Presentation by Heidi Golding and Elizabeth Bass, analysts in CBO's National Security Division, at the Annual Conference of the Western Economic Association International.
Presentation by Heidi Golding, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meeting.
In this presentation, CBO provides background information on the VA health care system and past spending and describes 10-year projections by CBO on VA health spending under three different scenarios. CBO finds that, under certain assumptions, future spending required to treat veterans may be substantially higher (in inflation-adjusted dollars) than recent appropriations.
States may provide Medicaid benefits either by directly reimbursing providers or by paying private health insurance plans or provider groups (called managed care organizations, or MCOs) to provide services to enrollees. This presentation examines the extent to which Medicaid benefits are delivered through MCOs and the reasons for recent growth in enrollment in and spending for managed care. CBO found that although the overwhelming majority of Medicaid beneficiaries are enrolled in MCOs, payments to MCOs account for less than half of all Medicaid spending. As for the increase in the use of managed care programs to provide Medicaid benefits, the agency found that it is largely attributable to MCOs’ expanding the types of beneficiaries, geographic areas, and range of services that they cover.
Presentation by Alice Burns, an analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, and by Ben Layton and Lyle Nelson, both of CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division, at AcademyHealth’s Annual Research Meeting.
States typically use two types of payment system to provide Medicaid benefits: fee-for-service (FFS) and managed care. In FFS Medicaid, the state reimburses health care providers for the services they deliver to beneficiaries. In contrast, in Medicaid managed care, states pay private health insurance plans or provider groups (called managed care organizations or MCOs) to provide services to enrollees. In this presentation, we use individual-level data to examine trends in the proportion of Medicaid beneficiaries who receive benefits through managed care and the proportion of Medicaid spending that consists of payments for managed care. We also use qualitative data about state programs’ characteristics to examine the changes in state policies that have affected enrollment in and spending for Medicaid managed care.
From 1999 to 2012, the share of Medicaid beneficiaries enrolled in managed care grew from 64 percent to 89 percent. The share of Medicaid spending attributed to payments for managed care was much smaller, however, rising from 15 percent to 37 percent during that period. The percentage of beneficiaries enrolled in managed care exceeds the percentage of Medicaid spending that pays for managed care for three main reasons. First, although many beneficiaries are enrolled in MCOs that cover a broad range of benefits (under “comprehensive” Medicaid managed care programs), many of those beneficiaries receive some benefits through FFS Medicaid. Second, many beneficiaries are enrolled in MCOs that cover only a narrow range of benefits and receive most of their services through FFS Medicaid. Third, enrollment in managed care is more common among beneficiaries in eligibility groups that have lower average Medicaid spending.
Medicaid managed care grew primarily because state policies expanded the scope of comprehensive managed care programs in three ways. First, comprehensive managed care programs became more likely to cover an entire state rather than only certain counties, cities, or regions. Second, mandatory enrollment in comprehensive managed care became more common among all eligibility groups. Third, states increased the scope of services included in their contracts with MCOs; the most pronounced increases occurred for long-term services.
Presentation by Alice Burns, Ben Layton, Noelia Duchovny, and Lyle Nelson, all of CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division, at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management’s Fall Research Conference.
Presentation by Kathleen Burke, John McClelland, and Jennifer Shand, analysts in CBO’s Tax Analysis Division, to the National Association of Legislative Fiscal Offices.
Preventive medical services encompass a wide range of interventions, including vaccinations that prevent diseases from occurring and screening tests designed to detect the presence of a disease before symptoms appear. Delivering preventive medical services results in costs for each person using the service. Vaccinations may cause some of those people to avoid the targeted disease, and screenings may allow some people to receive treatment earlier. Those people generally benefit from preventive medical services, but the net result can be decreases or increases in overall health care spending.
In this presentation, CBO’s Director provides an overview of the agency’s methods for estimating the budgetary effects of proposals to expand the use of preventive medical services.
Presentation by Heidi Golding, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meeting.
In this presentation, CBO provides background information on the VA health care system and past spending and describes 10-year projections by CBO on VA health spending under three different scenarios. CBO finds that, under certain assumptions, future spending required to treat veterans may be substantially higher (in inflation-adjusted dollars) than recent appropriations.
