This document provides an overview of the Cold War period from 1945-1949 focusing on Stalin's Soviet Union. Some of the major topics covered include the introduction of the atomic bomb, the growing tensions and divisions between the Soviet Union and Western allies as cooperation broke down, the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, Stalin's domestic political issues, and the beginning of the Cold War standoff between the US and USSR.
After WWII, tensions grew between the US and Soviet Union over issues like the occupation of Germany and East Europe. The Soviets set up communist governments behind an "Iron Curtain" in Eastern Europe. The US responded by pursuing a policy of containment against the spread of communism through initiatives like the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and formation of NATO.
The document summarizes key events in the origins of the Cold War between 1945-1949:
1) Leaders from the USA, UK, and USSR met at the Yalta Conference in 1945 and agreed to divide Germany and Berlin into occupation zones, but disagreed on Poland's borders.
2) At Potsdam in 1945, the new leaders of the USA and UK disagreed with Stalin over reparations and the occupation of Japan.
3) Stalin ensured pro-Communist governments in Eastern Europe and interpreted the US's actions as a threat, leading to the Berlin Blockade in 1948.
4) The USA responded to the blockade by flying in supplies to West Berlin, and established NATO in
This document provides background information on the causes of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States. It discusses ideological differences between communism and capitalism that divided the two superpowers. Key figures during this period included Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Harry Truman of the United States. The document also examines Soviet justification for distrusting the West based on historical events.
The Cold War began after WWII as political divisions grew between Western allies like the US and UK, and the Soviet Union. The US and Western Europe formed NATO in response to the USSR establishing control over Eastern Europe. Germany was divided, with the West embracing democracy and capitalism while the East was controlled by Moscow-backed communist governments. Despite early postwar meetings between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, the two sides were unable to agree on a lasting peace and Europe became firmly split into Western and Eastern blocs, marking the beginning of the Cold War era.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY. Content: Truman's containment policy, key policy, key terms, containment definition, George Kennan, USA's presidents and the containment policy, human rights vs anti-communism, the X-Article, countering soviet pressure, controversy, Dulles and Nitze, expansion of US military budget.
The document discusses a professor who is feeling better after being sick but cannot talk. They will see a doctor again tomorrow but will use text slides and video clips instead of lecturing for their classes in the meantime.
Lecture no. 13 & 14 cold and post cold warDildar Ali
This document provides background information on the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from 1947 to 1999. It defines what a cold war is, discusses the origins of the Cold War following World War II and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Key events that defined the Cold War are outlined such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, rise of NATO, Space Race, proxy wars, and arms limitation treaties. The impacts and changes in the global order following the fall of communism and end of the Cold War are also summarized.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 7 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - REVI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 7 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - REVISIONISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over revisionists and revisionism, views of Walter Lippman, William Appleman Williams, Gal Alperovitz, Gabriel Kolko, Michael Hughes et all.
After WWII, tensions grew between the US and Soviet Union over issues like the occupation of Germany and East Europe. The Soviets set up communist governments behind an "Iron Curtain" in Eastern Europe. The US responded by pursuing a policy of containment against the spread of communism through initiatives like the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and formation of NATO.
The document summarizes key events in the origins of the Cold War between 1945-1949:
1) Leaders from the USA, UK, and USSR met at the Yalta Conference in 1945 and agreed to divide Germany and Berlin into occupation zones, but disagreed on Poland's borders.
2) At Potsdam in 1945, the new leaders of the USA and UK disagreed with Stalin over reparations and the occupation of Japan.
3) Stalin ensured pro-Communist governments in Eastern Europe and interpreted the US's actions as a threat, leading to the Berlin Blockade in 1948.
4) The USA responded to the blockade by flying in supplies to West Berlin, and established NATO in
This document provides background information on the causes of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States. It discusses ideological differences between communism and capitalism that divided the two superpowers. Key figures during this period included Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Harry Truman of the United States. The document also examines Soviet justification for distrusting the West based on historical events.
The Cold War began after WWII as political divisions grew between Western allies like the US and UK, and the Soviet Union. The US and Western Europe formed NATO in response to the USSR establishing control over Eastern Europe. Germany was divided, with the West embracing democracy and capitalism while the East was controlled by Moscow-backed communist governments. Despite early postwar meetings between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, the two sides were unable to agree on a lasting peace and Europe became firmly split into Western and Eastern blocs, marking the beginning of the Cold War era.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY. Content: Truman's containment policy, key policy, key terms, containment definition, George Kennan, USA's presidents and the containment policy, human rights vs anti-communism, the X-Article, countering soviet pressure, controversy, Dulles and Nitze, expansion of US military budget.
The document discusses a professor who is feeling better after being sick but cannot talk. They will see a doctor again tomorrow but will use text slides and video clips instead of lecturing for their classes in the meantime.
Lecture no. 13 & 14 cold and post cold warDildar Ali
This document provides background information on the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from 1947 to 1999. It defines what a cold war is, discusses the origins of the Cold War following World War II and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Key events that defined the Cold War are outlined such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, rise of NATO, Space Race, proxy wars, and arms limitation treaties. The impacts and changes in the global order following the fall of communism and end of the Cold War are also summarized.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 7 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - REVI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 7 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - REVISIONISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over revisionists and revisionism, views of Walter Lippman, William Appleman Williams, Gal Alperovitz, Gabriel Kolko, Michael Hughes et all.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
This document provides an overview of the emergence of the Cold War following World War 2. It discusses the post-war global landscape and cooperation between the US, UK, and USSR, but also growing tensions like Stalin's claims of inevitable conflict. Key events that exacerbated confrontation included the Truman Doctrine and the consolidation of opposing Western and Eastern blocs, like the Marshall Plan, NATO, and Soviet control over Eastern Europe. There is ongoing debate around who or what caused the Cold War, with arguments on both sides.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1990. It arose due to ideological and geopolitical differences between capitalist democracy and communist totalitarianism. Key events that deepened tensions included Stalin breaking promises at Yalta, the Truman Doctrine providing aid to stop the spread of communism, the Marshall Plan rebuilding Western Europe, and the formation of opposing military alliances NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Throughout the 1950s both sides engaged in nuclear weapons development and espionage while also pursuing policies of containment and deterrence.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST REVISIONISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over post revisionists and post revisionism, views of John Lewis Gaddis, LaFeber, Leffler, Trachtenberg, Accuf.
The Vietnam War began as American involvement to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. The U.S. supported South Vietnam against North Vietnam and communist Viet Cong forces. Despite massive U.S. bombing and troop escalation, North Vietnam launched the surprise Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening U.S. public support for the war. Growing anti-war sentiment led to large protests and influenced Lyndon Johnson's decision not to seek re-election. Richard Nixon took office promising to end the war but secretly expanded bombing of Cambodia and Laos. After years of fighting and over 58,000 U.S. deaths, the U.S. withdrew from Vietnam in 1973 following a ceasefire agreement. North Vietnam reunited
Truman faced many domestic and foreign policy challenges during his presidency including fear of communism at home and abroad, a divided Democratic party, and Republican control of Congress. Internationally, the Cold War intensified as the Soviet Union expanded its influence over Eastern Europe and China became communist. Truman responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine to contain communism, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and the establishment of NATO to counter the Soviet military threat. At home, Truman pushed for civil rights reforms and his Fair Deal social programs, but met resistance from Republicans and Southern Democrats.
Here are some possible past exam questions related to factors that influenced US foreign policy in Vietnam:
- Analyze how public opinion in the US influenced decision-making regarding the Vietnam War between 1964-1968. (2012)
- "The military-industrial complex was the main driving force behind continued US escalation in Vietnam." Critically evaluate this view. (2015)
- To what extent did geopolitical concerns, such as the domino theory, shape John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's policies towards Vietnam in the period 1961-1968? (2017)
- Compare and contrast the influence of the Pentagon and the State Department on US foreign policy decision-making regarding Vietnam under the presidencies
The document summarizes the emergence of the USA as a "superpower" after World War 2. It describes how American industry and agriculture prospered during the war while the country saw no fighting at home. This, along with America's possession of the atomic bomb, meant it had to play a large role in world affairs. The Cold War began as tensions rose between the US and USSR over issues like the fate of Eastern Europe. The US responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain the spread of communism and rebuild Western Europe.
The Cold War developed between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II and lasted until the late 1980s. It began due to tensions over differing ideologies of capitalism and communism. The relationship fluctuated between periods of confrontation and détente, with tensions heightened during times like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interpretations differ on who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
1. "Communism Spreads to China as Nationalists Lose Civil War"
- Mao Zedong and the Communists take control of mainland China, forcing the Nationalists to flee to Taiwan
- Containment fails as communism expands its influence in Asia
2. "UN Forces Engage North Korea as Cold War's First Military Challenge"
- The Korean War becomes a stalemate with the border remaining divided at the 38th parallel
- Doubts emerge about the effectiveness of containment as a foreign policy strategy
3. "McCarthy Launches Anticommunist Witch Hunts, Sparking Civil Liberties
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies from 1945 to 1991. This period saw an arms race, proxy wars, and the establishment of military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev led to openness and democracy in the Soviet Union, eventually causing its collapse and the end of the Cold War.
