This document describes a digital vehicle speed control system using GPS. The system monitors a vehicle's speed and position via GPS and automatically applies the brakes when entering pre-programmed "virtual retarder" zones to reduce speed. When a zone is detected, the GPS sends a signal to a PIC controller which activates a servo motor to press the brake pedal. Sensors and displays also notify the driver. The system aims to reduce accidents by enforcing speed limits without using physical road bumps or police patrols. Test results showed the system could accurately decelerate a vehicle in a zone from its current speed. The digital approach provides wide coverage, easy installation in vehicles, and removes issues of sudden braking caused by traditional road
Accident preventing system with the help of pneumatic bumper protectionIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a system to prevent vehicle accidents using a pneumatic bumper protection.
2. An IR sensor detects obstacles in front of the vehicle and activates a solenoid valve to extend the pneumatic bumper. It also cuts power to the motor to engage the brakes.
3. The system aims to reduce vehicle and human damage from accidents by providing an automatic response when obstacles are detected to extend the bumper and brake the vehicle.
The document describes an automatic pneumatic bumper system for vehicles. The system uses an IR sensor to detect obstacles in front of the vehicle. When an obstacle is detected, the IR sensor sends a signal to activate a pneumatic cylinder and solenoid valve. This causes the pneumatic bumper to extend out and protect the vehicle from damage on impact. It also cuts power to the vehicle's motor, engaging the brakes to stop the vehicle and prevent an accident. The system aims to reduce accidents by automatically detecting obstacles and activating braking and protective measures.
IRJET- Traffic Sign Board Detection and Voice Alert System Along with Spe...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed traffic sign detection and voice alert system with speed control. The system uses a camera mounted in a vehicle to capture images of road signs. The images undergo image processing using the SURF algorithm in MATLAB to identify the signs. An audio alert is provided to the driver and the speed is automatically controlled based on the detected sign. The system aims to improve road safety by alerting drivers to traffic signs and enforcing speed limits. It was tested under various conditions and aims to reduce accidents caused by ignoring traffic signs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Portable wireless traffic light system (pwtls)eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Portable Wireless Traffic Light System using a microcontroller and wireless ZigBee is the best system to control the traffic flow
during the road construction or maintenance. This traffic light is designed to solve the various type of hazard which may happen to
the worker, flagman and also road users during the road construction. The communication between these two traffic lights is via
wireless. Due to this it can be deployed anywhere because no wire is used. This system is equipped with the safety purpose where it is
equipped with motion and infrared sensor to detect and count the number of vehicles to avoid any collision. This automated system
can be used 24-hours in various weather conditions. This eliminate the limited working hours when using the flagman. This system is
a low cost system where it uses microcontroller to control the system.
Keywords—Portable Wireless Traffic Light, PIC Microcontroller, flagman
Image processing based eye detection methods a theoretical reviewjournalBEEI
This document provides a theoretical review of image processing based eye detection methods for assessing driver fatigue. It discusses several approaches including:
1. Face detection algorithms like template matching, appearance based methods, and feature based methods which analyze facial features to detect eyes.
2. Eye detection algorithms like template matching methods which use eye templates, and appearance based methods using features like iris detection and thresholding.
3. Challenges in eye detection like eye obstruction, glasses, lighting conditions, and issues with closed or low contrast eyes which affect accuracy.
The review evaluates the strengths and limitations of different eye detection techniques and their ability to accurately detect eyes under real-world driving conditions.
IRJET - Smart Assistance System for DriversIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart driver assistance system that uses image processing to detect driver drowsiness and alcohol levels in order to prevent accidents. The system uses a camera mounted on the dashboard to capture images of the driver's face and detects drowsiness by measuring eyelid blinking duration and tracking eye movement. If the eyes are closed for 5-8 consecutive frames, an alarm is sounded. The system also uses an alcohol sensor to detect blood alcohol concentration and generates alerts or disables the vehicle at different thresholds. The goal is to develop a prototype that can warn drivers and reduce accidents caused by fatigue or intoxication through real-time facial analysis.
IRJET- Automatic Vehicle Speed Controller System for Accident PreventionIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic vehicle speed control system to prevent accidents near restricted areas like schools and hospitals. It consists of a transmitter unit placed near restricted areas that sends the speed limit to a receiver unit in vehicles. The receiver unit displays the speed limit and will automatically reduce the vehicle's speed if the driver does not do so manually within a few seconds. The system is intended to make speed limits clearer and enforce them to reduce accidents, especially near areas with many pedestrians.
Accident preventing system with the help of pneumatic bumper protectionIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a system to prevent vehicle accidents using a pneumatic bumper protection.
2. An IR sensor detects obstacles in front of the vehicle and activates a solenoid valve to extend the pneumatic bumper. It also cuts power to the motor to engage the brakes.
3. The system aims to reduce vehicle and human damage from accidents by providing an automatic response when obstacles are detected to extend the bumper and brake the vehicle.
The document describes an automatic pneumatic bumper system for vehicles. The system uses an IR sensor to detect obstacles in front of the vehicle. When an obstacle is detected, the IR sensor sends a signal to activate a pneumatic cylinder and solenoid valve. This causes the pneumatic bumper to extend out and protect the vehicle from damage on impact. It also cuts power to the vehicle's motor, engaging the brakes to stop the vehicle and prevent an accident. The system aims to reduce accidents by automatically detecting obstacles and activating braking and protective measures.
IRJET- Traffic Sign Board Detection and Voice Alert System Along with Spe...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed traffic sign detection and voice alert system with speed control. The system uses a camera mounted in a vehicle to capture images of road signs. The images undergo image processing using the SURF algorithm in MATLAB to identify the signs. An audio alert is provided to the driver and the speed is automatically controlled based on the detected sign. The system aims to improve road safety by alerting drivers to traffic signs and enforcing speed limits. It was tested under various conditions and aims to reduce accidents caused by ignoring traffic signs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Portable wireless traffic light system (pwtls)eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Portable Wireless Traffic Light System using a microcontroller and wireless ZigBee is the best system to control the traffic flow
during the road construction or maintenance. This traffic light is designed to solve the various type of hazard which may happen to
the worker, flagman and also road users during the road construction. The communication between these two traffic lights is via
wireless. Due to this it can be deployed anywhere because no wire is used. This system is equipped with the safety purpose where it is
equipped with motion and infrared sensor to detect and count the number of vehicles to avoid any collision. This automated system
can be used 24-hours in various weather conditions. This eliminate the limited working hours when using the flagman. This system is
a low cost system where it uses microcontroller to control the system.
Keywords—Portable Wireless Traffic Light, PIC Microcontroller, flagman
Image processing based eye detection methods a theoretical reviewjournalBEEI
This document provides a theoretical review of image processing based eye detection methods for assessing driver fatigue. It discusses several approaches including:
1. Face detection algorithms like template matching, appearance based methods, and feature based methods which analyze facial features to detect eyes.
2. Eye detection algorithms like template matching methods which use eye templates, and appearance based methods using features like iris detection and thresholding.
3. Challenges in eye detection like eye obstruction, glasses, lighting conditions, and issues with closed or low contrast eyes which affect accuracy.
The review evaluates the strengths and limitations of different eye detection techniques and their ability to accurately detect eyes under real-world driving conditions.
IRJET - Smart Assistance System for DriversIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart driver assistance system that uses image processing to detect driver drowsiness and alcohol levels in order to prevent accidents. The system uses a camera mounted on the dashboard to capture images of the driver's face and detects drowsiness by measuring eyelid blinking duration and tracking eye movement. If the eyes are closed for 5-8 consecutive frames, an alarm is sounded. The system also uses an alcohol sensor to detect blood alcohol concentration and generates alerts or disables the vehicle at different thresholds. The goal is to develop a prototype that can warn drivers and reduce accidents caused by fatigue or intoxication through real-time facial analysis.
