Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by several viruses, including Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A causes an acute form of hepatitis without chronic infection and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Hepatitis B can cause both acute and chronic infections and is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. Hepatitis C often causes no symptoms initially but persists in the liver in 75-85% of cases and is transmitted through blood. Hepatitis D can only infect in the presence of Hepatitis B and results in more severe complications. Hepatitis E has a fecal-oral transmission and occasionally develops into an acute, severe liver disease fatal in about 2% of cases, especially

1. IN

2. • Hepatitis is a systemic disease with primary
inflammation of the liver by hepatotropic viruses.
• It can be caused by Hep A , Hep B , Hep C, Hep D
and Hep E.
• Other viruses such as Herpes Simplex, CMV,EBV
can also cause hepatitis.

3. HEPATITIS A
• Hepatitis A is caused by a picornavirus
• It causes an acute form of hepatitis and does not have a
chronic stage.
• The patient's immune system makes antibodies against HAV
that confer immunity against future infection.

4. • PERIOD OF INFECTIVITY :2 weeks before to 1 week
after the onset of jaundice.
• INCUBATION PERIOD : 10-50 days [usually 25 to 30
days].
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION : fecal-oral route
• SYMPTOMS : Non specific symptoms such as fever,
chills ,headache, fatigue, generalized weakness,
aches and pains, followed by anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, dark urine and jaundice.

6. Treatment: There is no specific treatment,
supportive care is given until symptoms
disappear.
PREVENTION : Proper hygiene and sanitation
measures
Immune globins should be given to all close
personal contacts with Hep A.
Vaccination is also present.

8. HEPATITIS B
• HBV which is a DNA virus
• It can cause both acute and chronic infections.
• Many people have no symptoms during the initial
infection.
• The acute illness causes liver inflammation,
vomiting, jaundice.
• Chronic hep B eventually causes cirrhosis and liver
cancer.

9. DANE PARTICLE

10. • INCUBATION PERIOD : 60-90 days
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION : The virus is transmitted
by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids.
Vertical transmission can take place.
Intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the
most frequent routes of infection.
Other risk factors include working in healthcare,
blood transfusions, dialysis etc.
The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding
hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging,
coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding.

13. • TREATMENT : Interferon alfa, lamivudine , Adefovir
dipivoxil
• VACCINATION : As per EPI Schedule
0/1/6 months after contact.

14. HEPATITIS C
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
• During the initial infection people often have mild
or no symptoms. Occasionally a fever, dark urine,
abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin occurs.
• The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85%
of those initially infected.

15. • INCUBATION PERIOD : 40-120 days

16. HCV ANTIBODY :Not useful in acute phase as it takes at
least 4 weeks to develop.
HCV RNA :Mainly used in monitoring the response to
antiviral therapy.
TREATMENT :INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN

17. HEPATITIS D
• Hepatitis D virus (HDV), a small spherical enveloped
viroid
• HDV is considered to be a subviral satellite because
it can propagate only in the presence of the
hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transmission of HDV can
occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV
(coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis
B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).

18. • Both superinfection and coinfection with HDV
results in more severe complications compared to
infection with HBV alone. These complications
include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver
failure in acute infections and a rapid progression
to liver cirrhosis, with an increased risk of
developing liver cancer in chronic infections. In
combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has
the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis
infections, at 20%.

19. HEPATITIS E
• HEV is a positive-sense, single-stranded,
nonenveloped, RNA icosahedral virus; HEV has a fecal-
oral transmission route.
• Hepatitis E occasionally develops into an acute, severe
liver disease, and is fatal in about 2% of all cases.
• Clinically, it is comparable to hepatitis A, but in
pregnant women, the disease is more often severe and
is associated with a clinical syndrome called fulminant
liver failure. Pregnant women, especially those in the
third trimester, suffer an elevated mortality rate from
the disease of around 20%.