The document discusses key events and concepts related to the Cold War, including:
1) The emergence of the US and USSR as rival superpowers following World War 2 led to ideological and geopolitical tensions between capitalism and communism.
2) This resulted in an arms race, proxy wars, and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
3) Major flashpoints and events that heightened Cold War tensions included the Berlin Blockade, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War.
The document discusses the origins and development of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. It explains that the Cold War emerged due to competing ideologies between capitalism and communism, feelings of mistrust between the former allies, and the breakdown of wartime alliances once their common enemy of Nazi Germany was defeated. During the Cold War period, Europe was divided between Western countries aligned with the US and Eastern countries dominated by the Soviet Union. The global tensions of the Cold War also impacted countries in other regions as the superpowers exported their competing ideologies.
The Relationship between the USA and China/North Vietnam/USSR, in light of th...Oleg Nekrassovski
1. The document discusses the relationship between the US and China, North Vietnam, and the USSR in the context of the escalating Vietnam War in 1964-1965. It provides historical background on the origins of the Cold War and tensions between the US and Soviet Union.
2. As the Vietnam War escalated, the US was determined to stop the spread of communism while the USSR backed North Vietnam and China. This divided the two superpowers further and inflamed Cold War tensions.
3. The document traces the rise of communism in China and Vietnam and how this threatened US interests and stoked fears of further communist expansion, pulling the US deeper into the Vietnam conflict.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II. Some of the long-term causes included Western hostility towards communism and American fears of communism. Short-term causes included tensions over aid to the USSR during WWII and broken promises over sovereignty in Eastern Europe. This led to a climate of mistrust and competition as the two superpowers supported opposing political ideologies, with conflicts emerging in divided Germany, Korea, and Cuba throughout the late 1940s to early 1960s.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947. Content: assistance to democratic nations, Truman doctrine, supporting Greece, aid for Greece and Turkey, strategic importance, against Soviet totalitarianism.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and its allies on one side and the United States and its allies on the other following World War II. This ideological conflict between communism and capitalism was expressed through military coalitions, arms races, proxy wars and espionage. Key events included the Berlin Blockade, the Space Race, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two sides close to nuclear war. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic and political pressures.
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The Cold War was a period of tension between the US and USSR from 1945-1991. It was characterized by mutual suspicion and hostility as both countries had nuclear weapons. While direct conflict was avoided, they came close to war on occasions due to interfering in other countries' affairs during events like the Korean War and Cuban Missile Crisis. The origins of the Cold War began with disagreements over Eastern Europe and mistrust growing between Stalin and Truman. Containment became the US policy to prevent the spread of communism.
The document summarizes the Berlin Blockade and Airlift that occurred in 1948. It describes how the Soviets cut off access by road and rail to West Berlin in response to the western allies introducing a new currency. In response, the US initiated an massive airlift to supply West Berlin by plane. Over 15 months, planes delivered necessities to the city's 2.5 million residents every 2 minutes. This airlift showed Soviet attempts to isolate West Berlin would not work, and they eventually backed down and lifted the blockade. The blockade and airlift demonstrated the need for a unified western military alliance, leading to the formation of NATO in 1949.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
This document provides an overview of the emergence of the Cold War following World War 2. It discusses the post-war global landscape and cooperation between the US, UK, and USSR, but also growing tensions like Stalin's claims of inevitable conflict. Key events that exacerbated confrontation included the Truman Doctrine and the consolidation of opposing Western and Eastern blocs, like the Marshall Plan, NATO, and Soviet control over Eastern Europe. There is ongoing debate around who or what caused the Cold War, with arguments on both sides.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1990. It arose due to ideological and geopolitical differences between capitalist democracy and communist totalitarianism. Key events that deepened tensions included Stalin breaking promises at Yalta, the Truman Doctrine providing aid to stop the spread of communism, the Marshall Plan rebuilding Western Europe, and the formation of opposing military alliances NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Throughout the 1950s both sides engaged in nuclear weapons development and espionage while also pursuing policies of containment and deterrence.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST REVISIONISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over post revisionists and post revisionism, views of John Lewis Gaddis, LaFeber, Leffler, Trachtenberg, Accuf.
The Vietnam War began as American involvement to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. The U.S. supported South Vietnam against North Vietnam and communist Viet Cong forces. Despite massive U.S. bombing and troop escalation, North Vietnam launched the surprise Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening U.S. public support for the war. Growing anti-war sentiment led to large protests and influenced Lyndon Johnson's decision not to seek re-election. Richard Nixon took office promising to end the war but secretly expanded bombing of Cambodia and Laos. After years of fighting and over 58,000 U.S. deaths, the U.S. withdrew from Vietnam in 1973 following a ceasefire agreement. North Vietnam reunited
Truman faced many domestic and foreign policy challenges during his presidency including fear of communism at home and abroad, a divided Democratic party, and Republican control of Congress. Internationally, the Cold War intensified as the Soviet Union expanded its influence over Eastern Europe and China became communist. Truman responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine to contain communism, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and the establishment of NATO to counter the Soviet military threat. At home, Truman pushed for civil rights reforms and his Fair Deal social programs, but met resistance from Republicans and Southern Democrats.
Here are some possible past exam questions related to factors that influenced US foreign policy in Vietnam:
- Analyze how public opinion in the US influenced decision-making regarding the Vietnam War between 1964-1968. (2012)
- "The military-industrial complex was the main driving force behind continued US escalation in Vietnam." Critically evaluate this view. (2015)
- To what extent did geopolitical concerns, such as the domino theory, shape John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's policies towards Vietnam in the period 1961-1968? (2017)
- Compare and contrast the influence of the Pentagon and the State Department on US foreign policy decision-making regarding Vietnam under the presidencies
The document summarizes the emergence of the USA as a "superpower" after World War 2. It describes how American industry and agriculture prospered during the war while the country saw no fighting at home. This, along with America's possession of the atomic bomb, meant it had to play a large role in world affairs. The Cold War began as tensions rose between the US and USSR over issues like the fate of Eastern Europe. The US responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain the spread of communism and rebuild Western Europe.
The Cold War developed between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II and lasted until the late 1980s. It began due to tensions over differing ideologies of capitalism and communism. The relationship fluctuated between periods of confrontation and détente, with tensions heightened during times like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interpretations differ on who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
1. "Communism Spreads to China as Nationalists Lose Civil War"
- Mao Zedong and the Communists take control of mainland China, forcing the Nationalists to flee to Taiwan
- Containment fails as communism expands its influence in Asia
2. "UN Forces Engage North Korea as Cold War's First Military Challenge"
- The Korean War becomes a stalemate with the border remaining divided at the 38th parallel
- Doubts emerge about the effectiveness of containment as a foreign policy strategy
3. "McCarthy Launches Anticommunist Witch Hunts, Sparking Civil Liberties
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies from 1945 to 1991. This period saw an arms race, proxy wars, and the establishment of military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev led to openness and democracy in the Soviet Union, eventually causing its collapse and the end of the Cold War.
The document discusses key events and concepts related to the Cold War, including:
1) The emergence of the US and USSR as rival superpowers following World War 2 led to ideological and geopolitical tensions between capitalism and communism.
2) This resulted in an arms race, proxy wars, and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
3) Major flashpoints and events that heightened Cold War tensions included the Berlin Blockade, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War.
The document discusses the origins and development of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. It explains that the Cold War emerged due to competing ideologies between capitalism and communism, feelings of mistrust between the former allies, and the breakdown of wartime alliances once their common enemy of Nazi Germany was defeated. During the Cold War period, Europe was divided between Western countries aligned with the US and Eastern countries dominated by the Soviet Union. The global tensions of the Cold War also impacted countries in other regions as the superpowers exported their competing ideologies.
The Relationship between the USA and China/North Vietnam/USSR, in light of th...Oleg Nekrassovski
1. The document discusses the relationship between the US and China, North Vietnam, and the USSR in the context of the escalating Vietnam War in 1964-1965. It provides historical background on the origins of the Cold War and tensions between the US and Soviet Union.
2. As the Vietnam War escalated, the US was determined to stop the spread of communism while the USSR backed North Vietnam and China. This divided the two superpowers further and inflamed Cold War tensions.