IRJET- Automatic Vehicle Speed Controller System for Accident PreventionIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic vehicle speed control system to prevent accidents near restricted areas like schools and hospitals. It consists of a transmitter unit placed near restricted areas that sends the speed limit to a receiver unit in vehicles. The receiver unit displays the speed limit and will automatically reduce the vehicle's speed if the driver does not do so manually within a few seconds. The system is intended to make speed limits clearer and enforce them to reduce accidents, especially near areas with many pedestrians.
Driver Distraction Detection System Using Intelligent Approach Of Vision Base...IRJET Journal
This document presents a driver distraction detection system using computer vision techniques. The system uses a Raspberry Pi 3 with a camera module mounted in a vehicle to monitor the driver's head and eye movements in real-time. It employs algorithms like risky visual scanning patterns and RVSP to analyze the driver's iris position and determine if they are distracted by tracking whether the iris is within a predefined region for a certain time period. If distraction is detected, the system will generate an alarm to alert the driver. The system aims to reduce accidents caused by distracted driving using intelligent approaches and real-time monitoring of driver behavior.
IRJET- Build and Integrate Perception Features on Freescale PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to integrate lane departure warning and vehicle detection features on a Freescale S32V234 evaluation board platform. The project aims to optimize algorithms for these advanced driver assistance system functionalities. Lane departure warning monitors when a vehicle departs its lane without signaling. Vehicle detection identifies other vehicles in the road using bounding boxes. The document outlines the system components, software, and methodology. Code will be written and compiled using the S32DS vision IDE to transfer video from a computer to the board and run algorithms to perform lane and vehicle analysis in real-time.
IRJET - Accident Prevention Control System and Detection of Lost KeyIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop an accident prevention and control system using sensors and a microcontroller, as well as a system to detect lost keys using GPS. The accident prevention system uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure distance to nearby objects, and alerts the driver or takes actions like disabling the ignition if distances become too small. If an accident still occurs, the system uses GPS to locate the coordinates and sends an SMS using GSM to emergency contacts. The lost key detection system inserts a GPS module into keys to track their location via a mobile phone app or web page if lost. The system is intended to reduce accidents and provide safety, while having low cost, simple design, and low power consumption.
Design and Optimization of Front Underrun Protection DeviceIOSR Journals
Front Under run Protection Device is tested for car occupant safety by performing Crash analysis
with 800 kg (mass of the car) hitting the Front Underrun Protection Device with certain velocity and analyzing
its performance and changing design to improve the crash results. Optimization is carried out to improve the
crash results for safety of passenger. To reduce number of iterations during the development process, the
computational simulation method is used in Front Underrun Protection Device analysis for impact loading. An
explicit finite element code like LS Dyna is used for the simulation. This paper explains the FE analysis of Front
Underrun Protection Device for impact loading. All the results obtained from the CAE analysis are evaluated
against the requirements of IS 14812-2005 which could reduce the process development time and cost.
Unigraphics(NX.8) for modeling Front Underrun Protection Device and Preprocessing in Hypermesh and LS
DYNA for Crash Analysis (solving), results are viewed in Hyper view.Altair Optistruct is used for weight
reduction and change in design of Front under run protection device.
1. The document describes the development of a helmet detection system and smart seat belt system for dune buggies. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect the presence of a helmet and prevents the vehicle from starting if a helmet is not detected.
2. It also incorporates a seat belt switch that checks if the seat belt is fastened and will not allow the vehicle to start if the seat belt is not fastened.
3. The system is intended to increase safety by ensuring drivers and passengers wear helmets and seat belts, which can reduce injuries during accidents. Various tests showed the system was able to prevent the vehicle from starting when proper safety gear was not worn.
Architecture & data acquisition by embedded systems in automobiles seminar re...Ankit Kaul
This document is a technical seminar report submitted by Ankit Kaul to the Visvesvaraya Technological University. The report discusses the architecture and data acquisition of embedded systems in automobiles. It provides an overview of the layered architecture of digital services enabled by embedded technology in vehicles. This includes modular architecture, layered architecture, and a layered modular architecture continuum. It also describes how remote diagnostic services work using embedded sensors in vehicles to collect data, which is transmitted through networks and analyzed by application programs.
This document discusses camera monitor systems for vehicles that can eliminate blind spots and improve safety. It notes that vehicle blind spots are a major factor in collisions and that camera systems provide wider viewing angles and clearer images than mirrors to reduce risks. Camera systems can meet various health and safety regulations and reduce costs from insurance premiums, vehicle damage, and downtime from accidents. Examples of camera placements for different vehicle types are provided to provide views of front, side, rear, and internal areas to improve driver visibility and help prevent collisions and crimes on vehicles.
The proposed framework faculties even the scarcest vehicle movement subsequent
to being furnished (bolted) and gives an upgraded hands-free remote keyless section
framework dependent on ZigBee remote correspondence. The venture is based upon a
continuous in-vehicle arrange that includes two incredible car conventions CAN and
LIN. The caution sign may normally be a glimmering of the lights or potentially the
sounding of the vehicle horn or an alarm. Moreover, the vehicle start power might be
specifically crippled dependent on an alert condition. The remote transmitter might be
utilized to arm and incapacitate the vehicle security framework or give other remote
control highlights from a foreordained range far from the vehicle. The ZigBee keyless
section framework allows the client to remotely open the vehicle entryways utilizing a
little handheld transmitter. Dynamic Car Finder Locate your vehicle in jam-packed
leaving lots.CAN system incorporates a movement detecting subsystem, throttle control
subsystem and Zigbee remote correspondence subsystem and a body control unit that is
helped by LIN sub organize. The LIN (Local Interconnect Network) arrange includes
vehicle subsystems, for example, headlight control and horn control.
Abstract: The aim of this project is to design an Accident Prevention System whichhelps in preventing/avoiding accidents. Accident due to cause of drowsy is preventedand controlled when the vehicle is out of control. The accidents due to thedrowsy state of the driver is prevented using automatic breaking system by using eye blink sensor. The term used here for the realization that the driveris drowsy is by using eye blink sensor of the driver. In recent times drowsiness is oneof the major problem of highway accidents. These types of accidents occurredcaused by drowsy and driver cant able to control the vehicle, when the driver wakes. The drowsiness is indented by the eye blink closure and blinking frequency through infrared sensor worn by driver by means of spectacles frame or IRS. If thedriver is drowsy, then the system will give buzzer and the speed of thevehicle is reduced in 3 to 5 sec.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Eye Blink Braking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to design and fabricate an eye blink braking system for vehicles. The system uses an IR transmitter and receiver to detect when the driver's eyes are closed as a measure of drowsiness. When the eye blink count is low, indicating potential drowsiness, an alarm is activated and the pneumatic braking system applies the brakes to help prevent accidents from occurring. The goal of the system is to improve safety by providing an automated braking response based on the driver's eye blinks to help maintain a safe distance between vehicles.
Ergonomic Considerations and safety of carsjiodadi
The document discusses several vehicle systems including garage door openers, tire pressure monitoring systems, rain sensors, and levels of vehicle autonomy. It provides details on:
1) Garage door openers are motorized devices controlled by wall switches or remotes that contain an electric motor and are located above the garage door.
2) Tire pressure monitoring systems can be direct, using sensors inside each wheel, or indirect, utilizing existing ABS sensors to calculate pressure.
3) Rain sensors recognize droplets on the windshield to automatically trigger wipers, using a raindrop sensor coated with nickel lines to reduce resistance when wet and activate wipers.
