This document provides an overview of Vietnam and Southeast Asia, covering geography, population, history, and the escalating US involvement in Vietnam from the 1950s-1960s. Some key points:
1. Vietnam is a long, narrow country exposed to the South China Sea, with diverse terrain including northern highlands, central highlands, coastal lowlands, and the fertile Mekong Delta.
2. The population of Vietnam was divided after the Geneva Accords of 1954, with around 20 million in North Vietnam and 22 million in South Vietnam.
3. After French colonial rule ended in the 1950s, the US increasingly backed South Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism in the region. However, opposition grew
The region of Indochina consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. It had one major mountain called Fansipan and several small rivers, including a large system in Cambodia that flows through southern Vietnam. The French colonized the region in the late 19th century, governing directly in southern Vietnam while claiming to protect the other areas. Their rule faced several rebellions from the local populations and fostered nationalism. After years of war and French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the region gained independence at the 1954 Geneva Conference.
French Indochina refers to France's colonial control over Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos from the late 1800s to 1945. [1] Vietnam first gained independence from China in 938 CE and developed a sense of national identity, but fell under French control in the late 1800s. [2] France established protectorates and full colonial control over the region until its defeat in 1945, after which Vietnam attempted to gain full independence under Ho Chi Minh but faced war with France and later involvement from the US. [3] The region was eventually reunified in 1975 under communist rule.
The document discusses different visions for Vietnam following the 1954 Geneva Accords that divided the country into North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh envisioned a unified, communist Vietnam while Ngo Dinh Diem sought an independent South Vietnam. Their competing visions led to war as Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong fought to reunify the country under communism against Diem's anti-communist regime backed by the United States. The Vietnam War continued for over 20 years with no clear resolution.
The document provides a brief history of Vietnam from early kingdoms through French colonization and the Vietnam War. Some key points include:
- The earliest Vietnamese kingdoms date back to around 2,000 BC with the Hung Kings era. Subsequent kingdoms included Van Lang and Au Lac.
- From the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD, Vietnam experienced Chinese domination under successive Chinese dynasties. There was also resistance such as the Trung Sisters' uprising in 40-43 AD.
- Independent Vietnamese dynasties then emerged such as the Dinh (968-980), Early Le (980-1009), Ly (1009-1225), and Tran (1225-1400
- French Indochina consisted of modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia and was established in the 19th century as a French colonial possession.
- After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence and fought against the French to establish the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. This led to the First Indochina War between the Viet Minh and France.
- The Viet Minh defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, leading to the partitioning of Vietnam and the Geneva Accords. However, tensions continued between North and South Vietnam.
Rise of vietnamese nationalism in the early 20 thhamish anderson
Vietnamese nationalism grew in the early 20th century with patriots struggling to liberalize the country from French colonial rule. Different groups adopted various ideologies, with the communists under Ho Chi Minh becoming the primary leaders of the independence movement after 1930. However, the French colonial government suppressed nationalism through violent crackdowns on protests. They also imposed harsh policies like heavy taxation and forced labor that exploited and impoverished the Vietnamese people. While resistance periodically erupted, the national movement remained divided and was unable to take advantage of France's weaknesses, allowing the French to maintain control during World War I through continued oppression.
Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese nationalist leader who led Vietnam's independence movement in the 20th century. He had a fierce commitment to Vietnamese nationalism and was willing to use force to achieve independence from France. He also believed Vietnam should be communist based on his experiences traveling and being influenced by Marxism. Though he initially declared Vietnam's independence in 1945, the country was soon divided and he spent the rest of his life fighting for reunification through leading the Viet Minh resistance against France and later against the US-backed South Vietnam.
The document provides background information on the history of Vietnam. It describes Vietnam's geography and demographics. It then discusses Vietnam's founding in the 3rd century BC and occupation by China from 111 BC to 939 AD. It also summarizes France colonizing Vietnam from the mid-1800s until their defeat in 1954, which divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel in the Geneva Accords. However, the United States opposed unifying elections called for in the Accords due to fears of communist victory and the "domino effect" theory.
The region of Indochina consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. It had one major mountain called Fansipan and several small rivers, including a large system in Cambodia that flows through southern Vietnam. The French colonized the region in the late 19th century, governing directly in southern Vietnam while claiming to protect the other areas. Their rule faced several rebellions from the local populations and fostered nationalism. After years of war and French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the region gained independence at the 1954 Geneva Conference.
French Indochina refers to France's colonial control over Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos from the late 1800s to 1945. [1] Vietnam first gained independence from China in 938 CE and developed a sense of national identity, but fell under French control in the late 1800s. [2] France established protectorates and full colonial control over the region until its defeat in 1945, after which Vietnam attempted to gain full independence under Ho Chi Minh but faced war with France and later involvement from the US. [3] The region was eventually reunified in 1975 under communist rule.
The document discusses different visions for Vietnam following the 1954 Geneva Accords that divided the country into North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh envisioned a unified, communist Vietnam while Ngo Dinh Diem sought an independent South Vietnam. Their competing visions led to war as Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong fought to reunify the country under communism against Diem's anti-communist regime backed by the United States. The Vietnam War continued for over 20 years with no clear resolution.
The document provides a brief history of Vietnam from early kingdoms through French colonization and the Vietnam War. Some key points include:
- The earliest Vietnamese kingdoms date back to around 2,000 BC with the Hung Kings era. Subsequent kingdoms included Van Lang and Au Lac.
- From the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD, Vietnam experienced Chinese domination under successive Chinese dynasties. There was also resistance such as the Trung Sisters' uprising in 40-43 AD.
- Independent Vietnamese dynasties then emerged such as the Dinh (968-980), Early Le (980-1009), Ly (1009-1225), and Tran (1225-1400
- French Indochina consisted of modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia and was established in the 19th century as a French colonial possession.
- After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence and fought against the French to establish the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. This led to the First Indochina War between the Viet Minh and France.
- The Viet Minh defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, leading to the partitioning of Vietnam and the Geneva Accords. However, tensions continued between North and South Vietnam.
Rise of vietnamese nationalism in the early 20 thhamish anderson
Vietnamese nationalism grew in the early 20th century with patriots struggling to liberalize the country from French colonial rule. Different groups adopted various ideologies, with the communists under Ho Chi Minh becoming the primary leaders of the independence movement after 1930. However, the French colonial government suppressed nationalism through violent crackdowns on protests. They also imposed harsh policies like heavy taxation and forced labor that exploited and impoverished the Vietnamese people. While resistance periodically erupted, the national movement remained divided and was unable to take advantage of France's weaknesses, allowing the French to maintain control during World War I through continued oppression.
Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese nationalist leader who led Vietnam's independence movement in the 20th century. He had a fierce commitment to Vietnamese nationalism and was willing to use force to achieve independence from France. He also believed Vietnam should be communist based on his experiences traveling and being influenced by Marxism. Though he initially declared Vietnam's independence in 1945, the country was soon divided and he spent the rest of his life fighting for reunification through leading the Viet Minh resistance against France and later against the US-backed South Vietnam.
The document provides background information on the history of Vietnam. It describes Vietnam's geography and demographics. It then discusses Vietnam's founding in the 3rd century BC and occupation by China from 111 BC to 939 AD. It also summarizes France colonizing Vietnam from the mid-1800s until their defeat in 1954, which divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel in the Geneva Accords. However, the United States opposed unifying elections called for in the Accords due to fears of communist victory and the "domino effect" theory.
This document summarizes European imperialism in Southeast Asia in the late 19th century. [1] European nations, led by Britain and France, expanded their colonial control over most of Southeast Asia between the 1870s-1900s, motivated by desires for economic and political gain. [2] They established systems of both direct and indirect rule over colonies to exploit resources while facing some resistance from local elites and peasants. [3] By the early 20th century, nationalist movements emerged among the urban middle class demanding independence.
West Africa and North Africa were colonized in the late 19th century as Europeans sought raw materials and new markets. Britain, France, Germany, and other powers established colonies and protectorates across the regions. In Central and East Africa, explorers like Livingstone paved the way for further colonization by Belgium in the Congo under King Leopold II. By the early 20th century, all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia had been divided among European colonial powers, who established systems of direct or indirect rule that increasingly angered educated Africans seeking independence.
The Vietnam War began as a conflict between Vietnam's nationalist movement led by Ho Chi Minh and the French colonial government. After the French were defeated in 1954, Vietnam was divided between a communist North backed by Ho Chi Minh and a non-communist South. Tensions rose as South Vietnam's leader Diem grew increasingly authoritarian and suppressed Buddhists. As the Viet Cong insurgency in the South expanded due to Diem's unpopularity, the US increased support for South Vietnam but struggled against guerrilla warfare. Despite withdrawing troops under Nixon, the US was unable to prevent a North Vietnamese victory and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule in 1975.
Political events that led to the creation of modern day Vietnam, from pre-colonial times to the 2010s.
For our Southeast Asian Politics class (comparative politics).
VIETNAM WAR - 04. THE FRENCH COLONISATION OF INDOCHINAGeorge Dumitrache
The French colonization of Vietnam began in 1858 when French troops entered the country under orders from Napoleon III. By 1893, the French had complete control over Vietnam after using a strategy of dividing and conquering. Vietnam was split into three parts administered as French Indochina, which also included Cambodia and Laos. The French economically exploited Vietnamese labor and resources, establishing plantations that led to thousands of deaths from disease and poor conditions. French colonization created a new class structure that divided Vietnamese society and laid the foundations for future resistance movements against French rule.
The growth of the british empire in africa from 1815 to1919 essayessay4me
The British Empire expanded greatly in Africa between 1815 and 1919. During this period, Britain established control over many African nations and territories through both direct rule and indirect rule via local governments. By the early 20th century, over 11 million square kilometers of Africa, including West Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa, and Egypt, were under British control. Britain's expansion was driven by industrialization, imperial ideology, and the Scramble for Africa between 1881-1919. By 1919, the British Empire in Africa was the largest empire that had ever existed.
