockchain protocol: you have to send all your money from
the ascribe address and then get most of it back. Change is therefore
the refund for the amount unspent in the transaction; if the amount
to be transferred is 0.1 BTC and you paid 1 BTC, the change would be
0.99 BTC.
In the event of a legal dispute involving work registered on ascribe,
it is hoped that the blockchain registration would provide evidence as
to authorship or ownership of a work. While blockchain evidence is in
its early days, blockchain evidence was admitted in the Ross Ulbricht
“Silk Road” criminal trial (Brandom, 2015).
SPOOL alone does not create a contract for a sale or assignment
of copyright. It must be used with a contract the participants have
agreed to. On ascribe, the default contract is defined in the ToS and
participants agree to use it in their transfers.‡
The SPOOL protocol
helps support an Internet‐based marketplace flow across borders, but
it draws its power from its combination with national copyright laws.
Figure 1 shows an ownership transfer transaction; for example,
transferring ownership of edition 2/3 of a work. The first time any
Bitcoin leaves the existing owner’s wallet, ownership is transferred to
the output wallet. This also includes an OP_RETURN to embed the
verb “transfer.” The final output is change.
In the digital art world, as with physical art, values of works are
linked to provenance. If there are gaps in the ownership history of
an art work, then the value of the work is diminished. Before ascribe,
there was no way to automate provenance of a digital edition of a
piece of art. SPOOL enables automated provenance, as Figure 2 illus‐
trates. Knowing any of the owning addresses allows a party to use
a blockchain explorer to identify all the other addresses that have
owned the address, all the way back to the original registration by
the creator. In this way, SPOOL enables automated digital provenance.
SPOOL makes it possible for each unique edition to have its own
identifying address, which can be thought of as a serial number, as
illustrated in Figure 3. On the left, we see that SPOOL defines the ID
of a piece as simply the Bitcoin address associated with the piece at
registration; when the ownership of the piece changes, the piece ID
remains the same. The right of the figure emphasizes how a work’s
hash and an edition are bound; they are both defined in the same
FIGURE 1 SPOOL transactions. Left: Register transaction on three editions. Right: Ownership transfer transaction [Color figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
‡
A separate Ricardian contract approach was considered (Grigg, 2004), but
implementation postponed. A Ricardian contract is readable by both comput‐
ers and humans, is legally binding, and could be part of a protocol, such that
the contract is embedded with every transaction. The potential benefit is that
it allows for a decentralized store of the contract itself. However, a fully decen‐
tralized approach can reduce usability and adds complexity. In addition, once
the contract is released it cannot be changed easily, although there are ways to
update the contract while maintaining decentralization, which will be reviewed
for future implementation.
7. MCCONAGHY et al. 467
Bitcoin transaction (registration), and the protocol makes their rela‐
tionship clear.
SPOOL facilitates searching, as one can take a work’s hash and
find it on the blockchain, and from that find all the addresses that own
each edition. Or, by starting with any piece ID it is possible to find
the whole ownership history, which provides perfect provenance of a
work. Starting with any owning addresses of any edition, it is possible
to see the whole history of each edition.§
The transactions are public,
but they are also pseudonymous. Without additional information, the
owners’ identities are private by default on the blockchain. The ascribe
web app and API are also private by default, and are not browsable.
However, if the user wishes to make their identity or their collection
public, they can share the Bitcoin address they own or an Internet
address pointing to the edition details on ascribe.io.
To address the question of “where’s my work?,” ascribe conducts
an automated web crawl, indexing visible content on the Internet
and incorporating public web crawl records called Common Crawl
(commoncrawl.org), totaling 220 terabytes of text. Through a web‐
site called WhereOnThe.Net (https://whereonthe.net), users provide
an image and ascribe will search for occurrences of that image in
the crawl. The results display how many copies of the subject image
can be found, the websites it can be found on, and when the image
first appeared there. The search is based on BigchainDB’s artificial
intelligence “image match” software (https://github.com/ascribe/
image-match), which finds not only exact copies of the image but also
similar images, so if—for example—the image was modified, it would
still be found by the crawl. For now, ascribe’s search is limited to
images, but will extend to other data formats in the future, including
3D models and video.ascribe only displays WhereOnThe.Net search
results when specifically requested. However, it would be possible to
use the data from the web crawl and similarity search to automatically
create bi‐directional links between creator and consumer through the
content, without the complexity of changing existing web protocols
and without involving third parties, only the second‐party signatories
to the ascribe service.
There are several use cases that emerge specifically for owner‐
ship, all of which address the visibility question. The data resulting
from similarity searching allows for tracking use of a work, giving infor‐
mation to rights holders such that they know who is using an artist’s
work and where. The rights holder can then make a decision on what
to do. Options for the rights holder include ignoring the use, asking for
licensing fees or an honorarium for use, or issuing a takedown request.
The information could provide data for a screening process that can
be employed when someone tries to register ownership of a work. If
the goal is broad distribution or attention, the data can be used as an
indicator of influence or the potential value of a work. An artist trying
to sell work may be able to charge more if they can show evidence that
their work is popular and has been viewed or shared often. However,
this could be a double‐edged sword, as collectors accustomed to mea‐
suring value in terms of scarcity may be reluctant to pay for a work if it
is known to have been widely circulated.
7 | SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In this article we have described how digital art has so far failed to
achieve its potential, in part because of uncertainties in the culture
around digital art and how it should be collected. Digital images are
frequently shared via the Internet, which creates uncertainty for cre‐
ators and collectors alike. Visibility is the availability and capability of
information to inform and initiate action (Caridi et al., 2010, 2013;
Klueber & O’Keefe, 2013; Parry et al., 2016). The challenge is to pro‐
vide information and process sufficient to identify an image, establish
ownership and usage rights, and provide information to the consumer
and the rights holder.
