Here is a draft essay response:
Viruses are acellular microscopic particles that can only replicate inside of living host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, ranging from 20-300 nanometers in size.
To reproduce, viruses must first attach and enter a host cell. The capsid binds to specific receptors on the host cell membrane through antigen-antibody interactions. Once inside, the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm. Viruses then hijack the host cell's machinery and metabolic processes to produce copies of themselves.
Viral DNA or RNA takes over the cell's functions and directs it to produce
Virus, infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.”
Virus, infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.”
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
Powerpoint on viruses, bacteria, protists and Fungi. Intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences syllabus. Includes information on HIV, virus reproduction, malaria, TB, thrush, characteristics of microbes etc. Hope it helps!
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Quiz
BEST OF LUCK
Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
Powerpoint on viruses, bacteria, protists and Fungi. Intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences syllabus. Includes information on HIV, virus reproduction, malaria, TB, thrush, characteristics of microbes etc. Hope it helps!
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Quiz
BEST OF LUCK
Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Lesson Aims
• To describe the structure of a virus
• The examine the nature of viruses and their
invasion of cells
• To discuss the alteration of cell instructions
to produce more viruses ( the process of
viral replication).
3. Viral diseases an introduction
• MUMPS, MEASLES, GERMAN MEASLES, and
CHICKEN POX are common childhood illnesses
caused by viruses.
• The common cold is usually due to the rhinovirus.
The "flu" is caused by INFLUENZA viruses.
• HEPATITIS, an inflammation of the liver, may be the
result of one of several viruses. Rabies and yellow
fever are highly lethal viral diseases.
• HIV -
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
6. Size
• Viruses are a lot smaller
than cells.
• Smaller than bacteria
• 20-300 nanometres (nm)
• Viruses can only be seen
using an electron
microscope.
• 200 nm 0.2 µm 0.0002 mm
0.0000002 m
8. • They are not cellular – no nucleus,
membrane, other organelles to sustain it’s
own life.
• However, they can reproduce – but they
rely on living cells to do so.
• Therefore they possess the blue print for life
– Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
It has long been debated whether
viruses are living organisms or not.
9. Structure of a Virus
• A virus contains
nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA)
• Surrounded by a
protective coat
(capsid)
10. Spread of the virus - also known as
obligate parasites
• Viruses can be spread by
– touching,
– body fluids, HIV
– aerosols (sneezing, coughing
etc.), e.g. Pneumonia
– Bites, e.g. Rabies, Malaria
Viruses cause disease therefore they are called __________.
Remember Viruses also attack plants, seeds and bulbs!
11. SPECIFICITY
• Viruses are often
specific with respect
to their chosen type
of host cell.
• The poliomyelitis
virus attacks nerve
cells
• The Hepatitis virus
attacks liver cells.
12. INVASION: Entering the Host Cell
• A virus will attach itself to a cell
• Different viruses employ different methods
of entering the host cell (antigen dependant
– HIV-wbc’s, flu-throat cells etc.)
• Process depends on antigenic sites on the
virus binding with certain complementary
molecules in the membrane or the specific
host cell
• Following binding the nucleic acid is
introduced into the host cell
14. Then the virus “injects” its
DNA or RNA into the
cytoplasm
15. Viral DNA
replication and
protein synthesis
• Once in the host cell the virus takes over the
cell’s biochemical machinery (cell metabolism).
• The nucleus then follows the viral DNA
(blueprint) .
• Host cell supplies energy (ATP), nucleotides,
enzymes and amino acids
• Host then makes many identical copies of viral
nucleic acid (Viral DNA) and protein coats.
16. ASSEMBLY
• Many viral protein
coats are then made
using the cell’s free
amino acids and protein
synthesis factory
(ribosomes, enzymes
codons and anti-
codons).
EACH VIRAL DNA BECOMES ENCLOSED
IN A PROTEIN COAT
17. Release
• The protein coats house the
NA and the new viruses is
released out of the cell
either by
– LYSIS (bursting of the host
cell membrane)
– Or BUDDING (the cell
membrane pinches off
containing the new viral
particle)
•
The new viruses are
ready to repeat the
process on more cells.
When the virus bursts
out the cell, the cell
dies.
20. TASK: Testing your knowledge
• Complete Torrance TYK questions on page 63.
21. History of viral diseases
• Humans have been known
to be plagued by viruses
since the beginning of
recorded time.
• An ancient Egyptian relic
from about 1500BC shows
a priest with a shrivelled
leg thought to be due to
poliomyelitis.
22. History of viral diseases
• The conquest of the
Mexican Aztec nation in
the 1500s by a small force
of Spaniards is thought to
be the reason that the
smallpox virus transfer
from Europe to Mexico
causing a lethal epidemic .
24. Smallpox – led to the 1st vaccine
• Up until the end of the 18c smallpox was wide spread
in Britain.
• It causes severe fever and was fatal in 1:5 cases.
• Survivors were left badly scarred
• In 1796 a British doctor Edward Jenner injected a
small boy with a milder strain called cowpox. Jenner
then injected the boy with the deadly strain.
Fortunately he survived.
THE SCIENCE OF ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
ACTIVE IMMUNITY BEGAN!!
25. Watch this - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJwGNPRmyTI
26. Safe vaccines – Polio prevention
• The first vaccine used to cause
immunity against poliomyelitis
virus contained DEAD VIRUS.
• After this vaccines became
ATTENUATED – this means the
NA has been rendered harmless
but the antigenic properties of its
protein coat remain unaltered.
• Use of this vaccine almost caused
the complete eradication of polio.
27. Retrovirus
• A retrovirus which
contains RNA.
• It also contains reverse
transcriptase an
enzyme which
produces viral DNA
from viral RNA.
• The virus can thus
replicate itself.
28. Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
• AIDS is a retrovirus
• It attacks helper T-
lymphocytes.
• The AIDS virus
attaches itself by
glycoprotein on its
surface to receptors on
the helper T cell
surface.
29. The mechanism of HIV
• The envelope surrounding the HIV particle fuses
with the membrane of the helper T-cell and the
virus enters the host cell.
• Viral DNA becomes incorporated into the host
cell’s DNA where it can remain dormant for many
years.
• Viral mRNA is transcribed and it directs synthesis
of new viral particles inside the host cells
• These escape from the infected helper T cell by
budding.
• The original T cell’s membrane is left perforated
which causes destruction of the cell.
30. Electron micrograph (TEM) showing the cell
membrane of a T-lymphocyte white blood cell (T-
cell). The "bubbles" are budding Human
Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV).
31.
32.
33. • Video
• And http://www.xvivo.net/zirus-
antivirotics-condensed/
34. Random but interesting…
• In the future:
– Viruses might cure cancer
– They can deliver gene therapy
– They could help us fight antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
35. TASK: Testing your knowledge
• Complete Torrance TYK questions on page 65.