1312 13 Nationalism in Asia and the Middle EastDrew Burks
After World War 1, nationalism grew across Asia and the Middle East as people sought independence from European colonial rule. However, the mandate system gave European powers continued control over former Ottoman lands. Arab groups who aided Allies believed they would gain independence but Britain and France secretly planned to divide the region. Turkish nationalism led to conflict with other ethnic groups and the Armenian genocide. China underwent political turmoil until nationalist and communist groups united but later split. Japanese imperialism and ultranationalism grew through the 1930s.
1. European colonial powers sought to directly control vast territories in Southeast Asia in the late 19th century for markets, raw materials, and national prestige.
2. Britain and France moved to establish colonial rule over most of Southeast Asia between 1819-1896, creating the colonies of British Malaya, Burma, and French Indochina.
3. Colonial powers governed through either indirect rule, allowing local rulers, or direct rule under Western officials, seeking to exploit resources and open new markets while preventing industrial development.
Independent states in south and southeast asiafrufruninja
The document summarizes the independence and development of several countries in South and Southeast Asia following the end of British colonial rule in the region. It discusses the partition of India and Pakistan along religious lines, the establishment of secular democracies in India and turmoil in Pakistan. It also outlines the independence movements and communist insurgencies in Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
The document provides a summary of key tourist attractions in Vietnam. It discusses 10 top attractions including Nha Trang beach, the Cu Chi Tunnels, the Mekong Delta region, Sa Pa rice terraces, Phu Quoc island, Hoi An old town, Hoan Kiem Lake in Hanoi, Thien Mu Pagoda in Hue, and Ha Long Bay with its limestone islands. It also provides brief historical context and facts about Vietnam.
The American Revolution was sparked by American colonists rebelling against British rule and taxation without representation. Inspired by natural rights philosophy, the colonists declared independence and fought the Revolutionary War from 1775-1783. After winning independence, the new American nation struggled to balance individual freedom and a strong central government, leading to the drafting of a new Constitution in 1787 to create a federal system of government.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam from 1858 to 1975. Key events include:
- France established control over Vietnam in the late 19th century and formed French Indochina in 1887.
- Vietnamese resistance to French rule began in the late 19th century and intensified in the early 20th century led by nationalist figures.
- After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh declared independence but Vietnam was divided after the French defeat in 1954.
- The US intervened in the Vietnam War in 1965 to stop the spread of communism but withdrew in 1973 after failing to defeat the Vietnamese resistance.
- The war ended in 1975 with the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.
Power Point Presentation on Nationalist Movement In Indo Chinassh09
This document provides an overview of nationalism in Vietnam. It discusses how Vietnam emerged from Chinese influence and came under French colonial domination in the late 19th century. The French established control over Vietnam and tried to reshape Vietnamese culture through education, though this led to resistance. Nationalism grew as the Vietnamese used education to promote independence and formed political parties. The long struggle against foreign rule was led by figures like Ho Chi Minh and included both military resistance and appeals to international opinion. The war finally ended in 1975 with the liberation of South Vietnam.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam in the 20th century. It discusses (1) how Vietnam was impacted by the Great Depression, leading to the formation of the Vietnamese Communist Party in 1930. (2) It then covers Japan's occupation of Vietnam in 1940 and the establishment of the Viet Minh resistance group. (3) After World War 2, Vietnam was divided following the Geneva Accords, with the North supported by China and the South receiving aid from the United States. This led to prolonged war between North and South Vietnam backed by their allies.
1. The Crimean War weakened Russia and destroyed the Concert of Europe, allowing for national unification in Germany and Italy in the late 19th century.
2. Italian unification was led by the Kingdom of Piedmont and figures like Cavour and Garibaldi, culminating in the capture of Rome and making it Italy's capital in 1871.
3. German unification was driven by Prussia and Otto von Bismarck through military victories over Austria and France, forming the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam and Thailand. It describes how Vietnam was conquered by China for over 1,000 years and later colonized by France, but emerged independent and stronger after various conflicts. Though influenced by China, Vietnam maintained its own identity and expanded south by conquering neighboring peoples. Similarly, Thailand was never colonized and established itself as the dominant power in Southeast Asia under the Ayutthaya Kingdom, despite threats from Burma. Key monarchs like Rama IV and V modernized Thailand in the 1800s to maintain independence from European colonialism.
This document provides an overview of the history of Vietnam and French colonization. It discusses how Vietnam was influenced by Chinese rule for many years and adopted Chinese culture and systems of government. It then outlines how the French gradually established control over Vietnam in the late 19th century and formed the colony of French Indochina. The document examines the economic and social impacts of French rule, including infrastructure development aimed at profiting French businesses, and the civilizing mission to spread French culture through education. However, this also led to Vietnamese resistance and nationalist movements against colonial domination.
AS History - British Foreign Policy III 1914kirstyodair
Britain entered WWI in 1914 primarily due to security and strategic interests in maintaining the balance of power in Europe. While Britain had no formal alliances, the invasion of Belgium and prospect of a German victory threatening British control of the seas and nearby coastlines led Britain to join the war to prevent German domination of Europe. Foreign Secretary Grey's policy of informal agreements with France allowed cooperation without binding alliances, but left Britain's course unclear, dragging it into war once its interests were threatened.
- In the mid-19th century, European and American traders sought new markets in East Asia and put pressure on China and Japan. Due to military imbalances, the Asian countries had to accept the demands of Western interests.
- Japan began rapidly modernizing after the Meiji Restoration in 1867, adopting Western technology, education systems, and industrializing. This allowed Japan to defeat China and Russia militarily, expanding its sphere of influence.
- However, Western powers sought to contain Japan's rise through policies like immigration restrictions and naval limitations. Rising tensions over competing colonial ambitions in Asia eroded cooperation between Japan and the West in the early 20th century.
The Vietnam War lasted from 1954 to 1975 and divided the United States. It began as an effort to prevent South Vietnam from falling to communism with U.S. military advisors supporting South Vietnam. However, the Viet Cong insurgency and North Vietnamese army made the war very difficult for the U.S. The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a major turning point that turned U.S. public opinion against the war. Protests against the war grew significantly. The U.S. began withdrawing troops under Nixon and a ceasefire was reached in 1973, though South Vietnam fell to communism in 1975. Over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died in the war.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War between the United States and Vietnam. It discusses how the US initially provided aid to France in its war against Vietnam and later directly intervened out of concerns about communism spreading. The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased troops and bombing of North Vietnam while supporting the unstable South Vietnamese government. The conflict grew out of France's colonial rule of Vietnam and the country's temporary partition following Geneva accords in 1954.
This document summarizes European imperialism in Southeast Asia in the late 19th century. [1] European nations, led by Britain and France, expanded their colonial control over most of Southeast Asia between the 1870s-1900s, motivated by desires for economic and political gain. [2] They established systems of both direct and indirect rule over colonies to exploit resources while facing some resistance from local elites and peasants. [3] By the early 20th century, nationalist movements emerged among the urban middle class demanding independence.
West Africa and North Africa were colonized in the late 19th century as Europeans sought raw materials and new markets. Britain, France, Germany, and other powers established colonies and protectorates across the regions. In Central and East Africa, explorers like Livingstone paved the way for further colonization by Belgium in the Congo under King Leopold II. By the early 20th century, all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia had been divided among European colonial powers, who established systems of direct or indirect rule that increasingly angered educated Africans seeking independence.
The Vietnam War began as a conflict between Vietnam's nationalist movement led by Ho Chi Minh and the French colonial government. After the French were defeated in 1954, Vietnam was divided between a communist North backed by Ho Chi Minh and a non-communist South. Tensions rose as South Vietnam's leader Diem grew increasingly authoritarian and suppressed Buddhists. As the Viet Cong insurgency in the South expanded due to Diem's unpopularity, the US increased support for South Vietnam but struggled against guerrilla warfare. Despite withdrawing troops under Nixon, the US was unable to prevent a North Vietnamese victory and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule in 1975.
Political events that led to the creation of modern day Vietnam, from pre-colonial times to the 2010s.
For our Southeast Asian Politics class (comparative politics).
VIETNAM WAR - 04. THE FRENCH COLONISATION OF INDOCHINAGeorge Dumitrache
The French colonization of Vietnam began in 1858 when French troops entered the country under orders from Napoleon III. By 1893, the French had complete control over Vietnam after using a strategy of dividing and conquering. Vietnam was split into three parts administered as French Indochina, which also included Cambodia and Laos. The French economically exploited Vietnamese labor and resources, establishing plantations that led to thousands of deaths from disease and poor conditions. French colonization created a new class structure that divided Vietnamese society and laid the foundations for future resistance movements against French rule.
The growth of the british empire in africa from 1815 to1919 essayessay4me
The British Empire expanded greatly in Africa between 1815 and 1919. During this period, Britain established control over many African nations and territories through both direct rule and indirect rule via local governments. By the early 20th century, over 11 million square kilometers of Africa, including West Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa, and Egypt, were under British control. Britain's expansion was driven by industrialization, imperial ideology, and the Scramble for Africa between 1881-1919. By 1919, the British Empire in Africa was the largest empire that had ever existed.
1312 13 Nationalism in Asia and the Middle EastDrew Burks
After World War 1, nationalism grew across Asia and the Middle East as people sought independence from European colonial rule. However, the mandate system gave European powers continued control over former Ottoman lands. Arab groups who aided Allies believed they would gain independence but Britain and France secretly planned to divide the region. Turkish nationalism led to conflict with other ethnic groups and the Armenian genocide. China underwent political turmoil until nationalist and communist groups united but later split. Japanese imperialism and ultranationalism grew through the 1930s.