IRJET- Drowziness Detection with Alarm MonitoringIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for detecting driver drowsiness using computer vision techniques. A camera mounted on the dashboard captures images of the driver's face. OpenCV and Haar Cascade classifiers are used to detect the eyes and determine if they are open or closed. The eye aspect ratio (EAR) is calculated to quantify drowsiness. If drowsiness is detected, an alarm is triggered and an alert message is sent via cloud services and APIs to notify others. The system was implemented on a Raspberry Pi using a camera. It aims to prevent accidents by detecting fatigue and alerting drivers in real-time. Evaluation showed it can successfully differentiate normal blinking from drowsiness. Future work involves adding more sensors and improving accuracy
IRJET- Driver State Monitoring System and Vehicle ControlIRJET Journal
This document describes a driver state monitoring system and vehicle control system using sensors and a microcontroller. The system uses a smartphone app to detect driver drowsiness by monitoring eye blink rate. If drowsiness is detected, the system sends a signal to an Arduino microcontroller which triggers an alarm and reduces vehicle speed for safety. Ultrasonic sensors detect objects in front of and behind the vehicle. The system is able to automatically control vehicle speed, alert the driver, and safely park the vehicle if the driver is drowsy. The overall goal is to increase vehicle and road safety by monitoring driver attention and taking control of the vehicle when needed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a proposed passenger alerting system called "First Passenger" that was designed by students at IIT Guwahati to help reduce accidents caused by distracted drivers. It works by monitoring a driver's eyes and the surroundings using a camera and infrared sensors, and alerts the driver with sounds and visuals if distractions are detected. The system would also monitor tire pressure and alert the driver of low pressure. Interviews with drivers and an affinity analysis were conducted to understand distractions and identify this as a key problem area. The goal of First Passenger is to help reduce the number of accidents and deaths on Indian roads by alerting distracted drivers.
Care – Max for Drowsiness Detection and Notificationijtsrd
This project proposes drowsiness detection and notification system for vehicles and a mobile application for car maintenance. The major objective of the system is to prevent the road accidents caused by driver falling asleep during the travel. The system for drowsiness detection has a camera that monitors the driver’s eye continuously. It calculates the eye aspect ratio to detect if the driver is drowsy. If found drowsy, alarm rings. In this project, a Raspberry Pi board is used for drowsiness detection and alerting the driver. The IoT based mobile application built using android studio proposed here has certain settings like next service date, interval for wheel air checking, interval for wheel alignment. The app is connected to the system using IoT. The information is sent to the system. These settings are notified to the driver through a voice module. R N Susheel | B M Mathumitha | Mr. C Raju "Care – Max for Drowsiness Detection and Notification" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30303.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30303/care-%E2%80%93-max-for-drowsiness-detection-and-notification/r-n-susheel
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a proposed advanced control system for two-wheeled vehicles that incorporates both an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC). It aims to improve safety by preventing wheel lock and maintaining stability during braking and maneuvers. The system would use sensors to monitor wheel speed, steering angle, acceleration and vehicle orientation. An onboard computer would integrate this data and differentially control braking pressure at each wheel to prevent skidding and loss of control. It would also use GPS and GSM to automatically report the location of any crash to emergency services. The document provides background on ABS and ESC, describes the proposed hardware and software components, and outlines the anticipated functional operation and safety benefits of the
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the earlier days, vehicles such as Motorbikes hardly had Mechanical support in all concerns, in the recent past the development in Electronic devices in Motorbikes are evolving, with components such as E-breaks, Digital speedometers, etc. and most interesting from an engineering point of view, dealing with motorcycle dynamics is more complex than it is for four wheeled vehicles. In four-wheeled vehicles, electronic stability control (ESC) was introduced in the recent past to improve passengers’ safety in critical driving conditions and it is now part of most commercial cars. For two-wheeled vehicles, the design of such a control system is an open problem, and it constitutes quite a challenging task due to the complexity of two-wheeled vehicles dynamics and to the strong interaction between the vehicle and the driver, so to encourage this scheme I am Designing an advanced electronic active stability control system with ABS assistance for e-bikes providing the much needed vehicle roll stability control in situations such as high speed cornering etc. Designing a system that, in any case of emergency situation such as crashing, will send the bicycle accident location to nearby hospitals/emergency services with the assistance of GSM Keywords- Antilock Breaking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Degree of freedom (DoF), Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)
Ultrasonic automatic braking system in cars by Accelerator Disengagement Mech...Arvind Srivastava
The Ultrasonic Automatic Braking System in cars is a safety measure which can be implemented to apply the brakes suddenly in case of collision. Accelerator disengagement mechanism uses a servo motor and an additional link which shuts down the throttle valve to disengage accelerator and then the brakes.
Embedded Technology for vehicle cabin safety Monitoring and Alerting SystemIJCSEA Journal
Motor vehicles are the prime source of transportation where vehicles with A/C play a major part. This paper designs an embedded system for a vehicle cabin, which senses the gases like carbon-monoxide and oxygen and displayed at each and every second. If the level of the CO increases than the normal level (30ppm) or the level of the oxygen decreases than the normal level (19%) then an alarm is generated automatically and also ventilation is provided immediately. A warning message is sent to the authorized user via GSM. The advantage of this system is proper detection and faster response time leading to faster diffusion of the situation, compared with the manual methods.
Psychomotor retardation can be caused by either static or progressive encephalopathy that results in slow progress or regression of developmental milestones. It is important to determine if the delay is restricted to specific areas or is global, and if there is solely delay or also regression. Developmental delays can be assessed using tests like the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Common causes of delay include hearing impairment, autism, motor dysfunction, static encephalopathy, genetic disorders, cerebral malformations, intrauterine infections like CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis and genetic factors. Screening tests like MRI and chromosome analysis can help identify underlying causes.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
Driver Distraction Detection System Using Intelligent Approach Of Vision Base...IRJET Journal
This document presents a driver distraction detection system using computer vision techniques. The system uses a Raspberry Pi 3 with a camera module mounted in a vehicle to monitor the driver's head and eye movements in real-time. It employs algorithms like risky visual scanning patterns and RVSP to analyze the driver's iris position and determine if they are distracted by tracking whether the iris is within a predefined region for a certain time period. If distraction is detected, the system will generate an alarm to alert the driver. The system aims to reduce accidents caused by distracted driving using intelligent approaches and real-time monitoring of driver behavior.
IRJET- Build and Integrate Perception Features on Freescale PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to integrate lane departure warning and vehicle detection features on a Freescale S32V234 evaluation board platform. The project aims to optimize algorithms for these advanced driver assistance system functionalities. Lane departure warning monitors when a vehicle departs its lane without signaling. Vehicle detection identifies other vehicles in the road using bounding boxes. The document outlines the system components, software, and methodology. Code will be written and compiled using the S32DS vision IDE to transfer video from a computer to the board and run algorithms to perform lane and vehicle analysis in real-time.
IRJET - Accident Prevention Control System and Detection of Lost KeyIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop an accident prevention and control system using sensors and a microcontroller, as well as a system to detect lost keys using GPS. The accident prevention system uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure distance to nearby objects, and alerts the driver or takes actions like disabling the ignition if distances become too small. If an accident still occurs, the system uses GPS to locate the coordinates and sends an SMS using GSM to emergency contacts. The lost key detection system inserts a GPS module into keys to track their location via a mobile phone app or web page if lost. The system is intended to reduce accidents and provide safety, while having low cost, simple design, and low power consumption.
Design and Optimization of Front Underrun Protection DeviceIOSR Journals
Front Under run Protection Device is tested for car occupant safety by performing Crash analysis
with 800 kg (mass of the car) hitting the Front Underrun Protection Device with certain velocity and analyzing
its performance and changing design to improve the crash results. Optimization is carried out to improve the
crash results for safety of passenger. To reduce number of iterations during the development process, the
computational simulation method is used in Front Underrun Protection Device analysis for impact loading. An
explicit finite element code like LS Dyna is used for the simulation. This paper explains the FE analysis of Front
Underrun Protection Device for impact loading. All the results obtained from the CAE analysis are evaluated
against the requirements of IS 14812-2005 which could reduce the process development time and cost.