3. The document traces the rise of communism in China and Vietnam and how this threatened US interests and stoked fears of further communist expansion, pulling the US deeper into the Vietnam conflict.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II. Some of the long-term causes included Western hostility towards communism and American fears of communism. Short-term causes included tensions over aid to the USSR during WWII and broken promises over sovereignty in Eastern Europe. This led to a climate of mistrust and competition as the two superpowers supported opposing political ideologies, with conflicts emerging in divided Germany, Korea, and Cuba throughout the late 1940s to early 1960s.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947. Content: assistance to democratic nations, Truman doctrine, supporting Greece, aid for Greece and Turkey, strategic importance, against Soviet totalitarianism.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and its allies on one side and the United States and its allies on the other following World War II. This ideological conflict between communism and capitalism was expressed through military coalitions, arms races, proxy wars and espionage. Key events included the Berlin Blockade, the Space Race, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two sides close to nuclear war. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic and political pressures.
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The Cold War was a period of tension between the US and USSR from 1945-1991. It was characterized by mutual suspicion and hostility as both countries had nuclear weapons. While direct conflict was avoided, they came close to war on occasions due to interfering in other countries' affairs during events like the Korean War and Cuban Missile Crisis. The origins of the Cold War began with disagreements over Eastern Europe and mistrust growing between Stalin and Truman. Containment became the US policy to prevent the spread of communism.
The document summarizes the Berlin Blockade and Airlift that occurred in 1948. It describes how the Soviets cut off access by road and rail to West Berlin in response to the western allies introducing a new currency. In response, the US initiated an massive airlift to supply West Berlin by plane. Over 15 months, planes delivered necessities to the city's 2.5 million residents every 2 minutes. This airlift showed Soviet attempts to isolate West Berlin would not work, and they eventually backed down and lifted the blockade. The blockade and airlift demonstrated the need for a unified western military alliance, leading to the formation of NATO in 1949.
The Marshall Plan was a US program to provide economic and technical assistance to help rebuild European economies devastated by World War II. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed allocating $13 billion in aid to 16 European countries between 1947-1951 to restore infrastructure and prevent the spread of communism. While most Western European countries participated, the Soviet Union refused aid and prohibited Eastern Bloc countries from accepting it, seeing the plan as a threat to Soviet control. The Marshall Plan was largely successful, contributing to economic growth and recovery across much of Western Europe.
El Plan Marshall fue un programa de ayuda económica estadounidense para la reconstrucción de Europa después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. George C. Marshall propuso el plan para ayudar a los países europeos devastados y prevenir la expansión del comunismo. El plan recibió fondos de $17 mil millones y ayudó a reconstruir la infraestructura y economías de países como el Reino Unido, Francia y Alemania Occidental. El Plan Marshall fue exitoso y llevó a un período de rápido crecimiento económico en Europa Occidental.
Germany surrendered in 1945 and was divided and occupied by the Allies. The Potsdam Conference established this division and began de-Nazification efforts. Europe was largely bankrupt after the war while the US and USSR emerged as new superpowers. The Soviets wanted to rebuild the German economy to their benefit while the Americans prioritized self-determination, leading to the origins of the Cold War between them. Japan also surrendered in 1945 after atomic bombs were dropped and was remade under US occupation with a new constitution and demilitarization. These postwar changes established the foundations for the ensuing global Cold War conflict between capitalist and communist ideologies.
This document provides an overview of the Cold War between the US and USSR from 1945-1990. It discusses the ideological differences that caused tensions, key events and conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and nuclear weapons treaties that were attempted to reduce tensions. Major figures and their policies on both sides are examined, like Stalin, Truman, Khrushchev, and Reagan. The document also outlines the formation of military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and goals of both superpowers during the post-WWII era.
The Cold War began after World War 2 and lasted from 1945-1991. It was characterized by tensions between NATO countries led by the US and Warsaw Pact countries led by the Soviet Union. Key events included the formation of NATO in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955, the Berlin Blockade from 1948-1949, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, and the building and fall of the Berlin Wall from 1961-1989. The space race between the US and USSR further demonstrated the technological and ideological competition between the two superpowers. The Cold War ended in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the Soviet Union collapsed and communist governments in Eastern Europe were replaced.
After World War 2, tensions rose between the capitalist United States and communist Soviet Union as they emerged as the two dominant superpowers. They engaged in a Cold War characterized by espionage, proxy wars, and an arms race as each sought to spread their influence and contain the other. Key events included the Berlin Airlift, Cuban Missile Crisis, and space race, though the two sides never directly fought each other.
The document summarizes key events in the deterioration of relations between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II, leading to the Cold War. It discusses the Yalta and Potsdam conferences in 1945 where borders and occupation zones were decided. It also mentions the development of nuclear weapons by the US and Soviet Union, the Truman Doctrine providing aid to countries resisting communism, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe's economies, and the Berlin Blockade and airlift. The document also summarizes McCarthyism in the US and the stalemated Korean War as further escalating Cold War tensions.
Origins of the Cold War - Yalta Conference, Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Blockade & Airlift, China, NATO http://curriculumglobal.blogspot.com
The document is a compilation of PowerPoint presentations about the Cold War created by students Fatima Al Mansoori and Sara Al Jassmi. It provides an overview of key events and crises during the Cold War, including the Truman Doctrine, the Berlin Blockade, the building of the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War was a state of political and military tension between the Western world led by the U.S. and the communist world led by the Soviet Union that lasted from 1946 to 1991 without direct military conflict between the two sides.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947-1991. It involved ideological and military competition between capitalism and communism. Key events that heightened tensions included the Berlin Blockade, establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The space race and arms race further demonstrated the technological and military supremacy between the two superpowers. Growing economic troubles in the Soviet Union and diplomatic negotiations between Reagan and Gorbachev contributed to the decline of communist rule and end of the Cold War.
1. The document provides context and sources about the origins of the Cold War between 1945-1947. It examines ideological, historical, and strategic differences between the capitalist West and communist USSR that contributed to rising tensions after World War 2.
2. The sources show that at the Yalta Conference in 1945, Stalin promised free elections in Poland but then failed to follow through, installing a communist government instead in a move that alarmed Churchill and the new US President Truman.
3. By the Potsdam Conference, Truman took a tougher stance against the USSR, reflecting his frustration over Soviet control of Eastern Europe and emboldened by the US successful testing of the atomic bomb. However, Stalin viewed Soviet influence in
1) In late 1946, the Soviets tried to gain control of territory in Turkey to access warm water ports, threatening to take control of the region.
2) Truman responded by establishing the Truman Doctrine to contain the spread of communism and provide economic aid to Turkey and Greece.
3) In 1948, the Soviets blockaded West Berlin by land and sea, cutting off supplies, in response to the Allies merging their zones in Germany into West Germany.
4) The United States led an massive Berlin Airlift to fly in supplies over 277,000 flights, breaking the blockade and demonstrating their commitment to West Berlin.
The Cold War began in 1945 after WWII ended and the US and USSR emerged as the two dominant superpowers with opposing ideologies. Stalin expanded Soviet control over Eastern Europe against agreements at Yalta, alarming the US. The US responded with the Truman Doctrine of containment to limit Soviet expansion. Strategies of Soviet expansionism and US containment increased tensions and hostility, marking the start of the Cold War between the two rivals competing to spread their influence globally through the late 20th century.
The Cold War was an ideological struggle between Soviet and Eastern Bloc nations led by the USSR on one side, and the US and Western democracies on the other. Both sides aimed to spread their influence globally, with the USSR seeking to spread communism and the US pursuing a policy of containment to limit communism's expansion. This conflict manifested through espionage activities between the CIA and KGB, an arms race including nuclear weapons development, and competition for influence in the developing world between democratic capitalism and communist command economies. The division of Europe along ideological lines through the Iron Curtain and establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact characterized the bi-polar nature of global power dynamics during this period.
The wartime alliance between the US and USSR broke down following World War 2, as their ideological differences emerged without a common enemy. Both sides pursued their own strategic interests in postwar Europe, with the USSR seeking a buffer of friendly states and the US wanting to contain Soviet influence. This tension was exacerbated by lingering distrust from past conflicts and each country backing opposing factions in newly liberated nations, dividing Europe between Western and Soviet spheres of influence. While the Yalta and Potsdam conferences aimed to establish peace, disagreements over reparations, occupation policies, and governance of Eastern Europe marked the beginning of the Cold War between the two emerging superpowers.
The document discusses post-World War II economic anxieties in the United States. It describes how the GI Bill helped veterans reintegrate into civilian life and boosted the economy. It also discusses how the Truman administration took steps like the Employment Act of 1946 and VA loans to prevent another Great Depression. The economy remained shaky in the initial postwar years but then experienced unprecedented growth from the 1950s to 1970s, fueled by factors like defense spending, shifts in the workforce, and increased consumerism.
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Cold War between 1945-1991. It discusses the Yalta and Potsdam conferences where the Allied powers discussed the post-war settlement. It also covers the division of Germany and Berlin, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin Blockade, the Red Scare led by Senator McCarthy, and Truman's policy of containment in response to the Soviet Union.