1. European colonial powers sought to directly control vast territories in Southeast Asia in the late 19th century for markets, raw materials, and national prestige.
2. Britain and France moved to establish colonial rule over most of Southeast Asia between 1819-1896, creating the colonies of British Malaya, Burma, and French Indochina.
3. Colonial powers governed through either indirect rule, allowing local rulers, or direct rule under Western officials, seeking to exploit resources and open new markets while preventing industrial development.
Independent states in south and southeast asiafrufruninja
The document summarizes the independence and development of several countries in South and Southeast Asia following the end of British colonial rule in the region. It discusses the partition of India and Pakistan along religious lines, the establishment of secular democracies in India and turmoil in Pakistan. It also outlines the independence movements and communist insurgencies in Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
The document provides a summary of key tourist attractions in Vietnam. It discusses 10 top attractions including Nha Trang beach, the Cu Chi Tunnels, the Mekong Delta region, Sa Pa rice terraces, Phu Quoc island, Hoi An old town, Hoan Kiem Lake in Hanoi, Thien Mu Pagoda in Hue, and Ha Long Bay with its limestone islands. It also provides brief historical context and facts about Vietnam.
The American Revolution was sparked by American colonists rebelling against British rule and taxation without representation. Inspired by natural rights philosophy, the colonists declared independence and fought the Revolutionary War from 1775-1783. After winning independence, the new American nation struggled to balance individual freedom and a strong central government, leading to the drafting of a new Constitution in 1787 to create a federal system of government.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam from 1858 to 1975. Key events include:
- France established control over Vietnam in the late 19th century and formed French Indochina in 1887.
- Vietnamese resistance to French rule began in the late 19th century and intensified in the early 20th century led by nationalist figures.
- After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh declared independence but Vietnam was divided after the French defeat in 1954.
- The US intervened in the Vietnam War in 1965 to stop the spread of communism but withdrew in 1973 after failing to defeat the Vietnamese resistance.
- The war ended in 1975 with the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.
Power Point Presentation on Nationalist Movement In Indo Chinassh09
This document provides an overview of nationalism in Vietnam. It discusses how Vietnam emerged from Chinese influence and came under French colonial domination in the late 19th century. The French established control over Vietnam and tried to reshape Vietnamese culture through education, though this led to resistance. Nationalism grew as the Vietnamese used education to promote independence and formed political parties. The long struggle against foreign rule was led by figures like Ho Chi Minh and included both military resistance and appeals to international opinion. The war finally ended in 1975 with the liberation of South Vietnam.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam in the 20th century. It discusses (1) how Vietnam was impacted by the Great Depression, leading to the formation of the Vietnamese Communist Party in 1930. (2) It then covers Japan's occupation of Vietnam in 1940 and the establishment of the Viet Minh resistance group. (3) After World War 2, Vietnam was divided following the Geneva Accords, with the North supported by China and the South receiving aid from the United States. This led to prolonged war between North and South Vietnam backed by their allies.
1. The Crimean War weakened Russia and destroyed the Concert of Europe, allowing for national unification in Germany and Italy in the late 19th century.
2. Italian unification was led by the Kingdom of Piedmont and figures like Cavour and Garibaldi, culminating in the capture of Rome and making it Italy's capital in 1871.
3. German unification was driven by Prussia and Otto von Bismarck through military victories over Austria and France, forming the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam and Thailand. It describes how Vietnam was conquered by China for over 1,000 years and later colonized by France, but emerged independent and stronger after various conflicts. Though influenced by China, Vietnam maintained its own identity and expanded south by conquering neighboring peoples. Similarly, Thailand was never colonized and established itself as the dominant power in Southeast Asia under the Ayutthaya Kingdom, despite threats from Burma. Key monarchs like Rama IV and V modernized Thailand in the 1800s to maintain independence from European colonialism.
This document provides an overview of the history of Vietnam and French colonization. It discusses how Vietnam was influenced by Chinese rule for many years and adopted Chinese culture and systems of government. It then outlines how the French gradually established control over Vietnam in the late 19th century and formed the colony of French Indochina. The document examines the economic and social impacts of French rule, including infrastructure development aimed at profiting French businesses, and the civilizing mission to spread French culture through education. However, this also led to Vietnamese resistance and nationalist movements against colonial domination.
AS History - British Foreign Policy III 1914kirstyodair
Britain entered WWI in 1914 primarily due to security and strategic interests in maintaining the balance of power in Europe. While Britain had no formal alliances, the invasion of Belgium and prospect of a German victory threatening British control of the seas and nearby coastlines led Britain to join the war to prevent German domination of Europe. Foreign Secretary Grey's policy of informal agreements with France allowed cooperation without binding alliances, but left Britain's course unclear, dragging it into war once its interests were threatened.
- In the mid-19th century, European and American traders sought new markets in East Asia and put pressure on China and Japan. Due to military imbalances, the Asian countries had to accept the demands of Western interests.
- Japan began rapidly modernizing after the Meiji Restoration in 1867, adopting Western technology, education systems, and industrializing. This allowed Japan to defeat China and Russia militarily, expanding its sphere of influence.
- However, Western powers sought to contain Japan's rise through policies like immigration restrictions and naval limitations. Rising tensions over competing colonial ambitions in Asia eroded cooperation between Japan and the West in the early 20th century.
The Vietnam War lasted from 1954 to 1975 and divided the United States. It began as an effort to prevent South Vietnam from falling to communism with U.S. military advisors supporting South Vietnam. However, the Viet Cong insurgency and North Vietnamese army made the war very difficult for the U.S. The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a major turning point that turned U.S. public opinion against the war. Protests against the war grew significantly. The U.S. began withdrawing troops under Nixon and a ceasefire was reached in 1973, though South Vietnam fell to communism in 1975. Over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died in the war.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War between the United States and Vietnam. It discusses how the US initially provided aid to France in its war against Vietnam and later directly intervened out of concerns about communism spreading. The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased troops and bombing of North Vietnam while supporting the unstable South Vietnamese government. The conflict grew out of France's colonial rule of Vietnam and the country's temporary partition following Geneva accords in 1954.
The Vietnam War was America's longest and most expensive war, lasting from 1954 to 1975 and deeply dividing the American public. It began as an effort to prevent communist domination of Southeast Asia according to the domino theory and involved massive U.S. military escalation under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson in support of South Vietnam against North Vietnam and communist insurgents. The war ended with the fall of Saigon in 1975 and an American withdrawal after failed peace negotiations.
Hogan's History- Cold War: Kennedy to Vietnam WarWilliam Hogan
This document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses key events and individuals involved in the escalation of US involvement in Vietnam from the 1950s through the 1960s. Some of the main points covered include the Eisenhower Doctrine and Domino Theory that influenced US foreign policy, the division of Vietnam following French withdrawal, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that increased US troop deployment, strategies employed by both sides in the war, and the growing anti-war movement in the US in response to the human and economic costs of the war.
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia. During the Cold War era, Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam along the 17th parallel. North Vietnam was communist while South Vietnam was democratic and backed by the United States. Despite U.S. involvement and bombing campaigns, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong defeated South Vietnam and unified the country under communist rule in 1975. The Vietnam War resulted in over 3 million deaths and had lasting impacts on both Vietnam and the United States.
Vietnam war for Cambridge IGCSE HistoryJoanie Yeung
Introduction of Vietcong, Why did USA get involved in Vietnam? Why did USA fail to defeat the Vietcong? What were the roles played by the media and public opinion in USA? How did the Vietnam War end?
The Vietnam War was a conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam that lasted from 1955 to 1975. It began as a war between Vietnam and France but later expanded with the United States supporting South Vietnam to contain the spread of communism. Despite massive U.S. military involvement, the war ended with a communist victory in 1975 as North Vietnam unified the country under communist rule.
The document provides an overview of the Vietnam War from multiple perspectives. It discusses the human toll in terms of lives lost and wounded for both Vietnam and the United States. It also examines public opinion shifts in the US as the war continued and details several major events and escalations of the war over time under different presidential administrations.
This document provides background information on Vietnam and Southeast Asia. It discusses the geography, population, history, and political ties of the region. It also summarizes the First Indochina War from 1950-1954 between Vietnam and France, as well as America's increasing involvement in supporting South Vietnam from 1954-1960 under President Diem. Finally, it outlines key events in 1961-1963 as the Vietnam War escalated under President Kennedy's administration.
Social Science History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement In Indo-China Class 10Tutalege
The document provides an overview of the nationalist movement in Indochina from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. It discusses how Vietnamese nationalism developed in response to French colonial rule, with resistance emerging from different sectors of society. Notable nationalist figures and groups pursued different visions, such as modernizing Vietnam while resisting Western domination, or establishing a democratic republic. The document also examines the roles of education, religion, communism, and women in the nationalist movement, which ultimately led to Vietnam's independence after decades of conflict.
The document summarizes the history of the war in Vietnam, beginning with the French war in Indochina from 1946-1954. It then discusses growing U.S. involvement and support for South Vietnam starting in the 1950s due to fears of communist expansion (the Domino Theory). Despite escalating U.S. military involvement and bombing campaigns in the 1960s under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, the Vietnam War became a protracted guerilla conflict with no clear victory for U.S. forces. By the late 1960s, over 500,000 U.S. troops were engaged in Vietnam in a war that resulted in over 58,000 U.S. soldier deaths.
The document provides background information on Vietnam prior to US involvement:
- Vietnam had a long history of independence from Chinese rule starting in the 10th century and various dynasties ruled over Vietnam until the French colonized Vietnam in the late 19th century.
- Under 60 years of French colonial rule, the French exploited Vietnam economically through taxes and forced labor while developing the country very little.
- During World War 2, Japan occupied Vietnam which led the Vietnamese to declare independence, sparking the First Indochina War between the Viet Minh and French military from 1946-1954.