Unigraphics(NX.8) for modeling Front Underrun Protection Device and Preprocessing in Hypermesh and LS
DYNA for Crash Analysis (solving), results are viewed in Hyper view.Altair Optistruct is used for weight
reduction and change in design of Front under run protection device.
1. The document describes the development of a helmet detection system and smart seat belt system for dune buggies. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect the presence of a helmet and prevents the vehicle from starting if a helmet is not detected.
2. It also incorporates a seat belt switch that checks if the seat belt is fastened and will not allow the vehicle to start if the seat belt is not fastened.
3. The system is intended to increase safety by ensuring drivers and passengers wear helmets and seat belts, which can reduce injuries during accidents. Various tests showed the system was able to prevent the vehicle from starting when proper safety gear was not worn.
Architecture & data acquisition by embedded systems in automobiles seminar re...Ankit Kaul
This document is a technical seminar report submitted by Ankit Kaul to the Visvesvaraya Technological University. The report discusses the architecture and data acquisition of embedded systems in automobiles. It provides an overview of the layered architecture of digital services enabled by embedded technology in vehicles. This includes modular architecture, layered architecture, and a layered modular architecture continuum. It also describes how remote diagnostic services work using embedded sensors in vehicles to collect data, which is transmitted through networks and analyzed by application programs.
This document discusses camera monitor systems for vehicles that can eliminate blind spots and improve safety. It notes that vehicle blind spots are a major factor in collisions and that camera systems provide wider viewing angles and clearer images than mirrors to reduce risks. Camera systems can meet various health and safety regulations and reduce costs from insurance premiums, vehicle damage, and downtime from accidents. Examples of camera placements for different vehicle types are provided to provide views of front, side, rear, and internal areas to improve driver visibility and help prevent collisions and crimes on vehicles.
The proposed framework faculties even the scarcest vehicle movement subsequent
to being furnished (bolted) and gives an upgraded hands-free remote keyless section
framework dependent on ZigBee remote correspondence. The venture is based upon a
continuous in-vehicle arrange that includes two incredible car conventions CAN and
LIN. The caution sign may normally be a glimmering of the lights or potentially the
sounding of the vehicle horn or an alarm. Moreover, the vehicle start power might be
specifically crippled dependent on an alert condition. The remote transmitter might be
utilized to arm and incapacitate the vehicle security framework or give other remote
control highlights from a foreordained range far from the vehicle. The ZigBee keyless
section framework allows the client to remotely open the vehicle entryways utilizing a
little handheld transmitter. Dynamic Car Finder Locate your vehicle in jam-packed
leaving lots.CAN system incorporates a movement detecting subsystem, throttle control
subsystem and Zigbee remote correspondence subsystem and a body control unit that is
helped by LIN sub organize. The LIN (Local Interconnect Network) arrange includes
vehicle subsystems, for example, headlight control and horn control.
Abstract: The aim of this project is to design an Accident Prevention System whichhelps in preventing/avoiding accidents. Accident due to cause of drowsy is preventedand controlled when the vehicle is out of control. The accidents due to thedrowsy state of the driver is prevented using automatic breaking system by using eye blink sensor. The term used here for the realization that the driveris drowsy is by using eye blink sensor of the driver. In recent times drowsiness is oneof the major problem of highway accidents. These types of accidents occurredcaused by drowsy and driver cant able to control the vehicle, when the driver wakes. The drowsiness is indented by the eye blink closure and blinking frequency through infrared sensor worn by driver by means of spectacles frame or IRS. If thedriver is drowsy, then the system will give buzzer and the speed of thevehicle is reduced in 3 to 5 sec.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Eye Blink Braking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to design and fabricate an eye blink braking system for vehicles. The system uses an IR transmitter and receiver to detect when the driver's eyes are closed as a measure of drowsiness. When the eye blink count is low, indicating potential drowsiness, an alarm is activated and the pneumatic braking system applies the brakes to help prevent accidents from occurring. The goal of the system is to improve safety by providing an automated braking response based on the driver's eye blinks to help maintain a safe distance between vehicles.
Ergonomic Considerations and safety of carsjiodadi
The document discusses several vehicle systems including garage door openers, tire pressure monitoring systems, rain sensors, and levels of vehicle autonomy. It provides details on:
1) Garage door openers are motorized devices controlled by wall switches or remotes that contain an electric motor and are located above the garage door.
2) Tire pressure monitoring systems can be direct, using sensors inside each wheel, or indirect, utilizing existing ABS sensors to calculate pressure.
3) Rain sensors recognize droplets on the windshield to automatically trigger wipers, using a raindrop sensor coated with nickel lines to reduce resistance when wet and activate wipers.
IRJET- Drowziness Detection with Alarm MonitoringIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for detecting driver drowsiness using computer vision techniques. A camera mounted on the dashboard captures images of the driver's face. OpenCV and Haar Cascade classifiers are used to detect the eyes and determine if they are open or closed. The eye aspect ratio (EAR) is calculated to quantify drowsiness. If drowsiness is detected, an alarm is triggered and an alert message is sent via cloud services and APIs to notify others. The system was implemented on a Raspberry Pi using a camera. It aims to prevent accidents by detecting fatigue and alerting drivers in real-time. Evaluation showed it can successfully differentiate normal blinking from drowsiness. Future work involves adding more sensors and improving accuracy
IRJET- Driver State Monitoring System and Vehicle ControlIRJET Journal
This document describes a driver state monitoring system and vehicle control system using sensors and a microcontroller. The system uses a smartphone app to detect driver drowsiness by monitoring eye blink rate. If drowsiness is detected, the system sends a signal to an Arduino microcontroller which triggers an alarm and reduces vehicle speed for safety. Ultrasonic sensors detect objects in front of and behind the vehicle. The system is able to automatically control vehicle speed, alert the driver, and safely park the vehicle if the driver is drowsy. The overall goal is to increase vehicle and road safety by monitoring driver attention and taking control of the vehicle when needed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a proposed passenger alerting system called "First Passenger" that was designed by students at IIT Guwahati to help reduce accidents caused by distracted drivers. It works by monitoring a driver's eyes and the surroundings using a camera and infrared sensors, and alerts the driver with sounds and visuals if distractions are detected. The system would also monitor tire pressure and alert the driver of low pressure. Interviews with drivers and an affinity analysis were conducted to understand distractions and identify this as a key problem area. The goal of First Passenger is to help reduce the number of accidents and deaths on Indian roads by alerting distracted drivers.
