In this file the students study different fatty Olis . For Example : Corn oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil,walnut oil

1. Fatty Oils & Waxes

2. Fatty Oils
• Fatty oils are fixed oils because they do not evaporate or become volatile.
• They cannot be distilled without being decomposed.
• Chemically fatty oils are close to animal fats.
• They contain glycerin in combination with a fatty acid.
• They are liquid at room temperature and usually contain oleic acid.
• Fatty oils are insoluble in water but soluble in several organic solvents.
• Breakdown products of fats are fatty acids and glycerin accompanied by a rancid odor
and taste.
• Fatty oils occur in many plant families, both tropical and temperate.
• They are stored, frequently in large amounts, in seeds and somewhat in fruits, tubers,
stems and other plant organs.
• They may also contain proteins.
• Four classes of plant fatty oils are (1) drying oils, (2) semidrying oils, (3) nondrying
oils, and (4) fats or tallows.

3. • The drying oils can absorb oxygen and on exposure dry into thin elastic films.
• These oils are importance in the paint and varnish industries.
• Semidrying oils absorb oxygen slowly and only in small amounts. They form a
soft film only after long exposure to air.
• Some are edible; others are used as illuminants or in making soap and candles.
• The nondrying oils remain liquid at room temperature and do not form a film.
• Such oils are edible and may be used for soap and lubricants.
• Drying and semidrying oils :The fats are solid or semisolid at room
temperature.
• They are edible and also useful in the manufacture of soap and candles.
• Drying and semidrying oils are more common in plants of temperate climates,
while nondrying oils and fats predominate in plants of tropical areas.

4. Drying Oils
• Linseed Oil
• Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum, has been the source of one of the most
important of the drying oils. The oil content is 32-43 percent.
• Linseed oil varies from yellow to brownish in color and has an acrid taste and
smell. It forms a tough elastic film when oxidized.
• Linseed oil has been used mainly in making paints, varnishes, linoleum, soft
soap and printer’s ink.

5. Soybean Oil
• Soybean, Glycine max, is native to China and has been a most important food
plant in Eastern Asia.
• The oil is midway between linseed and cottonseed in its characteristics, so that
sometimes it is classified as a drying oil or semidrying oil.
• The oil content of improved varieties now exceeds 22 percent.
• There are many food products made from it, such as margarine, tofu, ice cream
substitutes, vegetarian meat substitutes, etc.
• It is also used in the manufacture of soap, candles, varnishes, lacquers, paints,
linoleum, greases, rubber substitutes, cleaning compounds disinfectants and
insecticides.
• The oil cake or meal has a 40-48 percent protein content and is valuable as a
meat substitute and feed for livestock. It is also used for adhesives, plastics,
foaming solutions, spreaders, fertilizers, sizings, synthetic textiles, etc.

6. Glycine max

7. Walnut Oil
• The mature and old kernels of English walnut, Juglans regia, and yield a drying
oil used for white paint, artist paints, printing ink and soap.
Poppy Oil
Seeds of the poppy, Papaver somniferum, provides an important drying oil.
This drug plant is grown for its edible seeds in northern France and Germany
and in India. The first pressing yields white edible oil, while a second hot
pressing furnishes reddish oil used for lamps, soap and, after bleaching, for
oil paints.
Safflower Oil
Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, is the source as a dye as well as oil from its
seeds. It is extensively cultivated in Egypt, India and the Orient and
somewhat in North America. It is widely used in Mexico .
Uses include manufacture of paints, soap, varnishes, illuminant and edible
oil.