Ho Chi Minh was born in Vietnam in 1890 and received a modern education in France. He embraced communism and became a founding member of the French Communist Party. In 1941, he returned to Vietnam to lead the Viet Minh independence movement against French and Japanese occupiers, receiving support from the U.S. Office of Strategic Services. After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence but France sought to reestablish colonial control, provoking war with the Viet Minh led by General Vo Nguyen Giap. This led to the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, which marked a major defeat for France in Indochina.
The 1903 plague outbreak in Hanoi highlighted tensions between French colonizers and Vietnamese citizens over public health measures. When plague struck the modern, clean French section of Hanoi, the French blamed the adjacent Vietnamese quarter for being unhygienic and a source of infection. However, the Vietnamese quarter lacked modern facilities and infrastructure despite the overcrowding. The plague outbreak thus revealed colonial attitudes that prioritized French interests in public works while neglecting the needs of the local Vietnamese population.
Analyzing Decolonization in India and Vietnam Through a Global PerspectiveIsabelaVitta
India gained independence from British rule in 1947 after decades of non-violent resistance led by Gandhi, while Vietnam was not unified and independent from French colonialism until 1975 after wars against the French and Americans. Both countries struggled for independence amid foreign intervention as peripheral nations within the global economic system. Their paths to decolonization reflected different approaches by their colonial powers, with France pursuing assimilation in Vietnam while Britain emphasized segregation in India. These cases demonstrate the importance of international factors and differing colonial policies for countries seeking independence in the 20th century.
Analyzing Decolonization in India and Vietnam Through a Global PerspectiveIsabelaVitta
This document provides background information and analysis on decolonization in India and Vietnam. It discusses key events in British rule in India and French rule in Vietnam. Nationalist independence movements employed both violent and non-violent resistance. Theories of decolonization, such as world systems theory, view India and Vietnam as peripheries dominated by colonial powers. Both countries struggled for independence amid foreign intervention. India gained independence through non-violent resistance while Vietnam's independence involved prolonged violence and war. The document examines the consequences of decolonization, including partition in India and the prolonged death, destruction and economic/social impacts in Vietnam. It emphasizes internationalist explanations and reflects patterns of colonial assimilation and segregation.
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by Cambodia, China, Laos and Thailand. It has a population of around 86 million people, with Chinese people making up 1.5% of the population. Vietnam has been influenced by China and India over ancient times and was a communist country. The main religion is Buddhism and the official language is Vietnamese. Vietnam experienced the Vietnam War in the mid-20th century after being divided following World War II, with the US backing South Vietnam and North Vietnam backed by communist allies. The war ended in 1975 with reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.
The document provides historical context on Algeria and Vietnam's colonial experiences and paths to independence. It discusses:
1) Algeria was a French colony for 130 years, with significant European settlement. Nationalist movements emerged in the 1920s-1930s. The Algerian War of Independence began in 1954 against French rule and ended in 1962 with Algeria gaining independence.
2) Vietnam was colonized by France from the 19th century. Ho Chi Minh led the Vietnamese resistance and declared independence in 1945. This began the First Indochina War, leading to the 1954 Geneva Accords that temporarily divided Vietnam.
3) Both countries struggled with the impacts of colonialism, including economic disruption and global superpower involvement linked to
In the early 1900s, France controlled Vietnam but faced growing independence movements. Ho Chi Minh emerged as a leader seeking full independence. After World War II, Vietnam was occupied by Japan and France returned, resisting independence. The US backed France, hoping to contain communism, but France was defeated in 1954. This led to division and war between the US-backed South and communist North, backed by the USSR and China. Despite US involvement, North Vietnam reunified the country under communism in 1975.
The document provides a history of Vietnam from 1940 to 1978. It details Japan's invasion in 1940 and the beginning of the Viet Minh resistance group under Ho Chi Minh in 1941. It then discusses the First Indochina War between the Viet Minh and French colonial forces from 1946 to 1954, when the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu. This led to the Geneva Accords and temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel, with the North controlled by communists and the South led by Ngo Dinh Diem. The timeline continues with the escalation of US involvement and bombing campaigns in North Vietnam throughout the 1960s. It concludes with the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces in 1975 and the
The document summarizes the history of Vietnam from 208 BC to 1963, including periods of rule by China, periods of independence, and periods of rule by France and Japan. It discusses key events like the Geneva Conference which divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel, and the rise of Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem as leaders of North and South Vietnam respectively. It also summarizes US involvement under Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy, including their support of France and South Vietnam due to fears of communist expansion.
The document summarizes the history of American involvement in Vietnam. It explains that Vietnam was a French colony until WWII, after which the Vietnamese resisted French rule under Ho Chi Minh. The US initially intervened to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam following the Geneva Accords that divided Vietnam in two. Despite US bombing campaigns and growing involvement, popular support for the war declined as the human and financial costs mounted. Ultimately, the US failed to achieve its objectives and withdrew from Vietnam.
The document appears to be a review game about events in Europe between World War I and the end of World War II. It contains multiple choice questions about the Russian Revolution, the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of Hitler and the Nazis in Germany, and the division of Europe after WWII. Key events covered include Lenin taking power in Russia, the terms imposed on Germany by the Treaty, Hitler gaining popularity by remilitarizing Germany, and the postwar occupation of Eastern Europe by the Soviet Union.
Pradyumn presents The nationalist movement in indo -chinaPradumn-singh
Indo-China consists of Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Vietnam was historically under Chinese influence, adopting Chinese systems of government, culture, education, and Confucianism. The French colonized Vietnam in the late 1800s, establishing French Indochina. They introduced infrastructure projects, plantations, and a modern education system, but it was limited and created tensions. Nationalist movements emerged seeking independence from foreign rule, influenced by developments in China and Japan, and led by figures such as Ho Chi Minh.
What the video at httpswww.youtube.comwatchv=XgW0o-Ui94k and a.docxtwilacrt6k5
What the video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgW0o-Ui94k and answer the questions below based upon your understanding of the war and the content of the video.
1. Why did the French request assistance from the United States in Southeast Asia?
2. How is the Domino Theory related to the containment policy?
3. How did President Kennedy attempt to stop the expansion of communism into Vietnam?
4. After which event did President Johnson dramatically increase the number of US troops deployed to Vietnam?
a. Why do historians call into questions President Johnson’s justification for sending more troops to Vietman?
5. Who advocated the policy of Vietnamization? Why did this policy fail?
6. How did the Vietnam conflict end?
The Cold War in Vietnam
Vietnam Before US Intervention Previous
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been a French colony since the late 19th century. During World War II, however, Japan occupied French Indochina. After Japan's defeat, France tried to re-establish control, but met opposition from the Viet Minh.
After World War II, neither France nor England wanted to see the end of their colonial empires. England was anxious to control Burma, Malaya, and India. France wanted to rule Indochina. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States sought to bring an end to European colonialism. As he put it, condescendingly: “There are 1.1 billion brown people. In many Eastern countries they are ruled by a handful of whites and they resent it. Our goal must be to help them achieve independence. 1.1 billion potential enemies are dangerous.”
But under Harry Truman, the United States was concerned about its naval and air bases in Asia. The U.S. decided to permit France into Indochina to re-assert its authority in Southeast Asia. The result: the French Indochina War began.
From the beginning, American intelligence officers knew that France would find it difficult to re-assert its authority in Indochina. The French refused to listen to American intelligence. To them, the idea of Asian rebels standing up to a powerful Western nation was preposterous.
Although Truman allowed the French to return to Indochina, he was not yet prepared to give the French arms, transportation, and economic assistance. It was not until anti-communism became a major issue that the United States would take an active role supporting the French. The fall of China, the Korean War, and the coming of Joe McCarthy would lead policymakers to see the French War in Vietnam, not as a colonial war, but as a war against international communism.
Beginning in 1950, the United States started to underwrite the French war effort. For four years, the United State.
The Vietnam War lasted from 1961 to 1975 between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The United States initially provided support to South Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Over time, U.S. involvement escalated with ground troops being sent to Vietnam. Heavy U.S. bombing of North Vietnam took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Despite peace agreements and the withdrawal of U.S. troops, North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975. The war remains very controversial in American history.
The Vietnam War was a conflict between communist North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union against capitalist South Vietnam supported by the United States and other anti-communist countries. The war began in 1955 and lasted until 1975, with the United States gradually increasing its involvement and sending over half a million troops to Vietnam to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. After nearly 20 years of fighting, North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam and unified the country under communist rule. Over 58,000 American soldiers were killed and over 300,000 wounded during the long and divisive war.
The document provides an overview of several historical events and periods from the late 18th century to the late 20th century:
- The French Revolution saw the execution of King Louis XVI and spread revolutionary ideas around the world, though Napoleon later took control.
- The Haitian Revolution was the first successful slave revolt, leading to Haiti's independence in 1804 and inspiring other revolts.
- The Industrial Revolution began in Western Europe and drove technological changes globally over the 19th and early 20th centuries.
- World War I ravaged Europe and redrew political maps, sowing seeds for future conflicts like World War II.
- In the 20th century, most of Asia and Africa
The document discusses the key elements in the mechanics of a plot, including:
1) The exposition, where the background of the story is established at the beginning.
2) The inciting incident, which causes conflict and escalates events toward the climax.
3) The climax, which is the most intense and turning point where there is no going back.
4) The resolution, also called the denouement, reveals how things are resolved and loose ends are tied up.
The document discusses three main points of view in writing: first person, second person, and third person. First person uses "I" and sees the story through the protagonist's eyes, giving their thoughts but only their perspective. Second person uses "you" and puts the reader in the story as a character, which can be confusing. Third person can be omniscient, where the narrator knows everything about all characters, or limited, where the narrator only provides insight into one or two characters' thoughts and feelings.
