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Vietnamwar
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- 2. A Overview Consequenceof Containment Policy A quagmire Objective Problems the U.S. was faced with Ho Chi Minh – Goal of the Vietminh
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- 4. Timeline: 1945-1963 1945:France takes control of Vietnam 1946: French arrive to fight off Vietminh revolt 1954: Dienbienphu – Vietminh defeat the French
- 5. Timeline: 1945-1963 Cont. Whatto do with Vietnam? Geneva Accords – 17th Parallel – Fear of the Domino Effect Ngo Dinh Diem put in charge of South Vietnam 1957: Vietcong/NLF established
- 6. Timeline 1945-1963 Cont. Kennedy’sAdministration 1961: Promised free election in Vietnam but U.S. denies U.S. sends in more advisors and the Green Berets to train S.V. army Spring 1963: Buddhist protest against Diem Oct. 26, 1963: Lodge gives signal for a coup over Diem Nov. 1, 1963: Coup successfully kills Diem Kennedy announces a plan to withdraw from Vietnam – He is assassinated
- 7. Timeline 1964-1968 Johnson’s War Overallexpansion of U.S. involvement in Vietnam
- 8. Gulf of TonkinIncident Feb. 1964: Operation Plan 34 Alta (Oplan 34- A) – commando raids in North Vietnam – Desoto Patrols – naval surveillance of N.V. June 1964: U.S. sends out peace feelers – only peace if U.S. gets out of Vietnam – Westmoreland named General
- 9. Gulf of TonkinIncident Cont. Aug 2, 1964: 3 N.V. ships attack USS Maddox – captain wants to leave area but ordered to stay Aug 4, 1964: radar goes off and the Maddox fires back – think they are being attacked Aug 5, 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Blank Check – Undeclared Declaration of War Nov-Dec 1964: Johnson wins re-election
- 10. Goals of 1965 1) Stabilize government of S. Vietnam 2) Get rid of guerillas in S. Vietnam 3) Escalation of ground troops 4) Cut off supply routes – Ho Chi Minh Trail
- 11. 1965: Operation RollingThunder U.S. land 3,500 marines into N. Vietnam along with constant bombing of the North in one of the largest attacks – Bomb industry, roads, bridges – Restricted on what can bomb Negotiations: Johnson wants Minh to reject goal of all control of Vietnam, however Minh refuses
- 12. U.S. Choices atthis time 1) Cut loses and get out 2) Give into Minh and leave 3) Take middle road – attrition Introduce Search and Destroy Missions
- 13. Overall Escalation 1961-1968 1961:400 advisors 1963: 16,500 men 1965: 161,000 men 1966: 400,000 men 1967: 475,000 men 1968: 500,000+ men
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- 15. Govt. loosing support(why) 1) LBJ promised quick and decisive war, but war kept dragging on 2) Number of U.S. troops in Vietnam massively increasing along with casualties 3) First TV war, showed the US was at a stalemate with no end in site 4) Gen. Westmoreland’s claim that US was winning looked like a lie
- 16. The New Left Growing youth movement in the ’60s that called for a change in American society, basing it more on equality
- 17. Students for a DemocraticSociety Tom Hayden & Al Haber University of Michigan Port Huron Statement
- 18. Free Speech Movement Cal Berkley Focused on the American Machine
- 19. America’s Two Camps Doves vs. Hawks The Silent Majority
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- 22. Tet Offensive PhaseOne – Draw troops out of cities – Bring them into the country side – Ex: Kha Sahn Phase Two – 84,000 VC & NVA attack cities of S.V. – U.S. Embassy in Saigon – Hue
- 23. Outcome of Tet Technically a failure for N.V. Psychologically a victory for the N.V. Media plays a role at home Westmoreland wants more men – believes N.V. are crippled – VC lost 70% of fighting force
- 24. Election of 1968 Ma r c h P r im a r y E le c t io n s N o v e m b e r P o p u la r V o t e D e c e m b e r E le c t o r a l C o lle g e J a n u a r y I n a u g u r a t io n E le c t io n T im e lin e
- 25. Events of theElection of 1968 Primaries – Johnson loosing, announces will not seek parties nomination – Bobby Kennedy assassinated Democratic National Convention – Riot breaks out – shows how the war has reached home
- 26. Outcome of the Electionof 1968 Democrat: Humphrey Republican: Nixon Radical: Wallace Nixon wins with 56% of the electoral vote
- 27. Journal Activity Examinehow the year of 1968 is considered a turbulent year that forever changed the US, removing any sense of innocence. Completely explain your response.