The document provides an overview of major events and developments during the Cold War era in the United States from 1945 to the late 1980s. It discusses the emergence of the Cold War rivalry with the Soviet Union, the spread of communism, conflicts like the Korean War and Vietnam War, civil rights movement, space race, and events that led to the fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: IRON CURTAIN. Content: Stalin Balshoi speech, the Long telegram, the Fulton speech, historian opinion, suspicions after the speech, different beliefs, aims, resentments, events, Russia's salami tactics, cartoon.
The Cold War was a decades-long geopolitical struggle between the US and USSR that began after WWII. Key events included the division of Germany and Berlin, formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and Warsaw Pact, arms and space races, proxy wars, and periods of heightened tensions like the Cuban Missile Crisis that brought the world close to nuclear war. Attempts at détente saw some arms control agreements in later decades but the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 interrupted the thaw in relations.
A revision presentation covering the Cold War topic for GCSE History on the AQA B course. Brief notes on each area of the Cold War needed. Hope this helps :)
The document provides an overview of the major topics that will be covered in a session on Stalin's USSR from 1928-1939. The topics include: 1) The debate over socialism in one country; 2) Stalin's five-year plans and rapid industrialization; 3) The collectivization of agriculture, which led to widespread famine; 4) Kirov's assassination and the show trials that followed; and 5) The Great Terror period of mass executions and imprisonments under Stalin's regime.
The Cold War was caused by ideological differences and mutual distrust between the U.S. and USSR after WWII. They engaged in an arms race and space race to prove the superiority of their political and economic systems. Key events that increased tensions included the USSR developing nuclear weapons, the Berlin Wall dividing Germany, and the Cuban Missile Crisis bringing the world close to nuclear war.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1990. It involved ideological and strategic struggles over democracy vs communism and capitalism vs socialism. Though allies in WWII, the US and USSR had differing goals for postwar Europe that increased tensions. This led to an arms race, space race, and proxy wars as the two superpowers competed for global influence and tried to contain the spread of the other's ideology through policies like the Truman and Eisenhower Doctrines. Events like the Berlin Blockade, U-2 incident, and failed Bay of Pigs invasion heightened Cold War tensions.
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
The introduction to this twenty-two part series on nineteenth century Europe, 1815-1914. It also describes the college textbook which I have chosen to illustrate and annotate.
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
Beginning with the Vienna settlement, 1814-15, we follow the efforts of the Concert of Europe to preserve the peace and prevent revolutionary disturbances.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromiseJim Powers
This document provides an overview of economic and social conditions in Great Britain following the Napoleonic Wars from 1815 to 1848. It describes the postwar economic depression, the enclosure movement that displaced many rural workers, rising social unrest and violence between 1815-1819 due to high unemployment and poverty. It also discusses the conservative government under Lord Liverpool that took a repressive approach to dealing with unrest rather than reform, and moderate reformers like William Cobbett who advocated for making parliament more representative through legal means.
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General ObservationsJim Powers
Between 1850-1871, industrial production in Europe saw unprecedented growth. The application of machinery to coal mining doubled French coal production and tripled Germany's in ten years. This drove growth in metallurgy, with the introduction of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes doubling European iron and steel production by 1860. Transportation was also revolutionized through new technologies like screw propellers and compound engines, as well as infrastructure projects like the Suez Canal. Overall, this period saw Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and rapid economic expansion.
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean warJim Powers
The document summarizes the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the causes of the Crimean War in the 19th century. It discusses how the revolutions of 1848 weakened the Concert by introducing a new generation of statesmen who were less inclined to restraint and compromise in diplomacy. The Crimean War was briefly fought from 1853 to 1856 between Russia on one side, and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia on the other. The war resulted from Russia's ambitions to gain territories from the declining Ottoman Empire, and was one of the final conflicts of the Concert system of international relations established after the Napoleonic Wars.
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
Now we look at the question which had faced Germans since the great upheaval of 1848, should Germany be unified with or without the Austrian Empire. It will be decided in the Seven Weeks War.
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871Jim Powers
We conclude Part Two of this mid-century survey with Great Britain from Palmerston to Gladstone, Russia under Alexander II, and the showdown between France and Germany.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic Jim Powers
The French Republic from humiliating defeat, the Paris Commune, and the end of royalism to republican success and three crises, to the coming of the Great War.
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second ReichJim Powers
The document discusses the political structure and development of Germany from 1871 to 1914. It describes how Germany under Bismarck and Wilhelm II had a pseudo-constitutional system where parliamentary processes existed but real power was held by unelected authorities. Under Bismarck from 1871-1890, political parties emerged but had limited power. Wilhelm II's rule from 1890-1914 saw economic growth but a turn toward absolutism that failed to adapt to rising democratic ideals in Europe. This pseudo-constitutional system ultimately contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I.
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and TurkeyJim Powers
The document discusses political and social developments in Central and Southeast Europe from 1871-1914. It focuses on the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, describing the rise of nationalist parties in both the Austrian and Hungarian parts. It also examines the Balkan states of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and the declining Ottoman Empire's role in the Balkans. Key figures and events discussed include the Christian Social Party in Austria, Zionism founder Theodor Herzl, and tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan states that contributed to World War I.
The document discusses economic conditions in Imperial Russia between 1871-1914. It notes that while industry grew during this period, led by the textile and metallurgical industries supporting railway expansion, it did not grow enough to relieve pressure from agricultural overpopulation. Agriculture continued to struggle with low yields due to outdated practices, lack of credit, and the continuation of the commune system. Efforts at reform were sporadic and aimed more at relieving misery temporarily rather than enacting fundamental change, for fear of alienating the landed classes. The condition of the peasantry continued to be one of deepening poverty.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
vii Stalin's Cold War; 1945-1949
1. !!!" !#$%&'$
Stalin’s SSSR
session vii-Cold War; 1945-1949
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
2. !!!" !#$%&'$
Stalin’s SSSR
session vii-Cold War; 1945-1949
Image Reality
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
3. this session’s major topics
• Introduction; the Bomb
• Falling Apart
• Occupation
• Internal Issues
• Stalin and the Enemies
• Cold, or Hot!
• Conclusion; the Soviet Bomb
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
7. Alperovitz’s thesis & its aftermath
• 1965-Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima & Potsdam:the use
of the atomic bomb and the American confrontation with
Soviet power
• Gar Alperovitz (1936-) a revisionist historian, contributor
to the NY Times, Mother Jones &c.
• beginning in the ‘60s his “blame the U.S.” interpretation
began winning undergrads’ “hearts and minds”
• 1995-The Smithsonian decides to do a 50th anniversary
Enola Gay exhibit. Veterans outraged by early reports.
Huge brou-ha-ha! Exhibit killed.
• 2007- Sir Max Hastings, Retribution
1996
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
8. falling apart
Gromyko
Byrnes
Molotov
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
9. falling apart
Gromyko
Byrnes
Molotov
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
11. ...on 24 July, two monumental moments symbolized the imminent end of the
Grand Alliance. First Churchill attacked Stalin for closing off Eastern Europe,
citing the problems of the British mission in Bucharest: “An iron fence has
come down around them,” he said, trying out the phrase that would become
“the iron curtain.”
“Fairy tales!” snapped Stalin. The meeting ended at 7:30 p.m. Stalin headed
out of the room but Truman seemed to hurry after him...approached the
Generalissimo “as if by chance,” in Stalin’s words.
“The U.S.A.,” said Truman, “tested a new bomb of extraordinary destructive
power.”
Pavlov [Stalin’s interpreter] watched Stalin closely: “no muscle moved in his
face.” He simply said he was glad to hear of it….
Montefiore, p. 499
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
12. Potsdam ended with an affable but increasingly chilly impasse: Stalin
possessed Eastern Europe but Truman had the Bomb. Before he left on 2
August, he realized the Bomb would require a colossal effort and his most
dynamic manager. He removed Molotov and commissioned Beria to create
the Soviet Bomb. Sergo Beria noticed his father “making notes on a sheet of
paper...organizing the future commission and selecting its members.” Beria
included Malenkov and others on the list.
“What need have you to include these people?” Sergo asked Beria.
“I prefer that they should belong. If they stay outside they’ll put spokes in the
wheels.” It was the climax of Beria’s career.
Montefiore, p. 501
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
14. The Allies lurched into the Cold War. Truman and Stalin spoke fractiously
about each other. Each felt empowered by military victory to enhance his
state’s influence in the world and to ensure that his rival--whether in
Washington or in Moscow--did not get away with anything.