States may provide Medicaid benefits either by directly reimbursing providers or by paying private health insurance plans or provider groups (called managed care organizations, or MCOs) to provide services to enrollees. This presentation examines the extent to which Medicaid benefits are delivered through MCOs and the reasons for recent growth in enrollment in and spending for managed care. CBO found that although the overwhelming majority of Medicaid beneficiaries are enrolled in MCOs, payments to MCOs account for less than half of all Medicaid spending. As for the increase in the use of managed care programs to provide Medicaid benefits, the agency found that it is largely attributable to MCOs’ expanding the types of beneficiaries, geographic areas, and range of services that they cover.
Presentation by Alice Burns, an analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, and by Ben Layton and Lyle Nelson, both of CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division, at AcademyHealth’s Annual Research Meeting.
States typically use two types of payment system to provide Medicaid benefits: fee-for-service (FFS) and managed care. In FFS Medicaid, the state reimburses health care providers for the services they deliver to beneficiaries. In contrast, in Medicaid managed care, states pay private health insurance plans or provider groups (called managed care organizations or MCOs) to provide services to enrollees. In this presentation, we use individual-level data to examine trends in the proportion of Medicaid beneficiaries who receive benefits through managed care and the proportion of Medicaid spending that consists of payments for managed care. We also use qualitative data about state programs’ characteristics to examine the changes in state policies that have affected enrollment in and spending for Medicaid managed care.
From 1999 to 2012, the share of Medicaid beneficiaries enrolled in managed care grew from 64 percent to 89 percent. The share of Medicaid spending attributed to payments for managed care was much smaller, however, rising from 15 percent to 37 percent during that period. The percentage of beneficiaries enrolled in managed care exceeds the percentage of Medicaid spending that pays for managed care for three main reasons. First, although many beneficiaries are enrolled in MCOs that cover a broad range of benefits (under “comprehensive” Medicaid managed care programs), many of those beneficiaries receive some benefits through FFS Medicaid. Second, many beneficiaries are enrolled in MCOs that cover only a narrow range of benefits and receive most of their services through FFS Medicaid. Third, enrollment in managed care is more common among beneficiaries in eligibility groups that have lower average Medicaid spending.
Medicaid managed care grew primarily because state policies expanded the scope of comprehensive managed care programs in three ways. First, comprehensive managed care programs became more likely to cover an entire state rather than only certain counties, cities, or regions. Second, mandatory enrollment in comprehensive managed care became more common among all eligibility groups. Third, states increased the scope of services included in their contracts with MCOs; the most pronounced increases occurred for long-term services.
Presentation by Alice Burns, Ben Layton, Noelia Duchovny, and Lyle Nelson, all of CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division, at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management’s Fall Research Conference.
Presentation by Kathleen Burke, John McClelland, and Jennifer Shand, analysts in CBO’s Tax Analysis Division, to the National Association of Legislative Fiscal Offices.
Preventive medical services encompass a wide range of interventions, including vaccinations that prevent diseases from occurring and screening tests designed to detect the presence of a disease before symptoms appear. Delivering preventive medical services results in costs for each person using the service. Vaccinations may cause some of those people to avoid the targeted disease, and screenings may allow some people to receive treatment earlier. Those people generally benefit from preventive medical services, but the net result can be decreases or increases in overall health care spending.
In this presentation, CBO’s Director provides an overview of the agency’s methods for estimating the budgetary effects of proposals to expand the use of preventive medical services.
Presentation by Jeffrey Kling, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s Independent Fiscal Office. (Canceled due to inclement weather.)
The transparency of CBO’s work has always been a priority, and this year the agency has added and shifted resources to redouble its efforts in that area. CBO has three goals in being transparent:
1. CBO aims to enhance the credibility of its work by showing how it relies on data, professional research, and expert feedback.
2. CBO seeks to promote a thorough understanding of its analyses by sharing information in an accessible, clear, and detailed manner.
3. CBO wants to help people gauge how its estimates might change if policies or circumstances were different.
Presentation by Alice Burns and Jaeger Nelson, analysts in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division and Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Tax Association.