The narrator will die the next day and wants to confess a story. He loves animals, as does his wife, who has a cat named Pluto. The narrator starts drinking and abusing Pluto. He eventually kills Pluto by hanging him from a tree and cutting out his eye. Their house later burns down, impoverishing them. A cat appears that looks like Pluto but with a white mark on its chest resembling a gallows. The narrator tries to kill this cat but his wife intervenes. He hides the cat's body in the cellar wall but the murder is discovered thanks to the cat.
Barn Burning by William Faulkner plot analysisRikki Carr
Abner Snopes is accused of burning down a barn. His son Sarty is caught between protecting his father and telling the truth about what happened. When Sarty chooses to warn the landlord instead of lying for his father, it changes his life forever. In the end, Sarty runs away from home in the middle of the night to forge his own path without his father.
Two men wearing overcoats and gloves enter a lunchroom and start antagonizing the staff. They become increasingly hostile, ordering people around and tying up two employees in the kitchen. The men reveal they are killers and are planning to murder someone named Ole Anderson at 7:00, but Ole never arrives and is not killed.
The document summarizes a story about Miss Emily, an eccentric woman in her town. After her father's funeral, Miss Emily gets a boyfriend named Homer but buys poison out of fear he will leave her. Homer then disappears. The town suspects Miss Emily poisoned Homer since his body is found in her house many years later. The story explores the town's gossiping about Miss Emily and interference in her life, as well as symbols of death and taxes.
1) The poem discusses how master artists like Breughel understood that suffering often takes place as an unnoticed part of everyday life, as people go about normal activities.
2) It references Breughel's painting of Icarus, where despite Icarus drowning after his wings melt, a ploughman continues working and a ship sails on, indifferent to his suffering.
3) The poem's tone suggests that we often fail to notice extraordinary or awful events happening around us, while caught up in our ordinary lives, and we should work to open our eyes to these things.
The document outlines the key elements of a short story, including setting, characters, conflict, point of view, and plot. It discusses setting the time and location. The main characters are the protagonist and antagonist. Conflicts can include man vs. man, nature, animals, circumstances, society, or oneself. Point of view can be from a child, the protagonist's mind, first person, or an omniscient narrator. The plot follows an exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
This document outlines the key elements of a short story, including setting, characters, conflict, point of view, and plot. It defines setting as the time and location to set the mood. It identifies the protagonist and antagonist as main characters. It describes different types of conflicts as man vs. man, nature, animals, circumstances, society, or oneself. It lists point of views such as innocent eye, stream of consciousness, first person, and omniscient narrator. Finally, it defines plot as the structure and sequence of events in a story.
The document discusses discrimination and its harmful effects. It describes discrimination against minorities and the rejection and pain it causes. It advocates for equal treatment of all people regardless of attributes like race, religion or ethnicity. Several poems express opposition to discrimination and call for ending it.
The document summarizes key elements of Shakespearean sonnets. It explains that sonnets have 14 lines organized in three quatrains and a rhyming couplet. The first eight lines establish an idea, while the final six lines challenge or twist that idea in an unexpected way. The first word of the ninth line often signals this change in direction. It provides examples of Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 29 to illustrate these structures.
This document outlines 15 steps of the hero's journey monomyth structure that can be used to help write an essay. It provides questions for each step to help flesh out the character's story and journey. The steps include the call to adventure, refusal of the call, meeting a mentor, crossing the first threshold, trials and challenges, temptations, atonement, apotheosis, obtaining the ultimate boon, reluctance to return, obstacles in returning, rescue and assistance, and reintegration into normal life bringing wisdom from the journey.
The document outlines the typical 15 steps of Joseph Campbell's monomyth model known as the "Hero's Journey". These steps include the hero receiving a call to adventure, initially refusing the call, receiving supernatural help, crossing the first threshold to begin their journey, facing trials and transformations, finding love, being tempted to stray from their path, confronting their father figure, taking a rest after completing their transformation, achieving the ultimate boon by completing their quest, not wanting to return from their journey, needing to flee or get rescued, and finally crossing back over the threshold to return to their normal world. The steps are not always linear and a hero may experience them in a different order or skip some steps.
The document lists various tools used in agriculture, construction, electrical work, and metal/wood working. It provides the name of over 100 tools and a 1-2 word description of their basic function, such as "turning nuts and bolts" or "cutting bushes".
Some of my classes created board games that the Franks and the other refugees could have played silently in the Secret Annex. The games had to be historically accurate and designed for three or more players.
This document provides a timeline of key events in Germany and Europe from 1918 to 1945, including the rise of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor, the establishment of concentration camps and the enactment of anti-Semitic laws, Germany's invasion of neighboring countries and outbreak of World War II, the implementation of the Final Solution and operation of death camps, Anne Frank and her family going into hiding in 1942, and the end of WWII in 1945.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. I.Vietnam and South East Asia
A.“South East Asia” covers a highly
varied set of cultures and is used to
explain, in broad terms, political,
social, and economic benchmarks.
1.S.E.A. - term covering varied
cultures, and is really a geographic
expression
2.S.E.A. - each nation changed greatly
after breaking colonial ties
1
key
I.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
C.
1.
2.
3.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. B. Geography for size and scale
1. Laos the size of Great Britian
2. Thailand the size of France
3. Cambodia the size of Spain
C. French Indochina includes
Laos,Cambodia, and Vietnam
1. Vietnam roughly 1,000 miles in
length; long, narrow strip of land
exposed to S. China Sea.
2
I.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
C.
1.
2.
3.
D.
1.
2.
4. 2. When split at 17 parallel, N.
Vietnam is 62,000 square miles,
roughly the size of Washington
State.
3. S. Vietnam is 67,000 square miles
and divided into 43 provinces.
D. Rivers and topography from North to
South
1. Northern Highlands mostly
mountains and jungle forest,
sparsely populated. Red River Delta
originates in China, flows through
Hanoi and into the sea. Most of N.V
population is located here.
3
I.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
C.
1.
2.
3.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 2. Central Highlands jungle mountains,
thinly populated except by Montangnards
(original inhabitants). 30 different
Montangnard groups; 1.5 million
3. Costal Lowlands very narrow along
whole of sea along the costal plains.
From 30 to 100 miles wide; area of much
commerce, fishing, sea ports, and
agriculture.
4. Costal plain, flat lowlands, poor
agriculturally; fishing is the second
most important area for commerce.
4
I.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
C.
1.
2.
3.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6. 5. Mekong Delta, Mekong River also
starts in China, flows through Laos
and Cambodia to South China Sea.
Very shallow for sea shipping, only
good for local and inland travel.
Rich in sediment, large agricultural
area, warmest climate in Vietnam.
“Rice Bowl” produces 5 million
tons of rice a year; can produce up
to three crops.
5
I.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
C.
1.
2.
3.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
7. E. Geographic isolation in Indochina
1. Variations within regions and at
times from village to village leaves
S.E.A. to traditional village life
2.People in villages tied to the
land
3. Mid 1960s rule intermittent some
places completely inaccessible
except by air via helicopter.
4. Thus people were loyal to
village, clan, or tribe, rather than
the nation 6
I.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
C.
1.
2.
3.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
8. II. Population
A. Cities biggest concentration of people.
1. Saigon biggest and most modern city in
S. Vietnam; most modern facilities.
a. Post-war Saigon known as Ho Chi Mihn
city.
b. largest trading city in South; named
by France and S. Vietnamese.
7
9. 2. Numbers
a. N. Vietnam 20 million people
b. S. Vietnam 22 million people
B. Heaviest concentrations in Deltas,
lowlands, and cities; mixture of Mongol,
Chinese, and foreigners.
C. Northern population 200,000 true
Chinese; Vietnamese strong Chinese
cultural ties.
8
10. 1. 2.5 million people Montangnards
2. 2 million people some nationality
other than Vietnamese
D. Southern population 1.7 million
cultural Chinese, mainly businessmen,
industrialists, people of other
influence in Vietnamese society
9
11. 1. 700, 000 Montangnards
2. 600, 000 Cambodians
3. 500, 000 Khemers
4. 2 million foreigners “European”
5. majority of people live in
countryside 5 subgroups
10
12. E. Cities and religion
1. Hanoi capital of North (pop 750,
000)
2. Saigon capital of South (pop a
million - French occupation; modern
European architecture)
3. Da Nang third largest of N & S -
where Americans are first stationed
(pop 500, 000)
11
13. 4. Haiphong fourth largest in Vietnam
5. Hue old capital city of Vietnam -
center of religion - on N & S border.
In center of rich farmland, two
universities, Buddhist, Catholic.
F. Population is a mix of Montangnard,
Mongol, and Chinese.
12
14. G. Religion
1. 75% Buddist
2. 15% Roman Catholics. Anti-Communists
followed the French and converted to stay
in power.
3. 9% Taoists, Confucionists - from China
4. 1% Montangnards - pagonists
13
15. III. Prehistory and Political Ties
A. Vietnam has direct ties to China:
cultural, religious, and societal.
1. AD 939 Chinese defeated. Vietnam
becomes independent.
2. During next 900 years the Nam-tien
occurs in which a southern movement
happens.
14
16. B. 1069 to ~1800 nation known as Dai
Viet (Greater Viet)
1. 1427 a brief 20-year reoccupation
by China is expelled
a. 16th century Vietnam named
b. Time of Settlement by non-Chinese
2. 1527 200 yr period of strife: Mac
Dang Dung controls north Nguyen, not
reunified until 1800s.
15
17. 3. 1535 Portuguese Capt. Faria first to
enter Da Nang bay; French and English
also find Viets unwilling to trade.
C. 1627 French missionary Alexander de
Rhodes adopts Vietnamese language to Roman
alphabet; work now dominates French
missionaries
1. 1802 French missionaries help unite N/
S Vietnam, under Nguyen, but V. regards
Christians as subversive.
2. 1857 unable to establish good trade,
French attack Da Nang and succeed.
16
18. 3. 1883 French divide Vietnam into
protectorates to rule effectively.