Service, p. 503
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
15. the end of Lend-Lease
• 12 May 1945-the formal end of Lend-Lease
(announced 17 April)
• a “milepost” agreement continued deliveries
for the duration of the war with Japan
• 8 August-USSR becomes a belligerent with
Japan
• 20 Sept-all Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union
was terminated
• Stalin demanded reparations in large part
because he knew the US was stopping aid
Monument in Fairbanks AK commemorating
a lesser-known supply route
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
16. Molotov’s Chance
• April 1946-he visited New York, Washington and San Francisco in connection
with the opening of the United Nations Organization
• in an unpleasant meeting Truman confronted him on Soviet perfidy in Poland
• Sept-in London for the Council of Foreign Ministers, Molotov pressed Stalin’s
request that Libya become a Soviet protectorate
• his lack of success and appearing to be “too soft” led Stalin to drop the idea of
him as a possible successor
• there would be no more “ty” or “Koba,” from now on it would be “vy” and
“Comrade Stalin”
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
18. War-blasted Western Europe, further scourged by the icy winter of
1946-1947, was not making the necessary economic recovery. Local
Communist groups were deliberately sabotaging progress by strikes and
other incendiary tactics. If the chaos that was so favorable to communism
should develop, the Communists would probably seize control of Italy and
France. All Western Europe would then fall into their grip, and Moscow’s
influence would sweep to the English Channel.
Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People, p.799
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
20. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended
across the Continent…
5 March 1946
Winston Churchill
Fulton Missouri
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
21. civil war in Greece; 1946-1948
• during Nazi occupation there was both a
Communist and Royalist resistance
• 1946-British influence helped the
Royalists to win the election and repress
the communist partisans
• but Britain was too financially weak to
finance the Greek government in resisting
the subsequent Communist rebellion,
aided by Tito, Albania and Bulgaria Democratic forces training with US aid
• Dec 1946-Churchill asks Truman to take Britain’s place in halting Communist aggression
• Truman develops the policy which came to be known as the Truman Doctrine
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
22. the Truman Doctrine
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to
support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by
armed minorities or by outside pressures.
Harry S. Truman
speech to a joint session of
Congress
12 March 1947
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
23. the Marshall Plan--”The most unsordid act in history”- Churchill
The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of
products is based is in danger of breaking down. . . . Aside from the
demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances
arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the
consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all.
It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist
in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can
be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is not directed
against any country, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Any
government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on
the part of the U.S.A. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy
in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in
which free institutions can exist.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall
speech to the Harvard graduates
5 June 1947
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
24. the Marshall Plan--”The most unsordid act in history”- Churchill
The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of
products is based is in danger of breaking down. . . . Aside from the
demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances
arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the
consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all.
It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist
in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can
be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is not directed
against any country, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Any
government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on
the part of the U.S.A. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy
in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in
which free institutions can exist.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall
speech to the Harvard graduates
5 June 1947
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
25. Why Stalin Rejected Marshall Aid--An Insider's Statement
In a recent interview Vladimir Yerofeyev, who served in the Soviet Foreign Ministry after the war, described
Russia's reaction to the Marshall Plan:
Of course it was taken very seriously. I should say that there were conflicting feelings. On the one hand, there was a
willingness to agree to discuss the question; that was Molotov's stance. He even wrote a note to the Central Committee
arguing that it was necessary to start negotiations; he understood that the Soviet Union needed help. In his reply he noted
that reconstruction was everyone's main aim, and the United States's offer of help should be welcomed. His reaction to the
Marshall Plan was positive.
"Stalin, with his suspicious nature, didn't like it: 'This is a ploy by Truman. It is nothing like Lend-Lease - a different
situation. They don't want to help us. What they want is to infiltrate European countries.'
"But Molotov insisted on his view, and Stalin said, go. So Molotov went to the Paris conference in 1946 [sic--must mean
1947]. He listened to all the proposals. He understood that it was not simple; the aid had strings attached.
"... Stalin became even more suspicious and moved to stop the countries friendly to us taking part. Yugoslavia and
Poland agreed. Finland too. Finland had not signed a peace treaty [with the USSR] and didn't want to risk jeopardizing
that, so it pulled back from taking part - very sharply.
"The Czechs undertook to take part in the conference, so Stalin summoned Gottwald and Masaryk, the foreign minister, to
Moscow. Very severe pressure was put on them: if by 4 AM on the twelfth - the day the conference started - they had gone
there, they would face the consequences.
"They understood what it meant. So at the last moment they were prevented. Nine countries refused to take part in the
conference. Sixteen agreed. The Soviet Union and the socialist-oriented countries stayed away. So did Finland. ..
"The US never really wanted the Soviet Union and its satellites to benefit from Marshall aid. They made no further effort
to persuade them to take part."
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
26. X article--Foreign Affairs magazine (July 1947)
• 1944-Kennan posted to the Moscow Embassy
• Feb 1946-Treasury asked him why the Reds weren’t
supporting World Bank and IMF. His answer: the
Long Telegram
• while Soviet power was impervious to the logic of reason, it was
highly sensitive to the logic of force.
• July 1946-Truman requests a top secret policy report
for dealing with Soviet push-back
• Jan 1947-DoD gets its version
• July 1947- the “Mr X Article” appears
George F. Kennan
1947
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
27. the policy of containment
The whole “Mr X” article, available on line, is the foundation document for our long and
ultimately successful Cold War strategy. Below is the essence, quoted from section iii:
In the light of the above, it will be clearly seen that the Soviet pressure against the free institutions
of the western world is something that can be contained [emphasis added, JBP] by the adroit and
vigilant application of counter-force at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political
points, corresponding to the shifts and maneuvers of Soviet policy, but which cannot be charmed or
talked out of existence. The Russians look forward to a duel of infinite duration, and they see that
already they have scored great successes.
The article was greatly talked about and it soon emerged that its author was none other that
Kennan. With this, the policy of containment achieved semi-official status.
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
30. 1943-dissolution of the Comintern
[Stalin] claimed to have concluded that it had been a mistake to try...to run the
world communist movement from a single centre….the result had been that
communist parties had been accused by their enemies of being directed by the
Kremlin. Stalin wanted them to be able to appeal to their respective parties without
this albatross round their necks.
It hardly needs to be stressed that Stalin was being disingenuous. He had not the
slightest intention of releasing his grip on foreign communist parties….
Stalin and his advisors were making plans for Europe after the war….Stalin
wanted to build up support for communist parties in eastern and east-central
Europe. The parties themselves were frail….Stalin knew that their communists
were regarded as agents of Moscow. It was vital for them and him to pretend that
they were not Moscow’s stooges.
Service, pp. 444-445
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
32. the Iron Curtain descends
• 1946-in the countries assigned at Yalta for Soviet dominance one Communist
regime was established after another. In free elections the Czech Communists
won 38%, the Hungarians 22%. In the others elections were rigged.
• 1947-the “free election” promised Poland was finally held. It yielded 90%
Communist delegates. The US ambassador reported that if it had been truly
free, the results would have been 60% anti-Communist
• US protests at the UN and in public forums were ignored or answered with
belligerent counter-charges
• 1947-the mood in Czechoslovakia was turning decidedly anti-Communist so
they faced the overthrow of their coalition government in the next year’s
election
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
33. the Czech Communist Party--Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ)
• May 1921-founded at a congress of the
Czech Social-Democratic Party (Left)
• 1928-the second largest party in the
Comintern with an estimated
membership of 138,000
• after the Nazi takeover and during WW II
the leadership took refuge in the USSR
and made plans for the post-war
takeover
• 1945-1948--the KSČ was the largest
party in a National Front coalition
government under President Eduard
Bene!
Poster for the KSČ 8th Party Congress in 1946
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
34. the Czech Communist Party--Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ)
• May 1921-founded at a congress of the
Czech Social-Democratic Party (Left)
• 1928-the second largest party in the
Comintern with an estimated
membership of 138,000
• after the Nazi takeover and during WW II
the leadership took refuge in the USSR
and made plans for the post-war
takeover
• 1945-1948--the KSČ was the largest
party in a National Front coalition
government under President Eduard
Bene!