CBO estimates that expected annual economic losses total $54 billion (adjusted to remove the effects of inflation) for most types of damage caused by storm surges, hurricane winds, and heavy precipitation. Expected annual federal spending in response to hurricane winds and storm-related flooding totals $17 billion.
Presentation by Terry Dinan (from CBO's Microeconomic Studies Division) at a Congressional Research Service seminar.
Presentation by Tamara Hayford, Chief of CBO’s Health Policy Studies Unit, at the Association for Public Policy Analysis & Management 2021 Annual Research Meeting.
Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the 35th Annual NABE Economic Policy Conference.
Federal debt is already large, and budget deficits over the next decade and beyond are projected to keep pushing it up in relation to the size of the economy. Eventually, debt as a share of economic output would reach its highest level in our nation’s history.
The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour for most workers. CBO has examined how increasing the federal minimum wage to $10, $12, or $15 per hour by 2025 would affect employment and family income. Increasing the minimum wage would have two principal effects on low-wage workers. For most of them, earnings and family income would increase, which would lift some families out of poverty. But other low-wage workers would become jobless, and their family income would fall—in some cases, below the poverty threshold.
Presentation by Chapin White, CBO's Deputy Director of Health Analysis, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
This presentation provides a discussion of the theoretical and empirical basis for CBO’s estimates of the effect on health insurance coverage of repealing the individual mandate—which requires most people to have insurance or pay a penalty. CBO highlights and interprets new empirical evidence that may inform the size of that effect. CBO also poses unanswered questions for which the agency would like the discussants’ and health panel members’ insights.
Presentation by Alexandra Minicozzi, Unit Chief of Health Insurance Modeling in CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division, at a meeting of CBO’s Panel of Health Advisers.
CBO’s health insurance simulation model (HISIM) generates estimates of health insurance coverage and premiums for the population under age 65. HISIM is used to help develop baseline projections (which incorporate the assumption that current law generally remains the same) and also to model proposed changes in policies that affect health insurance coverage.
Currently, CBO is developing and testing a new version of HISIM to respond to continued Congressional interest in understanding the effects of legislative proposals that significantly affect health insurance coverage. The new model will be used to help develop CBO’s spring 2019 baseline projections and subsequent cost estimates.
Presentation by Jessica Banthin, Deputy Assistant Director in CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division (HRLD), and Alexandra Minicozzi, Chief of HRLD’s Health Insurance Modeling Unit, to CBO’s panel of health advisers.
The Budget and Economic Outlook is one of the flagship publications of the Congressional Budget Office. The report provides economic and federal budget projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes how the report is produced and how it can be used for economic analysis, providing examples from the April 2018 edition.
Presentation by Jeffrey F. Werling, Assistant Director of CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Association of Forensic Economics, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meetings, November 18, 2018.
A Look at Veteran Unemployment in Five States, the Services Offered and Curre...Thomas Thorpe
This was my research/policy paper that I had written for my Political Science class. It will compare 5 states in how they are handling this issue and it will provide for my personal opinion on ways to change the future so that this is no longer an issue.
Presentation by Jeffrey Kling, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s Independent Fiscal Office. (Canceled due to inclement weather.)
The transparency of CBO’s work has always been a priority, and this year the agency has added and shifted resources to redouble its efforts in that area. CBO has three goals in being transparent:
1. CBO aims to enhance the credibility of its work by showing how it relies on data, professional research, and expert feedback.
2. CBO seeks to promote a thorough understanding of its analyses by sharing information in an accessible, clear, and detailed manner.
3. CBO wants to help people gauge how its estimates might change if policies or circumstances were different.
Presentation by Alice Burns and Jaeger Nelson, analysts in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division and Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Tax Association.
CBO estimates that expected annual economic losses total $54 billion (adjusted to remove the effects of inflation) for most types of damage caused by storm surges, hurricane winds, and heavy precipitation. Expected annual federal spending in response to hurricane winds and storm-related flooding totals $17 billion.
Presentation by Terry Dinan (from CBO's Microeconomic Studies Division) at a Congressional Research Service seminar.