4. 1887 France forms Indochinese
union with Cambodia, Laos, and
Vietnam as protectorate.
D. Twentieth Century
1. 1919 Versailles Peace Conference
Nguyan Ai Quoc tries to meet with
Pres. Wilson with an eight-point
program for independence (dismissed)
17
19. 2. Emperor Bao Dai ascends throne as
puppet government of French. Nguyen
Ai Quoc founds first communist
organization in Indochina.
3. 1940 Vietnam taken over by Japan,
creating a virtual Japanese colony
for rice, rubber, and farming.
4. 1941 Vietminh organize guerilla
units to attack Japanese forces.
a. Ho Chi Minh, formerly Nguyen
AiQuoc, works with US OSS to fight
Japan.
18
20. b. 1945 Ho Chi Minh regards US as a
friend; repeatedly asks for help
5. China's influence continues Mao Tse
Tung controls China 1949; influence
spreads south to Vietnam
6. US in quandary:didn't want to support
French colonies nor communism.
E. 1945-54 Vietnamese seek independence
19
21. IV. The First War of Independence 1950-54
A.It was in Indochina that Japan opened
the door for change to colonization in
S.E.A.
1. French were the first to make
concessions
2. Post-WWII England, France, and
Holland would meet new demands from
their colonies
20
22. B. The war had spawned new leaders and
political organizations; considered
honorable nationalists by indigenous
people
1. American agents involved in trying to
contact Ho Chi Minh to get involved in
using Vietnamese forces to evict the
Japanese.
2. Archimedes Patti head of OSS secret
mission to train Vietnamese and spy on
Japanese movements
3. US close to Ho and his allies
21
23. C. The war also allowed people in various
nations to emit nationalist ideas
1. no longer under colonial control
2. Japan sometimes encouraged
nationalist ideology
3. modern weaponry before inaccessible
was now in the hands of revolutionaries
4. due to weak weapon counting, Asians
now had weapons provided by both sides
22
24. D. Vietnam. US and Soviet Union begin to
view Asia as an important area for
development “alliances”
1. France wanted to re-impose colonial
rule in Indochina
2. France sought United Nations as well
as American help to stop the insurgency
of communists and US, under the Truman
Doctrine, will help
23
25. E. 1945-1954 France focuses on regaining
territory
1. End WWII 46-47 France returns to
colonies
2. China occupies the N and allows
pro-communist ideas
a. Ho Chi Minh gathers followers and
nationalism
b. France finally gains control of
Vietnam in‘47.
24
26. 3. Now Japan and China gone, France
finds Ho's fledgling government
prepared to fight
F. 1950-54 US and France a vested
interest
1. France desperately wants to regain
colonies to help rebuild economy
2. Vietminh under the Ho nationalists;
want independence and Vietnam
25
27. 3. US influences France to be a buffer and
stop communists Vietminh assisted by China
a. US afraid of France losing pay 75% of
the bill
b. Pres. Truman using T. Doctrine to aid
N & S distinction
1) US building anti-communist army
since 1946
2)1951 aid previously went through
Paris, now directly to Saigon
26
28. 4. 1950-53 Korean War show communists
trying to take over Asia
5. American interest in Indochina
increases each year
6. Ho Chi Minh forces continually
winning in Vietnam. US does NOT want to
help colonialism but must stop communism
G. Dien Ben Phu French garrison. 50,000
Vietminh attack 15,000 French Foreign
Legionaries 200 miles behind enemy lines
in order to speed French victory
27
29. 1. Vietnam shell the airstrip and surround Dien
Ben Phu; French are doomed
2. After 10 days Sec Dulles proposes nuclear
strike as shock of forts demise reaches D.C.
3. For the first time “Ike” states this theory
for trying to save Indochina (Domino theory) Aid
must be sent
4. Fort's fall is eminent on 7 May 1954
humiliating defeat 35,000 men wounded 48,000
killed; siege lasted 55 days. Peace talks - Geneva
accords 1954 in communist favor.
28
30. H. Geneva accords ending the war. France
opposed to the partition, but it might save
half of the country.
1. Compromise: Vietminh leave Cambodia,
Laos, and given control of N. Vietnam.
2. France must leave N & S Vietnam, divided
at 17th parallel with impending
reunification in two years with nation-wide
elections
29
31. 3. For 300 days people can move N or S
freely. 1 million 90% move S mostly
Catholics fearing persecution, only
100,000 move N
4. To police actions. India, Canada,
and Poland supervise US highly opposed
to elections in two years.
Anticommunists in S protest most.
30
32. V. America & S Vietnam 1954-1960
A. After Geneva, France withdraws. America
begins cooperating with President Diem.
1. Elections are to take place in 2 years
but never happen
2. With NGO Dinh Diem in power, Republic
of Vietnam in S against the Democratic
Republic of N Vietnam
a. America helps disrupt the elections
to keep Diem in power
31
33. b. elections don't occur; Great
Britain, China, and even France upset
they fail to happen
B. 1954-63 America helps Diem pull S
Vietnam back together
C. During 1950s America aids S Vietnam to
try and prevent communism from spreading
1. Eisenhower's Domino Theory of one
nation falls others will follow
2. By 1955 France completely leaves S
Vietnam
32
34. D. Oct 26, 1955 Diem in complete control as
first President proclaims Republic of S Vietnam
and immediately recognized by France, Great
Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Japan,
Thailand, S Korea, and US
E. SEATO is formed to encompass nations
including protocols of SV, Cambodia, & Laos
Dec. 1955
1. Cambodia renounced SEATO seeking
neutrality
2. MAAG assumes control of all military in SV
33
35. F. May 1956 Geneva accords are officially
refused. Diem declares S Vietnam open to
free elections
G. Diem visits US in May 1957 and Ike calls
him the‘Miracle Man’of Asia
H. Major Dale R. Buis 8 July 1959 the first
official US soldier to die in Vietnam
34
36. VI A new president, a new year, a new war
A. JFK committed to containing communism
1. JFK will not let communism win
2. JFK pledges millions plus advisers
B. Hanoi decides political struggle is
useless and armed resistance/insurgence
is necessary
35
37. 1. Jan 1960 NLF fighters encourage
uprisings in S Vietnam
2. US insists Diem win over his people,
oppression only plays to the communists
C. Nov 8 1960 JFK elected president
1. Dec 1960 Eisenhower/JFK decide alternate
leadership may be needed in S Vietnam
2. USSR Kruschev announces will back any
nation in revolt, influencing JFK's
strategy of counter insurgency in S V.
36
38. D. JFK continues to bolster US forces,
assistance, special forces, and $, declaring
any possible way to help will be viewed
E. Returning from SEA tour, LBJ informs JFK
of impending Domino Theory and w/o help they
will fall. June 1961 ARVN 100,000 men
F. 1961 December Diem announces a formal
state of emergency due to increased Viet
Cong and NLF activity
G. US forces Dec 1961 #3200 US is spending
$136 in economic aid and $65 million in
military aid and equipment
37
39. H. May 1962 Sec of Defense McNamara visits
Vietnam and concludes US forces now totaling
4,000 and are winning
I. April 1963 US extremely concerned the
fragile nation will be toppled. Laos says
opening talks w/Moscow all US aid stops
J. April-May 1963 US forces openly fight
with S Vietnam troops, V C forces gaining in
size. Anti-Diem feeling continue. Diem's
gov't announces the Chieu-Hoi program to the
V C defect and be loyal to S Vietnam. US
forces # about 11,000
38
40. VIII. Diem's Downfall
A. May 8 1963 Budda's birthday. 20,000
Buddists celebrate and are fired upon when
Diem enforces the old French laws
1. JFK knows Vietnam is a mess
2. Nine people die 20 wounded Diem blames VC
a. Buddists demand responsible punished
b. Buddists 70% of pop Catholics 10% but
hold major positions
39
41. 3. By Oct 1963, a coup to remove Diem is
evident and the US will not intervene
a. JFK approves and US will not be
involved
b. Nov 2 1963 Diem is assassinated Gen.
Dvong Van Minh is now in charge
4. Nov 22 1963 JFK assassinated
B. 24 Nov 1963 LBJ pledges continued US
support in Vietnam
40
42. C. LBJ's plans thought he should keep JFK's
people, compelled to for JFK (mistake)
1. LBJ's Great Society his plan for US
2. LBJ felt that if he lost Vietnam, what
was next? The presidency for sure in
1964.
D. 1963 Def Sec McNamara sent to Vietnam for
report stated three things to do:
1. Drop it! and just withdraw from
Vietnam
41
43. a. Johnson said can't do it, it will look
like JFK lied against his plans
b. If withdraw, S Vietnam would fall to
communists being an election year,
Republicans win. Last Domino not Vietnam
but LBJ presidency
2. Continue on same policies
a. will not help win war quickly
b. get back to Great Society
c. not winning or losing: treading water
42
44. 3. Sharp increase in manpower & equipment
get the war over whip communists quickly;
been there since 1954
a. increase $ and try to win 2-3 years
instead of 10
b. LBJ does not want to look like war
monger wait until November election
E. Johnson's advisers telling him to look
out!
43
45. 1. Paul Kattenburg assistant sec to Pres
advised it would take 50,000+ soldiers
fighting 5-10 years to win- maybe.
2. Three others agree: George Ball, Wayne
Morse Oregon, Ernst Gruening Alaska
F. Election year LBJ in bind how to handle
S V need to fight
1.Rep talking tough Barry Goldwater
candidate
2. LBJ needs an excuse to go to war
44
46. VIII. Tonkin 64
A. Night Aug 1964 three N Vietnamese boats
attacked 1 of 2 US Naval vessels.
Allegedly in International waters the
boats attacked the USS Maddox which fires
a torpedo sinking one aggressor.