Poster for the KSČ 8th Party Congress in 1946
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
35. Klement Gottwald--leader of the KSČ (1896-14 March 1953)
• first career, cabinetmaker
• 1921-one of the founders of the KSČ
• 1921-25-newspaper editor and party functionary in Slovakia
• 1925-member of the Central Committee
• 1929-1948-member of parliament, Secretary-General of the KSČ
as a young man
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
36. Klement Gottwald--leader of the KSČ (1896-14 March 1953)
• first career, cabinetmaker
• 1921-one of the founders of the KSČ
• 1921-25-newspaper editor and party functionary in Slovakia
• 1925-member of the Central Committee
• 1929-1948-member of parliament, Secretary-General of the KSČ
• 1935-1943-Secretary of the Comintern
• 1939-1945-one of the leaders of the communist resistance in
Moscow, Chairman of the KSČ
• 1945-1946 Vice Premier, 1946-1948-Prime Minister of the as a young man
Czechoslovakia, 1948-1953 President of Czechoslovakia
as a Stalinist Stooge
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
37. “Victorious February” (Czech: Vítězný únor, Slovak: Víťazný február)
• early Feb 1948-Communist Minister of the Interior, Vaslav Nosek illegally
attempted to purge the national police force of non-communists
• 12 Feb-the non-Communist ministers demanded reversal and punishment
• massive demonstrations organized by the KSČ were accompanied by a
mobilization of the Red Army on the Czech border
• 25 Feb-President Bene! capitulated and appointed a Communist-dominated
government under Gottwald’s leadership. The only important portfolio held by
a non-Communist was Foreign Affairs, Jan Masaryk
• the Communists moved quickly, thousands were fired, hundreds arrested, and
thousands fled the country
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
38. a troubling death
• born in Prague, son of professor and founder of
Czechoslovakia, Toma! Masaryk
• 1919-1922-chargé d'affaires for CZ to the USA
• 1925-ambassador to Britain
• 1938-after Munich, he resigned in protest
• 1939-became Foreign Minister of the
government-in exile
• 1945-48-served in the Gottwald government
Jan Masaryk
1886-10 March 1948
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
39. Cominform--Szklarska Por(ba, Poland; September 1947
• called to form a common front against the Marshall Plan for the
Communist parties, both East and West
• Soviet Premier Zhdanov was its chairman
• “It was the high point of [his] career and his greatest lasting achievement if it
can be called that.”--Montefiore
• the speech that divided Europe into “two camps”
• officially, only a propaganda forum, actually a full-blown
replacement for the Comintern. Stalin’s tool for coordinating
internationalist communist policy
• the initial seat of Cominform was in Belgrade
Andrei Zhdanov
1898-1948 • 1948-after the split with Tito, Cominform headquarters moved to
Bucharest Romania
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
41. SLOVENIA Kumrovec
CROATIA
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
42. SLOVENIA Kumrovec
CROATIA
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
43. SLOVENIA Kumrovec
CROATIA
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
44. Tito--”no stooge”
• 1900-1905-primary school
• 1907-machinist apprentice, 1910-joined union and Social-
Democratic Party
• 1915-fought on the Eastern Front, youngest Sergeant-Major
in the Austro-Hungarian Army, wounded,POW in Russia
• 1917-July Days, Red Guard, fought Whites
• 1918-Yugoslav Section of the RSDLP(b)
• Jan-Sept 1920-he and Russian wife made long and difficult
Josip Broz
1892-1980 journey home to newly created Yugoslavia
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
45. Tito--”no stooge”
• 1921-CPY declared illegal, Broz and the Party go underground
• 1925-worked as a machinist in a shipyard, led a strike, fired, various jobs
• 1928-Zagreb Branch Secretary of the CPY, arrested tried and jailed (1928-1933),
on release, lived incognito as “Walter” and “Tito”
• 1934-sent to Vienna where CC of the CPY took refuge, joined CC
• 1935-in Balkan section of the Comintern in Moscow. Member of Soviet CP and
NKVD!
• 1936-Comintern sent “Comrade Walter” back to Yugoslavia to purge the Party
• 1937-Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered in Moscow. Tito
was appointed to succeed him in the still-outlawed Party
Josip Broz
1892-1980
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
46. Tito
Edvard Kardelj
Milovan Djilas
Members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CK KPJ)
on the Dalmatian island of Vis during World War II.
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
47. ...Stalin now encountered his first real opposition for almost twenty years.
Marshall Tito was no vassal. His Partisans had fought valiantly against the
Germans and not depended on the Red Army to liberate them. Now the
Yugoslavs bitterly denounced Zhdanov’s dictatorial behavior at the Cominform
conference. When Stalin read this, he could not believe the impertinence of
it….
Stalin had agreed to leave Greece to the West….Tito disregarded his orders
and started to supply the Greek Communists. Stalin was determined to test
American resolve in Berlin, not in some obscure Balkan village. The final straw
was the planned Balkan federation agreed between Bulgaria’s Dimitrov and
Tito, without Stalin’s permission. As the row heated up, Tito sent his
comrades, Milovan Djilas and Edvard Kardelj, to negotiate with Stalin. At
grisly...dinners, Stalin, Zhdznov and Beria tried to overawe Yugoslavia with
Soviet supremacy. Djilas was fascinated but defiant. So, on 28 January
[1948], Pravda denounced [the] plan.
Montefiore, p. 575
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
48. On 10 February, Stalin summoned the Yugoslavs and Bulgarians to the Little
Corner to humiliate them, as if they were impudent Politburo members.
Instead of opposing the Bulgarian-Yugoslav plan, he proposed a collage of
little federations, linking countries that already hated each other, Stalin was
“glowering and doodling ceaselessly.”
“When I say no it means no!” said Stalin who instead proposed that
Yugoslavia swallow Albania, making gobbling gestures with his fingers and
gulping sounds with his lips. The scowling threesome--Stalin, Zhdanov and
Molotov-- only hardened Tito’s resistance.
Stalin and Molotov despatched an eight-paged letter implying that Tito was
guilty of that heinous sin--Trotskyism. “We think Trotsky’s political career is
sufficiently instructive,” they wrote ominously. But the Yugoslavs did not care.
On 12 April, they rejected the letter. Stalin decided to crush Tito.
“I’ll shake my little finger,” he ranted at Khrushchev, “and there’ll be no more
Tito!” But Tito proved a tougher nut than Trotsky or Bukharin.
Montefiore, pp. 575-576
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
49. postscript
...telling letters were supposedly found under a sheet of newspaper in Stalin’s
desk [after his death]….The first was Lenin’s letter of 1923 demanding that
Stalin apologize for his rudeness to his wife, Krupskaya. The second was
Bukharin’s last plea: “Koba, why do you need me to die?” The third was from
Tito in 1950. It was said to read: “Stop sending assassins to murder me...If
this doesn’t stop, I will send a man to Moscow and there’ll be no need to
send any more.”
Montefiore, p. 647 (n)
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
50. Beria Mikoyan
Internal issues
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
51. The exhausted Stalin gloomily leads Beria,
Beria Mikoyan
Malenkov Mikoyan and Malenkov through the Kremlin to
the Mausoleum for the 1946 May Day parade.
In this nest of vipers, they walked arm in arm,
but their friendships were masks: each was
ready to liquidate the others. Stalin now
loathed Beria and mocked Malenkov for being
Internal issues so fat he had lost his human appearance.
After Beria tormented the dapper Mikoyan at
Stalin’s dinners by hiding tomatoes in his well-
cut suits and squashing them, Mikoyan
started bringing a spare suit.
Montefiore
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
52. [Stalin] might easily have died in the first half of October 1945 [of a serious
heart attack]. The years were catching up with him. He had had patches of ill
health since the revolution, and the Second World War had levied a heavy
toll. At the age of sixty-six he was long past his physical prime. his cardiac
problem was kept a state secret and he took a two-month vacation; but this
had been nothing unusual for him in the inter-war years. Not even the
members of his entourage were initiated into the details of his condition--they
were simply left to surmise….Apart from his physician Vladimir Vinogradov,
no one had an inkling of the medical prognosis. Politburo members knew
they had to desist from any display of inquisitiveness.
Service, p. 491
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
53. The connection between internal and external policies was intimate. Ferocity
in the USSR had ramifications abroad. Equally important was the likelihood
that any expected deterioration in relations with the Western Allies would
induce him to reinforce repressive measures at home.
Stalin had deported several Caucasian nationalities to the wilds of
Kazakhstan in 1943-44. He had arrested the various elites of Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania when he reannexed those states in 1944; the victims were
either shot, thrown into the Gulag or dumped in Siberian settlements.
Dekulakization and declericalization were bloodily imposed and 142,000
citizens of these new Soviet republics were deported in 1945-1949. Stalin
set the security agencies to work catching anyone disloyal to himself and the
state. He put Soviet POWs through ‘filtration’ camps after their liberation
from German captivity. An astonishing 2,775,700 former soldiers in the Red
Army were subjected to interrogation upon repatriation, and about half of
them ended up in a labour camp.
Service, pp. 492-493
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
54. 1946
BERIA MALENKOV ABAKUMOV ZHDANOV
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
55. 1946
BERIA MALENKOV ABAKUMOV ZHDANOV
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
56. “...another colourful, swaggering torturer…”
Abakumov, tall with a heart-shaped, fleshy face, colourless
eyes, blue-black hair worn broussant, pouting lips and heavy
eyebrows, was another colourful, swaggering torturer, amoral
condottiere...who possessed all Beria’s sadism but less of his
intelligence. Abakumov unrolled a blood-stained carpet on his
office floor before embarking on the torture of his victims in
order not to stain his expensive Persian rugs….
Until Stalin swooped down to make him his own Chekist, Victor Abakumov
was a typical secret policeman who had won his spurs purging Rostov in 1938.
Born in 1908 to a Moscow worker, he was a bon viveur and womanizer. During the
war, he stashed his mistresses in the Moskva Hotel and imported trainloads of
plunder from Berlin. His splendid apartment had belonged to a soprano whom he
had arrested and he regularly used MGB safehouses for amorous assignations. He
loved jazz...until it was banned.