Presentation by Tamara Hayford, Chief of CBO’s Health Policy Studies Unit, at the Association for Public Policy Analysis & Management 2021 Annual Research Meeting.
Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the 35th Annual NABE Economic Policy Conference.
Federal debt is already large, and budget deficits over the next decade and beyond are projected to keep pushing it up in relation to the size of the economy. Eventually, debt as a share of economic output would reach its highest level in our nation’s history.
The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour for most workers. CBO has examined how increasing the federal minimum wage to $10, $12, or $15 per hour by 2025 would affect employment and family income. Increasing the minimum wage would have two principal effects on low-wage workers. For most of them, earnings and family income would increase, which would lift some families out of poverty. But other low-wage workers would become jobless, and their family income would fall—in some cases, below the poverty threshold.
Presentation by Chapin White, CBO's Deputy Director of Health Analysis, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
This presentation provides a discussion of the theoretical and empirical basis for CBO’s estimates of the effect on health insurance coverage of repealing the individual mandate—which requires most people to have insurance or pay a penalty. CBO highlights and interprets new empirical evidence that may inform the size of that effect. CBO also poses unanswered questions for which the agency would like the discussants’ and health panel members’ insights.
Presentation by Alexandra Minicozzi, Unit Chief of Health Insurance Modeling in CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division, at a meeting of CBO’s Panel of Health Advisers.
CBO’s health insurance simulation model (HISIM) generates estimates of health insurance coverage and premiums for the population under age 65. HISIM is used to help develop baseline projections (which incorporate the assumption that current law generally remains the same) and also to model proposed changes in policies that affect health insurance coverage.
Currently, CBO is developing and testing a new version of HISIM to respond to continued Congressional interest in understanding the effects of legislative proposals that significantly affect health insurance coverage. The new model will be used to help develop CBO’s spring 2019 baseline projections and subsequent cost estimates.
Presentation by Jessica Banthin, Deputy Assistant Director in CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division (HRLD), and Alexandra Minicozzi, Chief of HRLD’s Health Insurance Modeling Unit, to CBO’s panel of health advisers.
The Budget and Economic Outlook is one of the flagship publications of the Congressional Budget Office. The report provides economic and federal budget projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes how the report is produced and how it can be used for economic analysis, providing examples from the April 2018 edition.
Presentation by Jeffrey F. Werling, Assistant Director of CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Association of Forensic Economics, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meetings, November 18, 2018.
A Look at Veteran Unemployment in Five States, the Services Offered and Curre...Thomas Thorpe
This was my research/policy paper that I had written for my Political Science class. It will compare 5 states in how they are handling this issue and it will provide for my personal opinion on ways to change the future so that this is no longer an issue.
Presentation by Elizabeth Bass and Heidi Golding, analysts in CBO’s National Security Division, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meeting.
In this presentation, CBO examines the rates of labor force participation and unemployment over the 2008–2015 period for male veterans who left active duty after September 2001. Overall, CBO found that rates for veterans were similar to those for men who had never served on active duty in the military.
Accounting for differences in average demographic characteristics, veterans who were neither in school nor functionally disabled had about the same labor force experiences that their civilian counterparts did, although the youngest veterans had somewhat higher unemployment rates.
Employers across the country are having a hard time hiring. In response, regions are looking at solutions by expanding the local workforce. This session will share how to build and implement successful partnerships among various regional organizations to build programs that serve individuals with barriers, including offenders and those with little to no work history.
Datos de La población mundial 2018. (Population Reference Bureau) 2018 world-...Juan Martín Martín
Datos de la Población Mundial en 2018 (en inglés). Datos de todos los países del Mundo. gráficos, pirámides de población, natalidad, mortalidad, fecundidad, esperanza de vida, maternidad, envejecimiento, previsiones mundiales, etc.
Young Veterans are a growing segment of today’s jobseekers! This workshop will describe the demographics of Young Adult Veterans and their challenges. In addition, information will be provided on educational and training services available to young veterans as they begin to transition back into today’s challenging job market. Attendees will have an opportunity to learn about the new benefits available under the new “Post 9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance and Improvement Act.” Apprenticeship services for which young veterans may be eligible will also be highlighted.