Care – Max for Drowsiness Detection and Notificationijtsrd
This project proposes drowsiness detection and notification system for vehicles and a mobile application for car maintenance. The major objective of the system is to prevent the road accidents caused by driver falling asleep during the travel. The system for drowsiness detection has a camera that monitors the driver’s eye continuously. It calculates the eye aspect ratio to detect if the driver is drowsy. If found drowsy, alarm rings. In this project, a Raspberry Pi board is used for drowsiness detection and alerting the driver. The IoT based mobile application built using android studio proposed here has certain settings like next service date, interval for wheel air checking, interval for wheel alignment. The app is connected to the system using IoT. The information is sent to the system. These settings are notified to the driver through a voice module. R N Susheel | B M Mathumitha | Mr. C Raju "Care – Max for Drowsiness Detection and Notification" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30303.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30303/care-%E2%80%93-max-for-drowsiness-detection-and-notification/r-n-susheel
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a proposed advanced control system for two-wheeled vehicles that incorporates both an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC). It aims to improve safety by preventing wheel lock and maintaining stability during braking and maneuvers. The system would use sensors to monitor wheel speed, steering angle, acceleration and vehicle orientation. An onboard computer would integrate this data and differentially control braking pressure at each wheel to prevent skidding and loss of control. It would also use GPS and GSM to automatically report the location of any crash to emergency services. The document provides background on ABS and ESC, describes the proposed hardware and software components, and outlines the anticipated functional operation and safety benefits of the
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the earlier days, vehicles such as Motorbikes hardly had Mechanical support in all concerns, in the recent past the development in Electronic devices in Motorbikes are evolving, with components such as E-breaks, Digital speedometers, etc. and most interesting from an engineering point of view, dealing with motorcycle dynamics is more complex than it is for four wheeled vehicles. In four-wheeled vehicles, electronic stability control (ESC) was introduced in the recent past to improve passengers’ safety in critical driving conditions and it is now part of most commercial cars. For two-wheeled vehicles, the design of such a control system is an open problem, and it constitutes quite a challenging task due to the complexity of two-wheeled vehicles dynamics and to the strong interaction between the vehicle and the driver, so to encourage this scheme I am Designing an advanced electronic active stability control system with ABS assistance for e-bikes providing the much needed vehicle roll stability control in situations such as high speed cornering etc. Designing a system that, in any case of emergency situation such as crashing, will send the bicycle accident location to nearby hospitals/emergency services with the assistance of GSM Keywords- Antilock Breaking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Degree of freedom (DoF), Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)
Ultrasonic automatic braking system in cars by Accelerator Disengagement Mech...Arvind Srivastava
The Ultrasonic Automatic Braking System in cars is a safety measure which can be implemented to apply the brakes suddenly in case of collision. Accelerator disengagement mechanism uses a servo motor and an additional link which shuts down the throttle valve to disengage accelerator and then the brakes.
Embedded Technology for vehicle cabin safety Monitoring and Alerting SystemIJCSEA Journal
Motor vehicles are the prime source of transportation where vehicles with A/C play a major part. This paper designs an embedded system for a vehicle cabin, which senses the gases like carbon-monoxide and oxygen and displayed at each and every second. If the level of the CO increases than the normal level (30ppm) or the level of the oxygen decreases than the normal level (19%) then an alarm is generated automatically and also ventilation is provided immediately. A warning message is sent to the authorized user via GSM. The advantage of this system is proper detection and faster response time leading to faster diffusion of the situation, compared with the manual methods.
Psychomotor retardation can be caused by either static or progressive encephalopathy that results in slow progress or regression of developmental milestones. It is important to determine if the delay is restricted to specific areas or is global, and if there is solely delay or also regression. Developmental delays can be assessed using tests like the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Common causes of delay include hearing impairment, autism, motor dysfunction, static encephalopathy, genetic disorders, cerebral malformations, intrauterine infections like CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis and genetic factors. Screening tests like MRI and chromosome analysis can help identify underlying causes.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
The document describes an intelligent braking system that uses ultrasonic sensors and a microcontroller to automatically apply the brakes based on the distance to obstacles detected. The system includes ultrasonic sensors that emit sound waves and detect echoes to determine distance. It also uses a hydraulic braking system and microcontroller to control braking force. When the sensors detect a vehicle is too close, the microcontroller activates the hydraulic brakes to stop the vehicle. The system aims to prevent accidents by automatically braking when collisions are imminent.
IRJET- Manufacturing of Automatic Pneumatic Bumper to Prevent Car DamageIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of an automatic pneumatic bumper system to prevent car damage. The system uses infrared sensors to detect obstacles within 4 feet of the vehicle when traveling over 40-50 km/hr. When an obstacle is detected, a control signal activates the pneumatic bumper system to protect the vehicle and its occupants. The system aims to automate braking and extend the bumper in the event of a collision to minimize damage compared to traditional rigid bumpers. It was developed by students at JSPM Institute of Narhe Technical Campus to provide pre-crash safety and reduce the need for internal airbags through external vehicle protection.
VEHICLE THEFT DETECTION WITH ALCOHOL DETECTION,SMOKE DETECTION AND FINGERPRIN...IRJET Journal
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses various sensors integrated with a microcontroller and communication modules. The system uses an alcohol sensor to detect alcohol, a smoke sensor to detect smoke, and an emergency button. It sends alerts to a Blynk app and via SMS messages using an ESP8266 WiFi module and GPS and GSM modules. The microcontroller analyzes sensor data and controls alerts and ignition. The system was designed and tested to provide vehicle tracking, pollution monitoring, and safety features. Future extensions could include automatic emergency braking and drowsiness detection.
This document describes a smart car system that uses various sensors and a microcontroller to address common problems faced while driving such as road blocks, potholes, speed bumps, and vehicle theft. The proposed system uses an Arduino Mega microcontroller along with ultrasonic sensors, a sound sensor, GSM and GPS modules, an RF module, and an LCD to provide features like speed bump detection, pothole detection, parking assistance, and vehicle tracking. The system is intended to help make travel safer and less stressful by anticipating hazards and providing guidance.
IRJET - Automatic Potholes Detection and Alert System with Speed Reduction Fe...IRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic pothole detection and alert system that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect potholes, a GPS module to determine their locations, and a GSM module to send alerts about detected potholes to registered mobile phones. It also uses a motor driver to reduce vehicle speed when approaching a pothole, helping prevent accidents. The system is intended to improve road safety and reduce vehicle damage from potholes. It analyzes distance between the vehicle and road surface using ultrasonic sensors to identify differences indicating a pothole. Location data and pothole information is sent via text message to mobile phones running an app to receive alerts. The goal is to warn drivers in advance of dangerous road conditions from p
Advance automatic breaking system for vehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic vehicle braking system that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles in front of a vehicle and automatically apply the brakes. The system includes ultrasonic transmitters that emit sound waves and receivers that detect reflected waves to determine the distance to obstacles. A microcontroller analyzes the sensor data and controls a servo motor that pushes the brake pedal if an obstacle is detected within a certain distance. The system is intended to automatically brake the vehicle for safety purposes by reducing delays in braking. It provides an overview of the hardware components, including ultrasonic sensors, a display, and an emergency braking system to apply maximum braking pressure if needed to avoid a collision.
This document describes a project to develop an autonomous vehicle that can navigate its surroundings and avoid obstacles using a BeagleBone Black single-board computer. Sensors like infrared and ultrasonic sensors are used to detect lane markings and obstacles. Algorithms like the Hough transform and thresholding are used to process sensor data and identify lanes and obstacles. The goal is to create an open-source and low-cost platform for testing autonomous driving algorithms and educating students. Initial testing showed the vehicle could stay in its lane but had difficulties in low light or with other vehicles nearby. Improving the sensors, processing algorithms, and control systems could enhance the vehicle's ability to respond quickly to its environment.
The document is a seminar report on Google's driverless car submitted to the University of Pune for a bachelor's degree. It includes an introduction discussing the development of electronic vehicle control systems and challenges of fully autonomous vehicles. It also provides a block diagram of the key components of Google's system, including sensors, a microprocessor for general functions and a coprocessor for real-time sensory input processing. The control unit section describes the radar and LIDAR sensors used to detect objects and create 3D maps as well as video cameras used for traffic light detection.
A seminar report_on_google_driverless_caRKaziAfrozAlam
A seminar report submitted to the University of Pune describes Google's driverless car system. The report includes sections on the control unit, sensor technologies like radar and LIDAR used to detect surroundings, and drive-by-wire technology that allows computer control of steering, braking and acceleration. It discusses how the car's sensors and processors integrate mapping data to navigate autonomously while improving safety.
IRJET- Study of Automated Highway SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses an automated highway system (AHS) which aims to increase both the safety and efficiency of highways by automating vehicles. Sensors and microprocessors would allow vehicles to sense their environment and react without driver input, reducing accidents caused by human error.
2. An AHS would have four key components - lateral motion control to keep vehicles in lanes, longitudinal motion control to maintain distance and speed between vehicles, and obstacle detection and avoidance capabilities. Sensors like cameras, radar and sonar would be used to detect lanes, other vehicles, and obstacles.