Montefiore, p. 538
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
57. “...a plump alcoholic with watery eyes…”
The reversal of fortunes of Beria and Malenkov marked the
resurrection of their enemy, Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin’s special
friend, that hearty, pretentious intellectual who after the stress of
Leningrad, was a plump alcoholic with watery eyes and a livid
complexion. Stalin openly talked about Zhdanov as his
successor. Meanwhile, Beria could hardly conceal his loathing for
Zhdanov’s pretensions: “He can just manage to play the piano
with two fingers…”
By February, 1946, with Stalin in semi-retirement, Zhdanov seemed to have
control of the Party as well as cultural and foreign policy matters, and to have
neutralized the [security, i.e., secret police] Organs and the military. Zhdanov was
hailed as the “second man in the Party, its “greatest worker,” and his staff
whispered about “our Crown Prince.” Stalin toyed with appointing him as General
Secretary.
Montefiore, pp. 539-540
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
58. Zhdanovshchina--cultural terror
• 18 April 1947-attacked poet Anna Akhmatova as “half-nun, half-harlot…”
• next to be denounced,film makers and musicians, notoriously, Shostakovich
• August 1947-Stalin ripped Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible, Part Two
• “Your tsar is indecisive--he resembles Hamlet. Tsar Ivan was a great wise
ruler…
• “Ivan the Terrible seems a hysteric in the Eisenstein version!”--Zhdanov
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
59. September 1947
Stalin continued to seethe about the inconvenience of his people starving, Hungry
Thirty-Three all over again.* First he tried to joke about it….Then, when even
Zhdanov reported the famine, Stalin blamed Khrushchev, his Ukrainian viceroy as
he had done in 1932: “They’re deceiving you…” Yet 282,000 people died in 1946,
520,000 in 1947. Finally he turned on the Supply maestro, Mikoyan. He ordered
Mekhlis to investigate: “Don’t trust Mikoyan...because his lack of honest character
has made Supply a den of thieves!”
Mikoyan was clever enough to apologize: “I saw so many mistakes in my work
and surely you see it all clearly,” he wrote to Stalin wit submissive irony. “Of course
neither I nor the rest of us can put the issue as squarely as you can. I will do my
best to study from you how to work as necessary. I’ll do everything to learn
lessons...so it will serve me well in my subsequent work under your fatherly
leadership.” Like Molotov, Mikoyan’s old intimacy with Stalin was over.
* Not only could Stalin not feed his civilians but his correspondence with Beria and Serov (in Germany) shows that the
Soviets were anxious that they could not feed their army in Germany, let alone the East Germans.
Montefiore, pp.556-557
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
60. Voznesensky Kuznetsov
Kaganovich
Zhdanov
Beria Malenkov
Molotov
The rivals gather
at Kalinin’s funeral, 1946
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
61. Mikoyan
Kuznetsov Molotov
Poskrebyshev
Summertime chez Stalin
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
63. Shlomye Mikhoels reads a
speech at the Jewish
Stalin and the Enemies Antifascist Committee founding
in sunnier days (1943)
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
64. Stalin’s anti-Semitism remained a mixture of old-fashioned prejudice, suspicion of
people without a land, and distrust, since his enemies were often Jewish. He was
so unabashed that he openly told Roosevelt at Yalta that the Jews were
“middlemen, profiteers and parasites.” But after 1945, there was a change: Stalin
emerged as a vicious and obsessional anti-Semite.
Always supremely political, this was partly a pragmatic judgement: it matched his
new Russian nationalism. The supremacy of America with its powerful Jewish
community made his own Jews, with their U.S. connections restored during the
war, appear a disloyal Fifth Column….he noticed the Holocaust had touched and
awakened Soviet Jewry even among the magnates [the Kremlin elites]. His new
anti-Semitism flowed from his own seething paranoia, exacerbated when Fate
entangled the Jews in his family.
Montefiore, p. 547
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
65. for another view
The aspect of Stalin’s thought that has captured the greatest attention...is his
attitude toward the Jews. No irrefutable evidence of anti-semitism is available in
his published works….indeed his People’s Commissariat for Nationalities’ Affairs
gave money and facilities to groups promoting the interests of Jews. Yet...his
supporters highlighted anti-semitic themes in the struggle against Trotski,
Kamenev and Zinoviev…. Within his family he had opposed his daughter’s
dalliance with the Jewish film-maker Alexei Kapler.
His campaign against ‘rootless cosmopolitanism’ cannot be automatically
attributed to hatred of Jews as Jews….Campaigns against cosmopolitanism
started up when relations between the Soviet Union and the USA drastically
worsened in 1947….A warm reception was accorded by twenty thousand Jews to
Golda Meir at a Moscow synagogue in September 1948….This infuriated Stalin
who started to regard Jewish people as subversive elements. Yet his motives were
Realpolitik rather than visceral prejudice even though in these last years some of
his private statements and public actions were undeniably reminiscent of crude
antagonism towards Jews.
Service, pp. 567-568
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
66. Golda Meir, Israel, & Soviet Jewry
• 1898-born Golda Mabovich in Kiev
• 1906-1921--emigrated to Milwaukee to escape the tsarist
pogroms. Became a Labor Zionist and Socialist
Golda in 1914
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
67. Golda Meir, Israel, & Soviet Jewry
• 1898-born Golda Mabovich in Kiev
• 1906-1921--emigrated to Milwaukee to escape the tsarist
pogroms. Became a Labor Zionist and Socialist
• 1921--Aliyah to Palestine-married, lived on a kibbutz,
moved to Tel Aviv, active in politics
• 1948-one of 24 signers (2 women) of Israel’s Declaration of
Independence
• 1948-49-Israel’s first ambassador to Moscow, “mobbed by
thousands of Jews chanting her name” at the Moscow
synagogue. Polina Molotova: Ikh bin a yidishe tokhter
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
68. Golda Meir, Israel, & Soviet Jewry
• 1898-born Golda Mabovich in Kiev
• 1906-1921--emigrated to Milwaukee to escape the tsarist
pogroms. Became a Labor Zionist and Socialist
• 1921--Aliyah to Palestine-married, lived on a kibbutz,
moved to Tel Aviv, active in politics
• 1948-one of 24 signers (2 women) of Israel’s Declaration of
Independence
• 1948-49-Israel’s first ambassador to Moscow, “mobbed by
thousands of Jews chanting her name” at the Moscow
synagogue. Polina Molotova: Ikh bin a yidishe tokhter
• 1969-1974-Prime Minister
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
69. Solomon Mikhoels-- (1890-1948)
• born Shlomye Vovsi in Dvinsk (now Daugavpils,
Lithuania)
• 1918-left law school in St Petersburg to study with
the Jewish Theater Workshop
• 1920-Moscow, founder of the Jewish National
Theater
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
70. Solomon Mikhoels-- (1890-1948)
• born Shlomye Vovsi in Dvinsk (now Daugavpils,
Lithuania)
• 1918-left law school in St Petersburg to study with
the Jewish Theater Workshop
• 1920-Moscow, founder of the Jewish National
Theater
• 1942-at Stalin’s request, founded the Jewish
Antifascist Committee
Mikhoels as King Lear • 1948-bludgeoned to death in Minsk on Stalin’s
personal orders. Then his body was run over by a
truck and left by the roadside to look like a hit-and-
run
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
71. Polina Molotova
• Molotov’s Jewish wife had long been part of Stalin’s
inner circle
Polina and Vyacheslav Molotov (left) on a cosy
loving Black Sea holiday with the Stalins, late
1920s (?), in happier times
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
72. Polina Molotova
• Molotov’s Jewish wife had long been part of Stalin’s
inner circle
• 1939-Commissar of Fisheries, mistress of a perfume
empire, and candidate member of the "#
• Beria delivered evidence against her. He and Stalin
considered kidnapping and murdering her--Montefiore’s
Chap. 29,“The Murder of the Wives”
• “[Stalin] became interested in other men’s wives for
the unusual reason that they were possible spies
rather than mistresses”--Khrushchev
• 1948-before his “road accident,” Mikhoels
approached her for advice on how to mollify Stalin
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
73. the “heir’s” decline and fall
[Szklarska Poreba, the foundation of Cominform] was the high point of Zhdanov’s
career….It was appropriate that the meeting was held in a sanatorium, because,
by the end of it, “the Pianist” was collapsing from alcoholism and heart failure. He
may have triumphed over Molotov, Malenkov and Beria but he could not control
his own strength. Zhdanov, only fifty-one but exhausted, knew “he wasn’t strong
enough to bear the responsibility of succeeding Stalin. He never wanted power,”
asserts his son. He flew back to the seaside to recover near Stalin, where the two
called on each other, but then he suffered a heart attack.
Zhdanov’s illness created a vacuum that was keenly filled by Malenkov and Beria…
Zhdanov noticed their resurgence, telling his son:”A faction has been formed.”