A new Ipsos global study shows that Brits are among the most supportive of the right of people to seek refuge from war or persecution and are less likely than average to want to close their borders to refugees. However, concerns remain with half suspicious that most refugees are not genuine.
The study, conducted to mark World Refugee Day, finds that a majority across 26 countries believes that people should have the right to seek refuge – including in their own country - from war or persecution. However, broader opinions towards refugees still include some negative attitudes, and there are some signs that they could even be hardening compared with two years ago although this is less the case in Britain. The survey, conducted online among adults aged under 74, finds that a majority on average across the 26 countries are sceptical about whether those coming into their country as refugees are genuine refugees, and people have also become less convinced about the ability of refugees to successfully integrate into their new society.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Presentation by Mark Hadley, CBO's Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel, at the 2nd NABO-OECD Annual Conference of Asian Parliamentary Budget Officials.
Presentation by Daria Pelech, an analyst in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the Center for Health Insurance Reform McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University.
This slide deck highlights CBO’s key findings about the outlook for the economy as described in its new report, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034.
Presentation by CBO analysts Rebecca Heller, Shannon Mok, and James Pearce, and Census Bureau research economist Jonathan Rothbaum at the American Economic Association Annual Meeting, Committee on Economic Statistics.
Presentation by Eric J. Labs, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the Bank of America 2024 Defense Outlook and Commercial Aerospace Forum.
Presentation by Elizabeth Ash, William Carrington, Rebecca Heller, and Grace Hwang of CBO’s Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis and Health Analysis divisions to the Children’s Health Group, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Presentation by Molly Dahl, Chief of CBO’s Long-Term Analysis Unit, at a meeting of the National Conference of State Legislatures’ Budget Working Group.
In the President’s 2024 budget request, total military compensation is $551 billion, including veterans' benefits. That amount represents an increase of 134 percent since 1999 after removing the effects of inflation.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
1. Presentation at the 2021 Annual Conference of the
Western Economic Association International
June 30, 2021
Heidi Golding and Elizabeth Bass
National Security Division
Vietnam Veterans’ Income
in Retirement
For information about the conference, see https://tinyurl.com/9zehbej5.
2. 1
Vietnam veterans refers to male veterans who served on active duty in the U.S. armed forces during the Vietnam War, regardless of location or type of service. Nonveterans are men
who did not serve on active duty at that time. This analysis includes men ages 63 to 78.
Veterans from the Vietnam War (August 1964–January 1973) constitute the last
cohort subject to the draft and represent roughly one-third of veterans. By 2018,
most had retired from the workforce. As people leave the workforce, their sources
of income change.
Because little is known about the financial security of Vietnam veterans, CBO
compared the income of male Vietnam veterans with the income of male
nonveterans of the same ages.
▪ On average, in 2018, Vietnam veterans and nonveterans had roughly
comparable total income, $63,300 and $65,000, respectively. Similar results
were found for men age 71, the most common age for veterans.
▪ Disability compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provided
a substantial portion of many veterans’ income. Excluding those payments,
their income was $59,000, 9 percent lower than nonveterans’.
▪ In general, Vietnam veterans received more money from Social Security and
retirement plans than nonveterans did.
At a Glance
4. 3
The Vietnam War and the Draft
Number of New Enlisted Personnel
Nearly 9 million people
served in the U.S. military
during the Vietnam War;
more than 2 million of
them had entered the
military before 1965.
Draftees accounted for
fewer than one-quarter of
those who served. Local
boards determined who
was drafted until 1969;
that system was largely
replaced by a draft lottery.
Deferments were
common, particularly for
those enrolled in college.
Those deferments were
mostly eliminated in the
early 1970s.
5. 4
Some men volunteered for military service in part because the pay and benefits
were reasonable compared with civilian options. For enlisted careerists (those
who completed four years of service), pay was typically about 85 percent of the
median pay of comparable civilians. At first, junior enlisted personnel were paid
much less than most could have earned elsewhere, but pay raises in the early
1970s brought them into rough parity with civilians. The military also offered
occupational training, educational benefits, and other benefits that were not
typically found in the private sector.