3. An AHS could significantly increase road capacity by allowing vehicles to travel closer together at higher speeds. It may also reduce fuel consumption,
Project report on IR based vehicle with automatic braking and driver awakenin...Neeraj Khatri
IR Based Vehicle With AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING System (2014)
In this Project When any obstacle comes in front of the vehicle in a fixed range then the automatic brakes are applied and the vehicle sounds an alarm and also a very small current is produced on the steering of the vehicle. If the vehicle met with an accident then a call is generated on the last dialled number from the phone which is placed in the vehicle.
Collision Detection System for Smart CarsIRJET Journal
This document describes a collision detection system for smart cars that uses Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology. It discusses how the system works, including using ultrasonic sensors to detect distance between vehicles, sensors to monitor the driver's heart rate, drowsiness, etc. and transmitting this data via an LED to a receiver in another vehicle. The goals are to help prevent accidents by warning drivers of potential collisions and reducing vehicle speed if a driver seems drowsy. It compares Li-Fi to Wi-Fi, noting advantages of Li-Fi like higher data rates, more secure transmission, and lower costs. A prototype was created using an Arduino board and sensors to demonstrate how the system would function.
IRJET- Anti-Collision System with Safety Impact Reduction SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an anti-collision system for vehicles that uses infrared sensors to detect obstacles and activate both brakes and extended bumpers to reduce damage during a collision. The system includes infrared sensors at the front and rear that can detect objects and signal a control unit. The control unit then activates solenoid valves to deploy pneumatic cylinders that apply the brakes and extend protruding bumpers at both ends of the vehicle. This system aims to provide both pre-crash safety by braking and crash safety by reducing impact through extended bumpers.
This document is a seminar report on speed detecting cameras submitted by a student named Kandarp Kumar Tiwari. It discusses the history and purpose of speed cameras, introducing the Doppler effect principle that speed cameras use to detect vehicle speeds. It describes the basic architecture of speed cameras and examines factors like their ability to operate in rain, their measurement range, reaction time and ability to discriminate targets. The report also covers advantages, future technologies and concludes that speed cameras help enforce speed limits and reduce accidents.
Development of a microcontroller based automobile speed limiting device and ...IJECEIAES
The document describes the development of a microcontroller-based automobile speed limiting device and alarm control system. The system uses Arduino Nano microcontroller, infrared sensors, LCD display, LED indicators, buzzer, and push buttons. The infrared sensors detect vehicle speed and send signals to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then compares the speed to a preset limit and triggers the alarm and LED indicators if the limit is exceeded. The system was tested and found to function satisfactorily with a reading error of 5.83%. The speed limiting device could help reduce accidents from overspeeding.
FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSORIRJET Journal
This document describes the fabrication of an automatic braking system using ultrasonic sensors. It discusses how an ultrasonic sensor attached to the front of a vehicle can detect obstacles and transmit that information to a microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the speed of the vehicle and applies the brakes based on the distance detected by the ultrasonic sensor, to prevent accidents. It outlines the components used, including the ultrasonic sensor, motor, battery, and Arduino, and describes how they work together in the system to automatically brake the vehicle when an obstacle is detected within a certain distance.
This document describes a smart traffic system that uses image processing techniques to monitor traffic conditions and detect traffic violations. The system captures video footage or images of roads using CCTV cameras. It then analyzes the images using steps like background subtraction, segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition algorithms. This allows the system to detect traffic congestion levels using edge detection, identify motorcyclists without helmets, and control traffic signals efficiently. The results are displayed to users to inform them of traffic conditions and notify violators. Future work involves adding license plate recognition and identifying wrong-way drivers to track and fine traffic rule violators. The automated image processing system provides efficient traffic monitoring compared to manual methods.
IRJET - Traffic Signal Automation using Spike Road BlockIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to automate traffic signals and road blockers using spikes on the road. The system uses sensors to detect vehicle speed and traffic density. It then dynamically controls the timing of traffic signals based on this sensor data. When the signal is red, a barrier gate closes and spikes emerge on the road to block traffic and enforce the signal. The system is intended to reduce traffic violations and minimize accidents. It collects sensor data, retrieves nearby police locations from a database, and can generate alerts if needed. The system aims to help control traffic flow and reduce congestion problems.
IRJET- Density based Traffic Controller with Defaulter Identification using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a density-based traffic controller system that uses IoT to adjust traffic light timing based on traffic density detected by IR sensors, and identify vehicles that run red lights. The system uses Arduino and NodeMCU with IR sensors to detect traffic density and adjust the green light time from 3 to 6 seconds during heavy traffic. When a vehicle runs a red light, an IR sensor triggers a camera connected to NodeMCU to capture an image of the vehicle's license plate, which is sent to a monitoring device and displayed on a webpage along with date and time of the violation. The goal is to reduce traffic congestion by dynamically adjusting light timing based on real-time traffic conditions, and identify vehicles that violate red lights
automatic braking system and brake actuation before collisonashutosh singh
In this project the pneumatic bumper and brake is used to protect the man and vehicle. This system is only activated when any obstacle comes in front of vehicle, the obstacle is sensed by sensor and it gives the signal to the control unit and due to this bumper system and braking system activated. Bumper is energized by compressor and it compressed the air and send it to the pneumatic piston. This system is used in any type of light vehicles.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A study to evaluate the attitude of faculty members of public universities of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated faculty members' attitudes toward shared governance in public universities in Pakistan. It used a questionnaire to assess attitudes on 4 indicators of shared governance: the role of the dean, role of faculty, role of the board, and role of joint decision-making. The study analyzed responses from 90 faculty across various universities. Statistical analysis found significant differences in perceptions of shared governance based on faculty rank and gender. Faculty rank influenced perceptions of the dean's role and role of joint decision-making. Gender influenced overall perceptions of shared governance. The results indicate a need to improve shared governance practices in Pakistani universities.
A study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia among middl...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed knowledge of pneumonia prevention among 60 middle-aged adults in rural Moodbidri, India. Most subjects (55%) had poor knowledge and 41.67% had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 40.66%.
2) Knowledge was lowest in areas of diagnosis, prevention and management (35.61%) and highest in introduction to pneumonia (45.42%).
3) There was a significant association between knowledge and gender but not other demographic factors like age, education level or occupation. The study concluded knowledge of prevention was low and health education is needed.
A study regarding analyzing recessionary impact on fundamental determinants o...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of fundamental factors on stock prices in India during normal and recessionary periods. It finds that during normal periods from 2000-2007, earnings per share had a positive and significant impact on stock prices, while coverage ratio had a negative impact. During the recession from 2007-2009, price-earnings ratio positively and significantly impacted stock prices, while growth had a negative effect. Overall, the study aims to compare the influence of fundamental factors like book value, dividends, earnings, etc. on stock prices during different economic conditions in India.
A study on would be urban-migrants’ needs and necessities in rural bangladesh...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the needs and necessities of potential rural migrants in Bangladesh and how providing certain facilities could encourage them to remain in rural areas. The study involved surveys of 350 local and non-local people across 7 upazilas to understand their satisfaction with existing services and priority of needs. The findings revealed variations in requirements between local and non-local respondents. Based on the analysis, the study recommends certain priority facilities, such as employment opportunities and community services, that should be provided in rural areas to improve quality of life and reduce migration to cities. Limitations include the small sample size not representing all of Bangladesh and difficulties collecting full information from all respondents.
A study on the evaluation of scientific creativity among scienceAlexander Decker
This study evaluated scientific creativity among 31 science teacher candidates in Turkey. The candidates were asked open-ended questions about scientific creativity and how they would advance science. Their responses showed adequate fluency and scientific knowledge, but low flexibility and originality. When asked to self-evaluate, most said their scientific creativity was partially adequate. The study aims to help improve the development of scientific creativity among future teachers.