FIGURE 2 In SPOOL, provenance emerges naturally [Color figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 3 About piece IDs in SPOOL. Left: Each edition of work gets a unique ID. Right: The register transaction binds the work hash to all
piece IDs [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
§
Ascribe considered putting the hash inside the OP_RETURNs in order to facili‐
tate blockchain maintenance. However, this would have prevented the ability to
search based on a piece’s hash, and searchability was the priority.
8. MCCONAGHY et al.468
A solution to the challenge of creating visibility of who owns a
piece of digital artwork and how the legal transfer of ownership or
usage rights may be undertaken has been offered by the case firm
BigchainDB. The ascribe solution starts with registration of a work,
which records a cryptographic hash of the work to the Bitcoin block‐
chain. Once a work is registered, a creator can create a certain number
of “editions” of the work, each of which can be dealt with individu‐
ally. Works can be transferred, consigned, or shared, and any transfers
of the work are recorded to the Bitcoin blockchain, providing perfect
provenance of works transferred through the service. Editions are
transferred according to a simple default contract the parties must
agree to, or by customized contracts set by the users. Finally, web
crawl and “machine learning” artificial intelligence technology finds
similar images online, even if the image has been slightly modified from
the original. BigchainDB developed a service called WhereOnThe.Net
(https://www.whereonthe.net) to allow users to search the Internet
for a particular image.
The case example gives details of how digital art may be afforded
increased visibility through both use and digital provenance, via a pub‐
lic distributed ledger, which may be critical for the sustainability of
this market (Attaran, 2007). Visibility is in the form of data and pro‐
cesses, which allow the ownership of digital artwork to be made clear
to consumers and the use of their work made visible to the artist. The
underpinning register of ownership and any IP transfer is recorded
to a blockchain, thus the distributed ledger creates global visibility of
this record of ownership. The online image search provides informa‐
tion that can initiate action; allowing the owner to prompt the user to
acknowledge, pay, or desist from using the work. Legal precedent has
been set for the use of the Bitcoin blockchain as evidence (Brandom,
2015), which provides a foundation that action is enforceable by law.
In providing visibility of use to an artist, the artist can contact the user
for the required acknowledgment or payment, which also provides an
opportunity to build a personal relationship. Widespread adoption of
this or similar solutions that provide visibility of use, ownership, meth‐
ods for transfer, provenance, and simple ways to pay for digital assets
could challenge consumer behaviors and establish epistemic belief
that digital art should be paid for (Davis et al., 2015). We assume the
best in people; individuals will pay for content they use if they are
provided with the visibility of a real person behind a piece of work.
The case is an example of how the Bitcoin blockchain provides an
asset ownership layer on the Internet. In seeking to create a crypto‐
currency, the technology has led to the creation of a distributed ledger
that acts as a trustless asset management system (Swanson, 2014).
Going forward, ascribe is moving away from Bitcoin blockchain to use
IPDB, a not‐for‐profit public instance of its own BigchainDB, launched
in late 2016 (https://ipdb.foundation). BigchainDB is also collaborating
on a replacement for SPOOL, tentatively named COALA IP Protocol,
which allows a wider variety of rights claims and licensing agreements
to be registered and implemented on IPDB and other platforms. The
authors believe that blockchains will evolve as distributed computing
platforms, rather than solely as cryptocurrency, and these platforms
will have the greatest potential to transform business (McConaghy
et al., 2016).
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AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Masha McConaghy is founder and CMO at BigchainDB GmbH and
ascribe.io. As a professional curator and researcher, Masha has exten‐
sive experience in exhibition organization as an independent curator,
an assistant to curators of the renowned museums in Paris, and an
expert in the international art scene.
Greg McMullen is co‐founder and executive director of the Interplane‐
tary Database Foundation, as well as chief policy officer at BigchainDB
GmbH. He is a lawyer who works in the areas of privacy, intellectual
property, governance, decentralization, and security. He was formerly
a plaintiff‐side class actions litigator with one of Canada’s top‐class
action law firms.
Glenn Parry is professor of strategy and operations management at
Bristol Business School, UWE. He is interested in what “good” means
for an organization, where value is a measure of goodness, but has
many meanings. He works with organizations, both for‐profit and
charities, to help develop an understanding of value through business
model development.
Trent McConaghy is founder and chief technology officer of Big‐
chainDB, IPDB, and ascribe.io. He is a serial entrepreneur; his first
startup (ADA) explored creative AI, his second startup (Solido) lever‐
aged AI to help accelerate chip design, and Solido SW is used for most
modern chip designs. He then co‐founded ascribe, to help compen‐
sate creators in the digital era (via IP on the blockchain). That work
evolved into IPDB, BigchainDB, and Coala IP.
10. MCCONAGHY et al.470
David Holtzman is a former security analyst and military code‐breaker,
a futurist, activist, security expert, technologist, technology executive,
and writer. During the dot.com boom of the late 1990s, he ran the
domain name system. As chief technology officer of Network Solu‐
tions and the manager of the Internet’s master root server, he oversaw
the growth of the commercial Internet from 500,000 to over 20 mil‐
lion domain names. An experienced businessman and entrepreneur,
he is currently president of Globalpov, a business‐services company
analyzing the critical ways in which technology and society interact.
How to cite this article: McConaghy M, McMullen G, Parry
G, McConaghy T, Holtzman D. Visibility and digital art: Block‐
chain as an ownership layer on the Internet. Strategic Change.
2017;26:461–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2146