1. The Maddox was apparently patrolling
the coastline and attacked
2. Aug 4 1964 communists 2nd attack on
the USS Turner Joy - no vessels damaged
45
47. B. Aug 7 1964 LBJ's excuse to go to war
1. Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution for America to do as will
2. gives Johnson complete power
C. Almost declaration of war. 435
Congressmen 100 Senators 535 voted 533 yes 2
no (Morris and Gruening)
D. at beginning only aerial combat not
wanting to expand war too much election year
46
48. E. Nov 1 1964 VC attack US air bases
1. LBJ asks for peace not wanting US there
election campaign after Nov 3.
2. LBJ wins election. LBJ 43 mil pop vote
486 electoral vote; Goldwater 27 mil pop
vote 52 electoral vote
3. with win LBJ feels people with him -
green light for SV policy.
4. Ending 1964 not better Dec 24 VC bomb US
hotels in SV. Chinese aircraft flown into
NV - Chinese entering the war?
47
49. F. 1965 LBJ plans to change tactics US goes
to war
1. Advisers say 40% of country under VC
seem to be growing
2. Beginning 65 20,000 US troops there
a. now Chinese migs in NV
b. 3,000+ soldiers down Ho Chi Minh trail
overwhelm South
48
50. G. Feb, March 65 aircraft, soldiers,
equipment to conduct operations
1. Spring 65 combined Army/Marines 72,000
to stop VC
2. end 1965 190,000
3. 1369 Americans die/3308 wounded/4677
casualties
4. Americans concerned as to foreign
involvement - don't want big war
49
51. H. By May 1965 LBJ has asked for $700 mil in
appropriations
1. June LBJ's asks for $750 mil +
40,000-100,000 more men
2. Aug A request 235,000 more men + $1
billion 750,000
I. First US protests summer/fall - several
protests take place. Many pacifists call
for peace at any cost. Beginning to
demonstrate peacefully. Quakers etc.
50
52. 1. Leftist start also w/anti-war banners.
socialists
2. Many religious groups ex: SCLC led by Dr.
King, say war is immoral
J. LBJ asking for peace by end of 1965.
States US winning the war.
1. In a Feb conference between LBJ, CAO KY
and Thieu trying for democracy in SV
2. Discuss communist strategy of waiting.
Knew US didn't want to spend so much time to
fix & move on
51
53. 3. US thought Hanoi puppets of China, USSR
- really weren't
a. two things driving communists:
1) nationalism, merge Vietnam
2) Marxism, wanted communism and one
Vietnam
b. only possible through strict
discipline, unity, and time on their side
c. nothing mattered as long as win war
52
54. IX. Communist forces
A. Ho Chi Minh leader and proclaimed
independence in 1954
B. Always on the offensive, trying to cause
change or trouble for SV forces
C. NV single goal one Vietnam
D. Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos, Cambodia, and
ends in different places throughout SV. VC
main supply line
53
55. E. Vo Minh Giap is the military leader of
North Vietnam; Ha Van Lau UN diplomat; Le Duan
leading organizer in the S; Pham Van Dung 2nd
in power
F. Marxism/communism/Vietnam
1. leadership, unity, time on their side -
victory at any cost
2. communists usually on offensive - pushing
back
54
56. X. A new perspective. End of 1966 US
casualties 30,093, deaths 5008; Allied forces
reach 1,138,000 men
A. End of 66 beginning of 67 Tet Truce
B. SV armed forces are now at 750,000
C. US air war operation Rolling Thunder is
now in full swing
1. 148,000 bombs tonnage dropped
2. war refugees have swelled Saigon's pop
from 1.5 mil to 3.4 mil
55
57. D. 1967 VC call for truce to last to Feb 1967
E. US winning war ARVN and US forces working
together to end communism
F. Bombing from Rolling Thunder pauses on and
off to encourage peace
1. war was beginning to look good for the
US. Communists saying same thing.
2. US happy w/situation. Communists same
thing; lost control if over 1 mil people in
the countryside
56
58. G. US increase troop numbers on battlefield in
hopes of finishing communists
H. Throughout the spring and summer of 1967
calls for curtailing the war are brought to
light many ideas on how to end the war are
reviewed
I. Congress conducts investigations for the air
war and infantry operations in SEA
1. the NV intensify and announce they meet the
US in every action
2. US thus increases its bombing & infantry
operations to prod the NV at the peace table
57
59. XI. Pres Thieu and KY elected as Pres and VP in
polpular nationwide elections
A. US forces continually fight VC insurgents
B. NV forces intensify attacks along border
C. US protests increase as confrontations
between demonstrators and police forces occur
D. the war is in full swing Dec 31 1967 US
appears to be winning wholeheartedly
E. US relations w/Vietnam are marginal since
the Honolulu conference in 1966. War is
58
60. F. As conflict continues casualties & death
continue to mount for US and SV
XII. 1968 Renewed Strength from Hanoi
A. Tet 1968 Chinese New Year
1. well-planned communist major offensive to
regain control
a. battle plan was a total military loss
not one major battlefield victory for N
b. politically and propaganda VC total
victory psychologically
59
61. 2. Tet was covered by US TV people at home saw crises,
becoming disillusioned, at the scene
a. Tet allows communist to regain initiative
b. after Tet VC regain foot hold in S. US at home
want out of the war
3. Khe Sahn marines MTN fort in northern part of SV
under communist attack
a. fort est. to moniter NV, Laos border, Ho Chi Minh
trail
b. fort attacked for 77 days 20,000 NVA vs 6,000 US
60
62. 1) US controls the air 3 B-52 bombers every
30 minutes
2) 400 tactical air strikes each day 18,000
tons of ordinance dropped a day 77 days = 5
1/2 Hiroshimas
4. Tet was planned to take everyone by
surprise
a. soldiers on leave to be home
b. businesses close down for holiday 1 week
61
63. 5. Tet 1968 election year communists use to try
and embarrass LBJ & SV gov't. Every possible
place was attacked.
a. places of importance: US Embassy,
military posts, Vietnamese police, air ports,
US airfields, cities of Hue, Pleiku, Da Nang
b. state of total chaos
6. US spring primaries Jan, Feb, March
a. after Tet LBJ's popularity 40%
62
64. b. polls opposed to the war in Vietnam:
year totally opposed
65 25%
66 35%
67 45%
68 55%
63
65. B. Johnson's decision
1. LBJ knows his standing is not good
politically
2. two-day meeting to seek recommendations
March 25-6 to seek answers stay in election
or quit
C. war cannot be won
1. LBJ goes on TV 3/31/68 talks of peace
2. SV needs more responsibility
64
66. 3. US bombings above 18th parallel halted no
more maybe communists will talk
4. finally LBJ announces he will not run for
office or accept nomination
D. LBJ's plan to withdraw from war
1. new Sec Def Clark Clifford convinces Pres
to get out of war in Vietnam
a. media a BIG problem - no stopping press
b. NV & VC infiltrators everywhere in SV
65
67. 2. LBJ gives speech
a. April 3 communists willing to talk
b. Paris Peace Talks led by De Gaule May 5
3. LBJ want out as a draw no loss no win
leave SV intact no bombing increase ARVN
forces
4. almost all of talks run by communists
E. Last months and days LBJ in office
delegating withdraw & end of presidency
66
68. XI. Nixon wins 1968 election
A. Nixon takes office Jan 1969; Republicans finally
get a chance in Vietnam
1. Nixon not a Dove knows country wants war to end
2. Nixon talking peace but does not want to admit
defeat
B. war must wind down slowly military give back to
ARVN
C. when Nixon takes over, 590,000 troops in Vietnam
67
69. 1. Nixon talking to tone down whole war
2. by end of 1969 475,000 in Vietnam 115,000
US have come home
3. US will train the ARVN forces and give all
supplies
D. with US becoming more Dovish, Nixon follows
through w/peace plan
1. problems SV dragging feet, doesn't want to
fight alone
2. peace talks slow communist demands
difficult to meet
68
70. a. Pres Thieu resignation
b. US complete withdraw no more aid to SV
E. My Lai incident (revealed) village in
northern SV
1. first time whole group of men in combat,
figured people in village attacking them
2.rounded up people and killed majority left
them in a ditch
a. occurred in May 1968, press revealed in
March 1969
69
71. b. war now seen as immoral
3. investigation Generals press charges on
few soldiers and commanding officer William
Calley
a.Calley sentenced to 10 years to life in
prison
b. released in 3.5 years with a dishonorable
discharge
F. After My Lai US sees war as immoral disgrace
70
72. 1. Army suffered a severe dishonor due to
violence, seen as killing women and
children not the enemy
2. Nixon, who was withdrawing troops, has
war break its borders and now involve
Cambodia angering US public
XII. Vietnamization
A. US military under Nixon's command shift
emphasis from battlefield to technical
training to give war back to SV
71
73. 1. Oct 1969 Nixon assures Premier Souvanna Phouma
of Laos the US will insist on withdrawl of NV
from Laos, Cambodia as part of the settlement
2. Joint Chiefs say Vietnamization will work
going well but assistance needs to continue
B. Nixon and military work only through time
1. next year US forces continually turn over
forts or equipment to SV
2. US continues to fight as withdrawal continues.
Fighting at its highest level on borders of
Cambodia and Laos to prevent infiltration of NVA,
VC
72
74. C. SV forces increase to ~850,000 NV forces
reach ~240,000 main force
D. Dec 16 US B-52s bombing in south to support
ground troops
E. Jan 1970 news conference Pres Nixon states
the policy of Vietnamization is irreversible.