- 28. Overall Effect of1968 Created widespread distrust and contempt for the US govt. Shamed the US govt. and military Massive questioning of the US as a world superpower Changed US policy towards foreign policy and intervention
- 29. Nixon on Vietnam 1969- 1973
- 30. Vietnamization (March ’69) Calls for the withdraw of 540,000 troops in Vietnam over a period of time SV with US money and weapons will take over the fight To implement US must get rid of supply routes – Calls for increase in bombing - Cambodia
- 31. My Lai Massacre March16, 1969 Presumed all villagers were VC or helping Soldiers opened fire on villagers killing around 500 people Lasted 2 hours Led by Officer Calley
- 32. Actions Under Vietnamization June8, 1969: Nixon Doctrine April 30, 1970: Announce invasion of Cambodia – Kent State Massacre June 29, 1970: Gives SV 8 months to build military and prepare to take over 1972: Easter Offensive – an attack by NV on SV
- 34. Actions Under Vietnamization Cont. Jan. 1973: Paris Peace Agreement – a cease fire Nov. 1973: War Powers Act Fall 74-75: NV resumes attack on SV – US doesn’t help – US helicopter people out of embassy in Saigon
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Editor's Notes
- #3 Quagmire - keep getting deeper and deeper involved: advisors – planes – ground forces – leaving bases Objective – overthrow VC and make Vietnam safe for democracy Problems : 1) US never involved in all out war – afraid pull China into the war 2) to many restraints – no major cities to bomb and the terrain 3) war without fronts – jungle warfare and NV had excellent tunnel system 4) war without clear objectives – didn’t know why we were there Soldiers to young: 18-21
- #5 French control – trying to rebuild France after WWII Dienbienphu – Final victory for Vietminh – France leaves
- #6 Geneva Accords – NV will be communist under Minh, SV will be safe for democracy – US will pick up were France left off, US promises free elections once civilized – never allow because fear Minh will win Ngo Dinh Diem – thought people would embrace him and vote for him in elections he was Americanized Very corrupt: keeps money and never gives any to people, very harsh form of govt. Forces Catholic faith on people – upsets Buddhist population
- #7 Buddhist protest – in reaction to claim that NV soldiers killed 8 of their men protest by burning themselves in public Images hit the American public – outraged Henry Cabot Lodge – sent to Vietnam to investigate what is going on reports of upheaval and agrees we need to support a coup of Diem After coup US supports many other puppet govts. but none our supported by the people as a whole
- #8 Johnson from old guard – if keep escalating will wear the enemy out – war of attrition
- #10 Aug 4, 1964 : not attacked on that day but Johnson tells congress we were to help get the resolution passed Re-election – shows at the start the people supported Johnson and the Vietnam War
- #12 Ho Chi Minh Trail – internal underground tunnel system and transportation route outside of Vietnam - used to transport supplies and troops from NV to SV
- #13 Search and destroy missions – uprooting of villagers with suspected ties to the VC, killing their livestock, and burning their villages became a war of casualties A war of attrition
- #18 Port Huron Statement – charged corporations and large govt. institutions had taken over America and called for a restoration of greater individual freedom
- #19 FSM – grew out of a clash between students and administrators over free speech on campus – focused attention on the American machine. American Machine – the nations faceless and powerful business and govt. institutions
- #20 Doves – strongly opposed the war and believed US should withdraw Hawks – believed US should unleash a greater show of military force to end the war Silent Majority – by the end of ’67 a poll showed 2/3 of the American public felt the war was justified - 70% felt the protesting of the war was an “act of disloyalty”
- #23 Kha Sahn – heavily fortified US camp that was siege by VC & NV – successfully implemented the first phase of Tet lasted until April when US & ARVN forces finally defeated the communist aggressors US Embassy in Saigon – VC were initially successful in capturing the US embassy for 5-6 hours but within 2 weeks the US & ARVN totally defeated the VC Hue – longest battle in Tet lasting 3 weeks – in the end the US was able to defeat the VC
- #31 At this time Nixon openly opposes the anti-war movement attacking them, he calls on the silent majority to support his plan
- #32 Calley – was found guilty of murder of 22 villagers and sentenced to life hard labor – only served a couple of days before put on house arrest and eventually pardoned by Nixon
- #33 Nixon Doctrine – US not going to get involved in third world civil wars again recalled 25,000 troops Kent State Shooting – simulation Easter Offensive – NV knows US is pulling out so a sharp attack will cause immediate withdrawal of Am. troops series of 3 attacks in the North, Central, and South part of SV NV put down – US only gave aerial support – shows SV can fight NV on their own but needs US aerial support
- #35 Paris Peace Agreement : US pulls out of Laos and Cambodia NV will release POWs and respect 17 th parallel SV has promise if get in trouble US will help them War Powers Act – president must inform Congress within 48 hours if US forces are sent into a hostile area without a declaration of war troops can remain there no longer than 90 days without Congressional approval Fall 74-75 – Vietnam becomes one united Communist state which it is still today