A study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients.Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients. The study measured levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant potential (AOP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate in 40 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy controls. The results found increased MDA, SOD, and nitrite levels and decreased GSH and AOP levels in breast cancer patients compared to controls, indicating higher oxidative stress in patients from increased free radicals and lower antioxidant defenses.
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
A study on knowledge and practice of post menopausal womenAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the knowledge and practices of post-menopausal women in rural Karnataka regarding health maintenance. The study found that 75% of subjects had good overall knowledge, but their practices of breast self-examination and Kegel exercises were very poor, with average scores below 1%. While knowledge of preventing osteoporosis was high, knowledge of cancer prevention was average. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and practices. The study concludes that lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D intake, and health screenings are important for post-menopausal health but are lacking in the community.
AI in the Workplace Reskilling, Upskilling, and Future Work.pptxSunil Jagani
Discover how AI is transforming the workplace and learn strategies for reskilling and upskilling employees to stay ahead. This comprehensive guide covers the impact of AI on jobs, essential skills for the future, and successful case studies from industry leaders. Embrace AI-driven changes, foster continuous learning, and build a future-ready workforce.
Read More - https://bit.ly/3VKly70
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
Lee Barnes - Path to Becoming an Effective Test Automation Engineer.pdfleebarnesutopia
So… you want to become a Test Automation Engineer (or hire and develop one)? While there’s quite a bit of information available about important technical and tool skills to master, there’s not enough discussion around the path to becoming an effective Test Automation Engineer that knows how to add VALUE. In my experience this had led to a proliferation of engineers who are proficient with tools and building frameworks but have skill and knowledge gaps, especially in software testing, that reduce the value they deliver with test automation.
In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
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1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
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Virtual Digital Retarders System
GAHZI AL-MARAHLEH
Faculty of Engineering Technology,Marka,P.O.Box15008
Albalqa Applied University,, Jordan
SAYEL FAYYAD (Corresponding Author)
Faculty of Engineering Technology,Marka,P.O.Box15008
Albalqa Applied University,, Jordan
ssayel@fet.edu.jo
SULEIMAN ABU-EIN
Faculty of Engineering Technology,Marka,P.O.Box15008
Albalqa Applied University,, Jordan
ASHRAF ABU-EIN
Faculty of Engineering Technology,Marka,P.O.Box15008
Albalqa Applied University,, Jordan
Abstract
This work presents a digital inhibitor system for vehicles speed control using Global Positioning System (GPS).In
this work the vehicle will reduce its speed by applying the brake out of driver control, programmed coordination
points will cause receiving a GPS signal using GPS receiver to an imbedded system, which appears on the LCD
screen, to inform the driver that he has entered in the target area. It is found that this system may help in reducing
the huge number of accidents on roads, controlling the inappropriate behavior of reckless drivers, saving time and
effort to police departments by decreasing the number of patrols (fixed and moving) spread on the roads. The GPS is
used in this project because it’s fixed simply inside the automobile without need of operational cost, and because of
the wide coverage for satellite system; the GPS reaches any point on the Earth without need for large numbers even
huge numbers of workers without affording additional costs, so the money and manpower can be saved without
abandoning the desired goals. This system has many advantages; it can be used in wide range and also can be fitted
in any vehicle.
Keywords: Road retarders, GPS, Automobile, Deceleration, Digital inhibitor, Virtual retarders.
1. Introduction
The main problem of this work is to discuss the huge number of roads accidents, and the human and financial
invoice paid by the nation. Autotronics science works to find sustainable solutions for such problems, and to replace
the temporary solutions used in roads as well as to get rid of the negatives impact on vehicles. The increase in the
number of vehicles increases the rate of accidents on the roads, which has become one of the most important
international problems that causes the need to search for solutions to stop this carnage. The importance of speed
inhibitor, traditional retarder, speed reducers and physical bumps is to reduce the speed of the vehicle to increase the
stander of security and safety, but the speed inhibitor sometimes, takes different shape from international known, it’s
higher from street and takes the width of street and it takes place inappropriate to it, in addition, there is no sign that
indicates the person about it, that must be about 400 to 500 m before speed inhibitor. There must be more than one sign
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that indicates it present such as colorful painting, as shown in Fig.1 [1, 6].
Fig. 1. Sign warn the driver that there is speed inhibitor
The speed inhibitor Fig.2 carried out by ordinary workers without applying any of the standers, especially
who put the retarder in the inner road located in residential areas. Fig.3 represents a new inhibitor style.
Fig. 2. Invisible speed inhibitor due to the deficiency of paint or light reflectors usage
Fig. 3. Modern speed inhibitor made of rubber and springs
1.1 Type of speed Inhibitor (traditional retarder):
Traditional retarder -speed inhibitor- may be: single speed inhibitors, with 20 cm height and 2 m width, or rubber speed
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inhibitor, supported by springs to absorb the shock, with 5 cm height and 1 m width. The places of using speed
inhibitors must be in region that could black spot where accidents happened frequently and they should be carried out
by specialists to meet international standards.
1.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of using speed Inhibitor:
The traditional speed Inhibitor is used to limit the vehicles speed in front of schools and sites where it is
dangerous to exceed the speed limits .Speed Inhibitor achieves some of its objective, but there are many problems that
make it important to find alternative solutions. Here are some of its disadvantages:
1. Limit the movement of ambulances, police vehicles and emergency vehicle in general.
2. The mechanical complication that the retarder makes (especially that one which is not according to the
standards).
1.1.2 The speed Inhibitor divides into:
1. High speed Inhibitor: it is appeared to the driver during driving and can be avoided.
2. Low speed Inhibitor: it cannot be avoided and the losses of the vehicle are worst.[1]
The losses in vehicle that cross the speed inhibitor effected by many factors such as: type and model of vehicle, the
speed of vehicle when it crosses the retarder is the main factor, and the load of the vehicle, when the load is increasing
losses increases.
Fig. 4. The front axle component
1.2 Effects of inhibitors on vehicles
Vehicle may be affected by inhibitors with many losses like:
1 -The disintegration of the nuts and bolts which fixed to the vehicle parts .
2 -Breaking one of the wheel arms, or both.
3 -Break in the balance of the front axle.
4 -A warp main bridge front longitudinal, incidental.
5 -Destruction in the bases engine or gearbox, tires, or rims
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6 -Damage of the exhaust tank.
7 -Corrupted steering box.
8 -Breaking any part of the lower parts of the vehicle like the engine, gearbox or radiator.
9 -Deviation in the wheel angles balance due to the bad road condition.
1.3 Advices from Maintenance engineering to drivers through transit in any traditional speed Inhibitor:
Cross the speed Inhibitor in less speed as possible (less than the speed supposed to cross the street legally) to
maintain the parts of the car. When a car crosses a few speed inhibitors, the components of the vehicle require
disclosing its bottom and conducting periodic maintenance of all parts, changing the damaged part, and controlling the
pressure of the tires. In terms of government, applying a warning phosphorous signs before any speed Inhibitor at
sufficient distance will warn the driver to avoid him entering the speed inhibitor as shown in fig.5, as well as, paint the
speed inhibitor phosphorescently to be clear at night, this eliminates sudden speed inhibitor in the highways, where it is
difficult to avoid the driver such obstacles if they are warned late in the road.
Fig. 5. Cat's eye is one of the used methods to warn the drivers.
1.4 The latest developments in speed Inhibitors world
Studies were also carried out for the speed Inhibitors of the use of material that absorb shocks and reduce the
impact applied to the car using spring and rubber; these kinds of retarders protect their color over time.
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Fig. 6. The new speed Inhibitors made from rubber.
There are little studied discussed this problem. The backbone study considered here is made by Mohammed A. et al.