Resting until December [1947], he was too weak to fight this battle.
Montefiore, pp. 569-570
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
74. the Lysenko Affair, 1948
• 10 April-Yury Zhdanov, age 28, head of the "# Science Department attacked
Stalin’s pet geneticist, Trofim Lysenko
• Stalin had backed Lysenko’s Marxist Leninist version of genetics and his
purging of the genetics establishment of genuine scientists
• Lysenko enlisted Malenkov and appealed to Stalin. Stalin reacted to the other
tensions of that time by turning on the Zhdanovs, father and son
• 10 June-with Andrei taking notes, Stalin humiliated both. Yury’s apology was
printed in Pravda
• Zhdanov senior’s health worsened
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
75. a “strange” death-Montefiore
• June 1948-back from the Bucharest conference which expelled Yugoslavia, Zhdanov
suffered “a cardiac crisis and a minor stroke resulting in breathing difficulties and
paralysis of the right side”
• 1 July-Stalin replaced him as Second Secretary with his nemesis Malenkov
• Stalin sent Zhdanov to a sanatorium and assigned his own doctors to him
• 23 July-after a shouting conversation on the phone, another heart attack
• 29 August-another severe attack. Stalin’s doctor Vinogradov disregarded Cardiologist
Timashuk and prescribed walking in the park-->another attack. Timashuk, an MGB
agent, wrote to the secret police. Stalin filed the letter and did nothing. It will reappear
• 31 August-”Stalin’s fallen favorite got out of bed to visit the lavatory and died of a
massive coronary
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
76. The death of Zhdanov, Stalin’s friend and favorite, here in open coffin
unleashes the vengeance of Beria and Malenkov against his faction.
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
77. was Zhdanov murdered?
Zhdanov may have been mistreated but the rumors of murder seem unlikely.
The Kremlevka was meant to be the finest Soviet hospital but was so ruled by
the fear of mistakes, scientific backwardness and political competition that
incompetent decisions were made by committees of frightened doctors….
Even in democracies, doctors try to cover up their mistakes. If Stalin had really
wanted to murder Zhdanov, it would not have taken five heart attacks but a
quick injection….
A year later, his old comrade Dimitrov, the Bulgarian Premier, died while being
treated by the same doctor. Walking in the Sochi garden with his Health
Minister, Stalin stopped admiring his roses and mused,”Isn’t it strange? One
doctor treated them and they both died.” He was already considering the
Doctor’s Plot but it would take him three years to return to Timashuk’s letters.
Montefiore, p. 580
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
79. Berliners watch a C-54 landing at Tempelhof
Cold or Hot!
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
80. German occupation
• 1946-saddled with heavy occupation costs,
the US & UK created “Bizonia,” an economic
agreement to make their zones more self-
sufficient
“The Russians got agriculture, the British,
industry, and we got the scenery” Gen’l Clay
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
81. German occupation BERLIN
• 1946-saddled with heavy occupation costs,
the US & UK created “Bizonia,” an economic
agreement to make their zones more self-
sufficient
• inevitably, the Soviets protested it as a
violation of the Potsdam Agreements
“The Russians got agriculture, the British,
industry, and we got the scenery” Gen’l Clay
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
82. 1948-the mounting crisis
• Jan-Apr--the Yugoslav defiance
• February-
• the coup in Czechoslovakia (“Victorious February”);
• Mao Zedong’s army occupies Yenan Province;
• Gandhi assassinated, British troops pull out and sectarian violence consumes the subcontinent
• Spring-Arab-Israeli civil war and Israeli independence
• 25 March-Italy demands Yugoslavia give up Trieste
• 31 March-after long debate, Congress passes the Marshall Plan
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
83. Berlin--Potential Flashpoint of the Cold War
• early 1948-at the time of the Czech crisis, a series
of London meetings were held to decide the fate
of the western occupied zones
• the Soviets responded by stopping trains to Berlin
“to check IDs”
• 7 March-US, Br, Fr, and the Benelux countries
announce plans:
• approve the Marshall Plan for West Germany
• finalized plans to merge the occupation zones
• agreed to establish a federal system of government for them
Checkpoint Charlie at the US-USSR border. Our
tanks face off with theirs
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
84. the Berlin crisis develops
• 9 Mar 1948-Stalin meets with his military advisors
• 12 Mar-secret memo to Molotov outlining a plan to force the western allies to
accept Soviet plans by “regulating” access to Berlin
• 20 Mar-the Four Power Allied Control Commission met for the last time. The
Soviet delegation walked out over the London Conference announcement
• 25 March-Soviet inspections and harassment led to the “Little Lift” of military
supplies and personnel. Soviet fighters begin “buzzing” and produce crashes
• 18 June-the introduction of the Deutsche Mark by the West to improve the
German economy led to the full imposition of the Soviet blockade of Berlin
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
87. The over 4,000 tons per day required by Berlin during the airlift
totaled, for example, over ten times the volume that the
encircled German 6th Army required six years earlier at the
Battle of Stalingrad. The Royal Air Force, other Commonwealth
nations, and the recently formed United States Air Force, flew
over 200,000 flights providing 13,000 tons of food daily to Berlin
in an operation lasting almost a year. By the spring of 1949, the
effort was clearly succeeding, and by April the airlift was
delivering more cargo than had previously flowed into the city by
rail.
The success of the Airlift was claimed to be humiliating to the
Soviets, who had repeatedly claimed it could never work. The
blockade was lifted in May, 1949.
Wikipedia
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
92. US Air Force pilot Gail
Halvorsen, who pioneered the
idea of dropping candy bars and
bubble gum with handmade
miniature parachutes, which
later became known as
"Operation Little Vittles".
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
96. • 30 Sept 1949-official end
• total tonnage: USAF=1,783,573; RAF=541,937; RA (Australian) AF=7,968
• over 92 million miles, nearly the same as the distance from earth to the sun!
• at the height of the Airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds
• a total of 101 fatalities, including 40 Britons and 31 Americans, mostly due to
crashes. 17 American and 8 British aircraft crashed during the operation
• cost=approximately $224 million ($2 billion in inflation-adjusted 2008 dollars)
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
97. German occupation
“The Russians got agriculture, the British,
industry, and we got the scenery” Gen’l Clay
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
98. German occupation
• 1946-saddled with heavy occupation costs,
the US & UK created “Bizonia,” an economic
agreement to make their zones more self-
sufficient
• inevitably, the Soviets protested it as a
violation of the Potsdam Agreements
• 8 Apr 1949-France followed into “Trizonia”
• 24 May 1949-the Federal Republic of
Germany with its capital at Bonn, the so-
called Bundesdorf
“The Russians got agriculture, the British,
industry, and we got the scenery” Gen’l Clay
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
101. fathers of the Soviet Bomb
Drs. Andrei Sakharov and Igor Kurchatov
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
102. Beria set out in a special armoured train for a secret nuclear settlement amid
the Kazakh steppes. Beria was frantic with worry because if things went
wrong, “we would,” as one of his managers put it, “all have to give an answer
before the people.” Beria’s family would be destroyed….
Beria arrived in Semipalatinsk-21 for the test of the “article.” He moved into a
tiny cabin beside Professor Kurchatov’s command post. On the morning of
29 August [1949], Beria watched as a crane lowered the uranium tamper
into position on its carriage; the plutonium hemisphere was placed within it.
Montefiore, p. 599
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
103. First Lightning (Joe-1)
• 6 p.m.-they assembled in the command post 10
km away
• Kurchatov ordered detonation
• there was a bright flash
• after the shock wave had passed, they hurried
outside to admire the mushroom cloud rising
majestically before them
• Beria was wildly excited and kissed Kurchatov on
the forehead:
• “Did it look like the American one? We didn’t screw
up?”
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
104. the Soviet museum at
Kurchatov Semipalatinsk (now called Astana)
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
105. on the wall behind,
a replica of “the Article” pictures of the team
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
106. There are several explanations for the USSR code-name of
RDS-1, usually an arbitrary designation: a backronym
")!-1 (RDS-1) "Special Jet Engine" (Реактивный двигатель
специальный, Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Specialnyi), or "Stalin's
Jet Engine" (Реактивный двигатель Сталина, Reaktivnyi
Dvigatel Stalina), or "Russia does it herself" (Россия
делает сама, Rossiya Delayet Sama).
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
107. In the 1990s, with the declassification of Soviet intelligence materials, which
showed the extent and the type of the information obtained by the Soviets
from US sources, a heated debate ensued in Russia and abroad as to the
relative importance of espionage, as opposed to the Soviet scientists' own
efforts, in the making of the Soviet bomb. The vast majority of scholars
agree that whereas the Soviet atomic project was first and foremost a
product of local expertise and scientific talent, it is clear that espionage
efforts contributed to the project in various ways and most certainly
shortened the time needed to develop the atomic bomb.
Wikipedia, “Soviet Atomic Bomb Project”
Tuesday, March 30, 2010