US will continue to gradually withdraw it's
troops from SV
1. US aircraft continually face attacks by
missile and other means while flying over the
DMZ and Ho Chi Minh trail
73
75. 2. Infiltration does not decrease in the S NVA,
VC attack and shell US forces in the south
F. US intelligence reports an increase of enemy
activity in all zones of occupation
1. Sec of Def Melvin Laird states
Vietnamization adequate
2. majority of pop is polled in gallop poll
continue to oppose immediate withdrawal of US
troops
3. the first of three peace meetings begin in
Paris
74
76. 4. Cambodian demonstrators begin protesting increase of
war activity close to border, don't want to get caught up
in conflict
G. SV & Cambodian forces call for US air support to deal
with infiltrators or insurgents crossing southern borders
1.SV forces 3/28/70 begin major incursions into Cambodia
searching for VC strongholds
2. Nixon White House announces troops allowed to cross
Cambodian border
3. Cambodian border 4/4/70 heaviest fighting in war to
occur on border or in neutral country increased fighting
at DMZ
75
77. 4. Cambodian government forces give VC
complete control of Parrot's Beak
a. SV pursue and contest Cambodia to fight
infiltrators
b. 48% US in Gallup poll support Nixon's
Cambodian excursion
c. 12,000 US troops withdraw from SV
76
78. XIII Cambodia!
A. Nixon gives US troops full authorization
to enter Cambodia to destroy communist
sanctuaries
1. 6,000 ARVN troops using US air support
attack The Parrot's Beak
2. Nixon announces US forces are operating
in Cambodia
B. Senators announce plans to cut US funding
to SEA
77
79. 1. 5/3/70 protesters Kent State burn ROTC
building
2. 5/4/70 Kent State sends National Guardsmen
to break-up protests, 100 Guardsmen fire
rifles into crowd killing 4 and wounding 11.
Nixon encouraged by colleges to end war.
3. Nixon gives a firm commitment to remove US
troops from Cambodia in 1 month & issues a
statement deploring the deaths: “dissent
turns to violence and invites tragedy.”
4. Pres Thieu & Premier Lon Nol of Cambodia
not bound by US restrictions
78
80. C. Nixon states Cambodian involvement will
provide 6-8 months of needed training for SV
army.
1.75,000-100,000 young people demonstrate
peaceably in front of White House demanding
withdrawal of US troops
2. Congress swamped with mail, petitions, and
telegrams to remove US troops
3. Nixon on TV speech 6/3/70 says Cambodia
most successful campaign in war now
withdrawal of US forces continues
79
81. 4. Senate votes 81-10 repeal Gulf of Tonkin
Res. thus idea no need to fight in SEA any
longer
5. SV forces take primary role of fending off
VC in Cambodia. US forces now out of
Cambodia
D. 8/11/70 SV takes over Cambodia incursion US
soldiers have been replaced in Cambodian and
Laotian border
1. SV forces announce that 3000 man operation
in the Parrot's Beak of Cambodia has
eradicated most VC
80
82. 2. 200 Vietnamese and 1,500 marines begin naval
operations in the Mekong Delta to destroy
communist bases
E. 10/7/70 Nixon in a TV speech asks VC & NV to
agree to an Indochina cease-fire to negotiate
peace.
1. Nixon proposes an eventual and immediate
unconditional release of prisoners
2. communist proposal of the ouster of Thieu &
Ky totally unacceptable
3. 10/12/70 Nixon announces 40,000 more troops
home before Christmas
81
83. 4. 10/14/70 NV announces rejection of Nixon's
proposals
5. 11/21/70 combined 50 US forces raid Sontay
prison camp to release POWs. Camp empty.
6. US conducting bombing by B-52s in NV but
not above the 19th parallel
F. end 1970 SV announces one-day only cease-
fire for Christmas/New Year
1. Nixon announces continued bombing NV
82
84. 2. Vietnam winding down 280,000 troops left
behind Cambodia and Laos show just how much
turmoil there is in Indochina
XIV. Nixon's Promise to Withdraw
A.the air war in NV, Laos, & Cambodia
increases to new levels throughout the year
US B-52s alone drop over 1 million tons of
bombs
1. US Joint Chiefs state 1/11/71 the US
combat responsibility to SV continued for
Vietnam to work
83
85. 2. US jets continue to support SV and attack
missile sites and SAM sites
3. bombing in 1971 reaches its highest peak
since pre-1967
4. US airpower outside Vietnam reaches its
peak for helicopter service as 1,500 are in
use via SV forces entering Cambodia's
Parrot's Beak
B. anti-war sentiment continues in the US
84
86. 1. Rev. Philip Berigan serves 6 years for
burning draft cards and plotting to kidnap
Kissinger
2. TV speech Sen. G. McGovern begins an antiwar
TV campaign
3. Nixon in TV speech will not limit air war
with massive peace marches on colleges campuses,
antiwar/Nixon
4. Eugene McCarthy begins antiwar teach-ins at
Harvard to employ political tactics instead of
violence
85
87. 5. a bomb explodes in capital building in Washington
DC causing $3,000,000 worth of damage hurting no
one.
a. war critics in Congress denounce Senate
Democrats as supporting the enemy
b. veterans protest in DC during a 5-day
demonstration rally of 200,000 takes place on mall
6. militant war demonstrations occur in DC; end up
with 12,616 - a record high for civil disturbance
arrests
7. in support of Nixon Vietnam vets for just peace
declare s war irresponsible but Nixon going a good
86
88. C. American troop withdrawals and Vietnamizaton
continues to please public
1. Phoenix operation is increased to gather
intelligence to destroy VC within the south to
increase the people's defense
2. in response to Vietnamization New Zealand
announces troop withdrawals from SV 3/17/71
3. VP Nguyen Cao Ky states in recent operations
Vietnamization is going slowly
4. 4/26/71 US command in Saigon forces at
lowest since July 66 281,400 men
87
89. 5. 7/1/71 6100 soldiers withdraw from DMZ
leaving it almost entirely to SV leaving it for
transfer of defense
6. N Zealand & Australia claim all forces will
withdraw by end of 1971
7. 9/9/71 S Korea announces 48,000 man force
withdraw all forces by June 1972
8. In replace of troops B-52s drop 1,000 tons a
day on DMZ and Cambodia
9. Nixon announces 45,000 more troops out by
2/72 leaving 139,000 in SV
88
90. D. Major announcements
1. the 26th amendment grants 18-year-olds the
right to vote. War fought by those too young
to vote - cause of reform
2. surprise announcement Nixon traveling to
Peking China
3. for first time Paris peace talks fail to set
another meeting for 138th session
4. Nixon states the China visit 7/15/71 in a TV
speech will seek normalization of relations and
discuss views on Vietnam
89
91. 5. 12/12/71 Nixon discloses US ground combat
role is at an end and troops are now in a
defensive position 80% of forces when he entered
office are now home
6. 12/31/71 gradual US withdrawal has reduced US
casualties figures in Indochina to 1,286
a. US goal fully shifted from military victory
to graceful disengagement accompanied by
Vietnamization in the south
b. soldiers people of SV all question whether
situation is worth it
90
92. XV. The Light at the End of the Tunnel
A. Nixon announces troop withdrawals all except
25,000 still needed to protect US interests and
until all POWs are released from NV
1. Nixon announces withdrawals will meet
requirements set as 70,000 men come home for
peace agreement
2. 1/20/72 SV prepares for communist Tet
offensive
3. 2/4/72 China in an internal release states
it backs the communist struggle in Indochina
until they achieve final victory in south
91
93. 4. Spring 1972 Gallup poll said 52% approve
Nixon's handling of Vietnam war
5. Nixon arrives in Peking and believes his
visit to China has changed the world
6. It is hoped open relations with China will
help US war effort. China and Russia
relationship “rocky”
7. Joint communique released by China & US
support the 8-point proposal
92
94. B. war continues
1. US prepares hundreds of B-52s and fighters
for air strikes
2. US 7th fleet warships bombed NV largest air-
sea battle since 1964 involving aircraft and
ships
3. Nixon announces no more draftees will be
sent to Vietnam after Sept. 1 total for all
Indochina ground troops equals 39,000
4. no US deaths occurred 9/28/72 not since
March 65
93
95. 5. 10/12/72 46 black & white crewmen brawl on
carrier Kitty Hawk in one of the largest racial
clashes during the war
6. The most intense bombing of the war ends
12/31/72
C. negotiations and domestic issues
1. 4/21/72 House of Representatives votes to
terminate US involvement in Vietnam
2. Nixon meets with Brezhnev for summit talks
in Moscow though Vietnam won't be discussed
94
96. 3. US Sentate passes Cooper amendment to a
military bill the amendment stipulates complete
US withraw if Hanoi releases POWs
4. Nixon is reelected Pres. carrying all states
except Mass.
5. to respond to scheduled resumption of secret
peace talks bombing is halted
95
97. XVI. The End
A. Paris peace negotiations Nixon suspends the
most concentrated bombing of the war
1. Kissinger announces a truce for V/L/C
2. Laird announces the end of military draft
in America
B. 1/27/73 last servicemen to die in war Lt Col
William Nolde
96
98. 1. an agreement to end the war is signed in
Paris US, NV, SV, & VC
2. Nixon hints US might intervene in V to stop
communists
3. White House announces bombing of Cambodia at
request of Lon Nol
4. US troops leave SV ending nearly 11 years of
US military presence only defense attache at
Embassy remains
5. Hanoi releases 67 last POWs of the 587
97
99. D. 29-30 April 1975 complete withdrawal
1. Option IV the largest helicopter evacuation
on record begins removing US and combatants
from Saigon
2. Ford issues a proclamation designating this
the last day of Vietnam Era for wartime
benifits qualification 5/7/75
E. June 1975 Congress appropriates $450 mil for
SV and Cambodian refugees in US over 140,000
refugees are flown to US in following year
98
100. F. 1/03/76 Thailand orders all military
personnel to leave except 276 advisers
G. 7/2/1976 the National Assembly proclaims
official unification of N & S Vietnam under NV
Prime Minister Pham Van Duong Hanoi is official
capital
H. 15/11/76 US single vote vetoing Vietnam's
entry into United Nations for at least 800
servicemen still listed missing in Vietnam
99