(2009) which introduced a novel approach, relying on intelligent engineering, whereby the maximum speed limit at
which vehicles on the road can cruise is controlled from some central or distributed facility .The system, as designed,
leverages the use of the ubiquitous cellular infrastructure to cut down the costs involved that would otherwise accrue as
a result of the need to build a dedicated traffic control system .In the new system maximum speed limits are transmitted
from a Central Control Facility to all stretches of roads and highways dispersed across urban areas in a highly dynamic
manner .The system uses information arriving via a dynamic feedback system on prevailing weather conditions, road
conditions, and bulk of traffic, amongst others, before it would broadcast maximum speed limit information to various
destinations .deploying in its final release, will be done using a highly automated system with little human
intervention .The work elaborated the TTC Network Design and RSU Network Distribution for the Tele-Traffic Speed
Control System, to remotely manage, enforce, and control the maximum speed limit allowed on road stretches in rural
and urban areas for different vehicle categories .The new system has been deployed successfully in a laboratory
controlled environment on three vehicle categories; one category represents passenger vehicles, another buses and
commuter transport, while the third representing trucks and freight traffic .It is expected that when the system is fully
deployed on the wireless infrastructure, speed-related traffic accidents will witness a drop by more than 65–70 %
according to known accident statistic [2].
Some invented ideas talks about generating electricity from inhibitors, this applied to transfer the vertical movement
resulting from the pressure of the car to circular motion, then this movement is transferred to the generator which
produces electricity; which is stored in batteries that are used for street lighting or traffic signals.This improvement is
fund of two parts :the first placed inside a hole under the street level, a depth of about 30 cm and the second part is the
highest level of the street. When the car crosses speed inhibitors the upper part will go down slightly, during this
movement of the retarder, the motion resulting is converted from the vertical pressure due to the weight of the car to a
circular motion to move the generator to generate electric current.
The amount of electricity generated -that can be applied by this kind of retarder- is 10 KW continuously through
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the movement of over 12 hours.Another advantage of speed Inhibitors that they are relatively safer for the vehicles than
the kinds that actually existing; reducing the mechanical losses and damage caused by the speed Inhibitors for some
vehicles parts. As for the nature of the materials which make them applicable, inhibitors can be made of pig iron, to
protect them of the pressure of vehicles that passes by every day, and costs a single industry to nearly $1500, but may
be less , especially if the contract has been signed with companies for the production of large numbers of them.
2.Materials and methods
The system consists of the following parts: PIC controller, GPS device, servo motor, LCD screen, LED, Buzzer
and Voltage regulator as illustrated on fig.8. The GPS in the circuit always monitors the speed of the vehicle at all times,
and during that it reads the position of the vehicle too.When it does read a digital retarder location which its already
programmed in the GPS device, the GPS sends a signal to the PIC controller. That signal includes the position and the
speed of the vehicle, then the PIC controller sends a control signal to the servo motor and it includes the amount of the
force that will be applied by the servo motor.The servo motor acts on the brake pedal by applying it to the exact amount
(displacement) which decelerates the vehicle to the desired speed previously programmed in the PIC controller. In
addition there is a signal send from the PIC controller to the LED screen, buzzer and LED; to give the driver a readable
and audible indication that the vehicle will reduce its velocity .Furthermore there is a signal send to a mechanical
device that prevents the throttle pedal from accelerating in case of deceleration. Fig. 7 shows system functional
diagram and fig.8 shows the system flowchart .[3, 4,5].
Fig. 7 .System functional diagram.
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Fig. 8. System flow chart.
This system consists of many hardware parts such as liquid crystal display (LCD) which is used to display
warning messages to inform the driver that the digital retarder zone has been entered.The next device is the voltage
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regulator which is used to reduce the input voltage of the circuit to 5 volts .Also the light emitting diode is used to give
a light indication when entering the digital retarder zone, so as the buzzer which is used to give audioable indication too,
fig.9. Finally the servo motor which is a device that converts the electrical signals to mechanical movements at high
torques and it is used for applying the brake pedal . See fig.10. While figure 11 shows the hardware components of all
the embedded system, [3, 4, and 5].
Fig. 9 :digital retarder circuit.
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Fig. 10 Servo motor fix behind the brake pedal
Fig. 11. Digital retarder circuit.
3.Results and Discussion
There is relationship between time of braking and the velocity of the vehicle. The total time needed for the vehicle to
stop consists of many periods such as time of driver reaction, time of system drive operation, time for deceleration
increase, and the braking operation itself as shown in fig.12, and 13.
ts = tr + tdr +tin +tbr (1)
Where,
ts : is the total time for stopping.
tr : is the reaction time, the time needed by the driver to realize that the brake should be applied .
(0.4 –1) second.
tdr : the brake system drives operation time . (0.2 -0.4) seconds.
tin : the time for the deceleration increase .(0.05 – 0.2) seconds.
tbr : the braking time.
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Fig. 12. The theoretical relationship between velocity, maximum deceleration verses time.
Fig. 13.The actual relationship between velocity, maximum deceleration verses time.
The relationship between the vehicle speed, maximum deceleration and the stopping time is shown in the following fig.
14 where a comparison between the normal theoretical relationship and the actual relationship using digital retarder .
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Fig. 14 :The actual and theoretical relationship between velocity, maximum deceleration verses time.
Figur15 shows the installed device inside the automobile and its first measurements of the automobile speed.
Fig. 15. Shows a comparison between device speed value and automobiles speed counter value.
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Fig. 16. Shows the systems operation when it receives a GPS signal that there is a virtual retarder or a deceleration
point.
Fig. 16. a- the system starts working and receives a signal, b and c- servo motor starting, d and e- slow down
and deceleration.
4.Conclusion
Digital retarder has many advantages such as: reducing the huge number of accidents on roads, control the
inappropriate behavior of reckless drivers, replacing speed control systems used by Public Security Directorate, such
as radar system and fix speed control cameras, etc . It also saves the efforts for speed control .
So, it is clear that using digital retarder is economically efficient to be applied by the governments. Using the global
positioning system in digital retarder provides free wide range usage, and it can be fitted in any vehicle, moreover the
idea of sudden brake has been canceled. The servo motor which was used has enough power to pull down the brake
pedal and we have chosen the servo with the maximum power in order to be sure that it will operate safely without any
problems.
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References
[1] P. Lukin, (1989) “Automobile Chassis Design and Calculations”, pp: 42-47.
[2] A. Mohammed, Mohammad, Munzer S., Sa’ed M., Haytham Z., Hadeel Y, (2009). “A security-embedded
infrastructure for Tele-Traffic Speed Control”, Control J .Franklin Inst. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.Franklin.2009.01.004.
[3] M.I .Malkawi, M.A .Khasawneh, A.I .Malkawi, “A wireless infrastructure for Traffic Speed Control”, Conference
on Information Technology and Organizations in the 21st Century, Amman, Jordan, July 2004, pp .73–84.
[4] M .Khasawneh, et al., 2006. “A Wireless infrastructure for tele-traffic speed control”, Report submitted to King
Abdullah II Fund for Development (KAFD), September 2006.
[5] D .Staiger, O .Kaisser, T .Waltz, “The UAE smart-box telematics system—a flexible end-to-end telematics
solution”, The 2004 International Resea Umit Ozguner, Christoph Stiller, Keith Redmill, Systems for safety and
autonomous behavior in cars :the DARPA grand challenge experience, in :Proceedings of the IEEE, vol .95, No .2,
February 2007
[6] J.C .McCall, Mohan M .Trivedi, “Driver behavior and situation aware brake assistance for intelligent vehicles”, in :
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IIT’04-40–52, UAE, 2004.
[7] Traffic accident report for the 10-year period, 1994–2004, Traffic Safety Board, Amman, Jordan, 2004.
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