Enlisted personnel were at neither the top nor the bottom of their generation in
terms of ability, as measured by education levels and test scores. For instance,
about 70 percent of new enlisted personnel held at least a high school diploma;
the share for all men ages 20 to 29 was roughly 75 percent. DoD did not accept
men with very low test scores or men who could not meet its physical fitness
standards.
Military Personnel During the War
7. 6
Age Distribution of Vietnam Veterans and Nonveterans, 2018
Percent
The bulk of Vietnam veterans
were in their late 60s or early
70s in 2018. The reason is
that most men entered military
service between ages 18 and
23, and a disproportionate
number did so when forces
were largest, from 1966 to
1969.
8. 7
Traits of Vietnam Veterans and Nonveterans, 2018
Characteristic Veterans Nonveterans
Educational Attainment
Did not complete high school 5 15
High school 30 25
Some college 38 24
Bachelor’s degree or higher 27 36
U.S. Citizen 100 95
Married 68 69
Racial or Ethnic Group
White 82 74
Black 10 9
Hispanic 5 10
Other 3 7
Geographic Region
Northeast 15 19
Midwest 22 21
South 40 37
West 23 23
Functionally Disabled 32 24
Employed 33 41
Memorandum:
Total Population 5,423,900 14,944,600
Number in Sample 68,400 178,200
Percent
10. 9
CBO’s primary source of data was the American Community Survey, which is one
of the largest surveys conducted by the Census Bureau. Those data were
supplemented by administrative data from VA about recipients of and payments
for disability compensation.
CBO compared Vietnam veterans’ and nonveterans’ sources of income: earnings
(including self-employment income), Social Security (including retirement,
disability, and survivor benefits), investments, retirement plans (including defined
benefit and defined contribution plans and other sources), and disability
compensation from VA. Some residual categories, such as public assistance and
VA pensions, were excluded.
CBO’s Approach
11. 10
CBO restricted the sample of Vietnam veterans to men ages 63 to 78 who had
served on active duty during the war, regardless of location or type of service.
Some Vietnam veterans who were older and probably spent a large part of their
military careers during other eras, and some younger ones who served in the all-
volunteer force (which was composed solely of volunteers rather than a mix of
volunteers and draftees), were excluded. In total, about 15 percent of Vietnam
veterans were excluded from the analysis.
CBO imputed Social Security income and retirement plan income using various
statistical methods. CBO found that about 20 percent of recipients of Social
Security underreport such income and that roughly 40 percent of people who
receive income from a retirement plan do not report it.
CBO’s Approach (Continued)
12. 11
Total average income consists of income from earnings, Social Security, investments, retirement plans, and disability compensation from VA. CBO did not control for demographic or
other factors influencing income sources. The most common age for Vietnam veterans in 2018 was 71. The shaded area denotes the largest three-year cluster of Vietnam veterans
(one-third of the total).
Annual Average Income of Vietnam Veterans
and Nonveterans, 2018
Dollars
On average, Vietnam
veterans age 71 or younger
had less income than
nonveterans; those age 72
or older had more income
than nonveterans.
13. 12
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status. The shaded area denotes the largest three-year cluster of Vietnam veterans (one-third of
the total).
Annual Median Income of Vietnam Veterans
and Nonveterans, 2018
Median income (excluding
disability compensation
from VA) for Vietnam
veterans age 71 or younger
is almost the same as for
nonveterans; older veterans
consistently had somewhat
more income than
nonveterans did.
Dollars
14. 13
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status. Income excludes disability compensation from VA.
Share of Vietnam Veterans and Nonveterans
Ages 63 to 78 in Each Income Group, 2018
The percentages of Vietnam
veterans in the highest and
lowest income groups were
smaller, and those in the
middle income groups were
larger, than those of
nonveterans.
15. 14
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status.
Average Income for Vietnam Veterans and Nonveterans
at Age 71, by Source, 2018
Sources of Income Veterans Nonveterans
Earnings 12,400 18,800
Social Security 20,800 19,700
Investments 6,400 9,200
Retirement Plans 21,000 18,000
Subtotal 60,600 65,700
Disability Compensation From VA 4,900 n.a.