8. Juglans regia

9. Semidrying Oils
• Cottonseed Oil
• The most important of the semidrying oils, cottonseed oil is used as the standard of
comparison.
• The United States has been the main producer, but almost all the cotton-growing nations
provide varying amounts.
• The pure refined oil is of value as a salad and cooking oil and for making margarine and lard
substitutes.
• The residue is the source of various products that have a wide range of industrial uses.
• Among these are soap, oilcloth, washing powders, artificial leather, roofing tar, insulating
materials, putty, glycerin and nitroglycerin.
• Cottonseed meal is important as a food for animals and as a fertilizer.
Corn Oil
• There is about 50 percent oil located in the embryo of maize kernels.
• It is used for a wide variety of purposes.
• Refined oil is for human consumption either directly or in margarines, while the crude oil has
industrial uses such as the manufacture of rubber substitutes, paints, soaps.
• Corn oil has little lubricating value.

10. Sunflower Oil
• Common sunflower seeds, Helianthus annuus, contain 32-45 percent of
light golden-yellow oil equal to olive oil in its medicinal and food value.
• It is an excellent salad oil and is used in margarines and lard substitutes.
• The seeds are a nutritious bird and poultry food, while the oil cake is
excellent for livestock and the whole plant is often grown for silage.
• The oil has semidrying properties rendering it useful in the varnish, paint
and soap industries.
• Its origins probably lie in South America but it is cultivated worldwide.

11. Nondrying Oils
• Olive Oil
• The fruits of the olive, Olea europaea, provide olive oil, and it is the most important of the
nondrying oils.
• The finest grades are obtained by the former method. These oils are golden yellow, clear and
limpid.
• They are used chiefly as salad and cooking oils, in canning sardines and in medicine.
• Inferior grades have a greenish tinge and are used for soap making and as lubricants.
• The poorest grades are obtained by the use of solvents after several pressings.
• The oil cake is used for stock feed and as a substitute for humus in coil conditioning.
• Peanut Oil
• Seeds of the common peanut, Arachis hypogaea, originally from South America, provide
peanut oil. The plant was widely used by Amerindians in Peru and so highly regarded that
gold replicas are found in the tombs.
• The main producers are China, India, Africa, and the United States.
• The filtered and refined oil is edible and used as a salad oil, for cooking, for packing sardines,
in making margarine and shortenings, and as an adulterant for olive oil. Inferior grades are
for soap making, lubricants, and illuminants.
• The oil cake is an excellent livestock feed as it has higher protein content than any other
similar product.

12. Vegetable Fats
• Coconut Oil
• A widely used fatty oil, coconut oil is obtained from the dried white interior of
the seed of Cocos nucifera.
• This oil is pail yellow or colorless and is solid below 74 deg. Fahrenheit.
• Refined coconut oil is edible and is now extensively used as a food product.
• It is especially well adapted for the purpose of margarines because it is solid at
room temperature.
• It is used in candy industry and for making the highest quality soaps, cosmetics,
salves shaving creams, shampoos, suntan lotions, etc.
• It is used for marine soaps and also as an illuminant.
• The cake is an excellent livestock feed.

13. Vegetable Fats of Minor Importance
Shea Butter
• Seeds of Butyrospermum parkii from Africa provide shea butter.
• It is a greenish-yellow fat with a pleasant odor and taste.
• The fat is also used mixed with, or as a substitute for, cocoa butter in chocolate
manufacture.
Inferior grades are used for soap and candles.
Nutmeg Butter
• Seeds of nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, and related species contain about 40
percent of a yellow fat with the flavor and consistency of tallow.
• Several varieties of nutmeg butter have appeared in the market, all used for
ointments or for candles.

14. Waxes
• Waxes usually occur on the epidermis of leaves and fruits where they serve to
prevent water loss through transpiration.
• The impervious waxes are harder than fats and have a higher melting point.
• They do not become rancid and are less easily hydrolyzed.
• Chemically waxes are similar to fats, but they are esters of monohydric alcohols
rather than glycerides.

15. Jojoba Wax
• Jojoba is an evergreen bush, Simmondsia chinensis, of semiarid regions on the
southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. it is unique in having
seeds with a 50 percent liquid wax content.
• This wax is suitable for polishes, candles and as a substitute for whale oil.
• It is also useful as an illuminant and, after processing, for several types of
foods.