Total 65,500 65,700
2018 Dollars
16. 15
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status. The shaded area denotes the largest three-year cluster of Vietnam veterans (one-third of
the total).
Earnings of Vietnam Veterans and Nonveterans, 2018
Earnings remained a large
component of income for
men of retirement age.
Among all men and,
separately, among all men
who worked, Vietnam
veterans earned less, on
average, than nonveterans
did.
17. 16
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status.
The Share of Vietnam Veterans and Nonveterans
Who Worked, 2018
The share of Vietnam
veterans who worked was
smaller than that of
nonveterans, although the
difference dissipated for
the older men. Most men
over age 65 no longer
worked.
18. 17
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status. The shaded area denotes the largest three-year cluster of Vietnam veterans (one-third of
the total).
Social Security Payments to Vietnam Veterans
and Nonveterans, 2018
Vietnam veterans
claimed Social
Security earlier and
received about the
same amount as
nonveterans.
19. 18
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status. The shaded area denotes the largest three-year cluster of Vietnam veterans (one-third of
the total).
Investment Income of Vietnam Veterans
and Nonveterans, 2018
Most men did not
receive income
from investments.
Among those who
did, Vietnam
veterans received
much less than
nonveterans.
20. 19
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status. The shaded area denotes the largest three-year cluster of Vietnam veterans (one-third of
the total).
Income From Retirement Plans for Vietnam Veterans
and Nonveterans, 2018
Among all men, on
average, Vietnam
veterans earned
more retirement
income than
nonveterans did.
Among men who
received retirement
income, that
difference was
reversed for
younger men; for
older men, the gap
was smaller.
21. 20
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age and veteran status.
The Share of Vietnam Veterans and Nonveterans
Who Received Income From Retirement Plans, 2018
Vietnam veterans
were much more
likely to receive
income from
retirement plans.
For younger men,
the difference
amounted to more
than 20 percentage
points.
22. 21
Sector of Employment for Vietnam Veterans
and Nonveterans, 2008
One reason that
Vietnam veterans
had more income
from retirement
plans was probably
that they had held
more jobs with
retirement benefits.
In 2008, they were
more likely to hold
jobs in the federal
government. They
also appeared
likelier to hold jobs
with a union
presence.
Federal
government
2% State and
local
government
13%
Private
employer
63%
Self-
employed
22%
Nonveterans
Federal
government
7%
State and
local
government
13%
Private
employer
64%
Self-
employed
16%
Veterans
23. 22
VA provides monthly tax-free payments to veterans who, in its determination,
have disabilities, medical conditions, or injuries that were incurred or aggravated
during active-duty military service.
▪ VA assigns a rating, which ranges from zero to 100 percent in increments of 10,
to each veteran with service-connected disabilities.
▪ In 2018, base payments ranged from roughly $1,500 to $36,000 for the year,
depending on the rating; some veterans also received supplemental payments.
▪ About 1.3 million Vietnam veterans (nearly 25 percent) received disability
payments from VA in 2018; the average payment per recipient was about
$18,100.
▪ Veterans who received payments were more likely to be in the lower half of the
income distribution.
Disability Compensation From VA
24. 23
CBO did not adjust the data to account for characteristics other than age. The shaded area denotes the largest three-year cluster of Vietnam veterans (one-third of the total).
Disability Compensation From VA Received by
Vietnam Veterans, 2018
Most Vietnam veterans
did not receive disability
compensation from VA.
Those who did received
an average of $18,100.
On average, those who
received disability
payments had less
income from other
sources than other
veterans did. Including
VA payments, they
received slightly more
total income than other
veterans did.
25. 24
Congressional Budget Office, Vietnam Veterans’ Income in Retirement
(October 2020), www.cbo.gov/publication/56679.
Congressional Budget Office, Options for Reducing the Deficit: 2021 to 2030
(December 2020), www.cbo.gov/publication/56783.
Congressional Budget Office, Veterans’ Disability Compensation: Trends and
Policy Options (August 2014), www.cbo.gov/publication/45615.
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