Chapter 7 Application of Electronic Converters.pdfLiewChiaPing
This document discusses power electronics applications in DC and AC drives. It describes the basic characteristics and equivalent circuits of DC motors and how their speed can be controlled through various single-phase and three-phase converter configurations. It also summarizes the operation of induction motors, including cage and slip-ring types, and how their speed can be controlled through variable frequency inverters or by adjusting the slip-ring voltage. The document concludes by outlining the main components of HVDC converter stations used for long distance and asynchronous power transmission.
Chopper-fed DC drives use a chopper circuit connected between a fixed DC voltage source and a DC motor to vary the motor's armature voltage. A chopper is a high-speed on/off semiconductor switch that connects and disconnects the source to the load. Chopper circuits are used to control both separately excited and series DC motor circuits. Chopper-fed drives allow operation in four quadrants by controlling the chopper switches, enabling forward or reverse motoring and regeneration.
The presentation consists of the detailed explanation on the topic of Converters, specifically on the rectifiers, different types of rectifiers ( Half-wave, full-wave and bridge ) configuration. The advantages and disadvantages of rectifiers and their applications
The document discusses speed control of a DC motor using a PWM circuit with an IC. It describes how changing the potentiometer VR1 controls the speed by varying the pulse width of the IC output and thus the voltage to the motor. LabView and MATLAB simulations model the motor and add PID control. DC motors can be permanently excited, separately excited, or self-excited in shunt, series or compound configurations. The speed depends on the applied voltage, field flux and armature resistance. Different motor types are suited to applications requiring varying torque or speed characteristics.
The document describes experiments on electric drive systems in the Electrical Department lab at JIS College of Engineering. The 10 listed experiments include:
1. Studying thyristor controlled DC drives and chopper fed DC drives.
2. Studying AC single phase motor speed control using a TRIAC.
3. Studying PWM inverter fed 3-phase induction motor control using software.
The document provides theory, circuit diagrams, and procedures for each experiment. It describes using equipment like thyristors, choppers, inverters, motors, and software to control motor speed and study electric drive systems.
Chapter 7 Application of Electronic Converters.pdfLiewChiaPing
This document discusses power electronics applications in DC and AC drives. It describes the basic characteristics and equivalent circuits of DC motors and how their speed can be controlled through various single-phase and three-phase converter configurations. It also summarizes the operation of induction motors, including cage and slip-ring types, and how their speed can be controlled through variable frequency inverters or by adjusting the slip-ring voltage. The document concludes by outlining the main components of HVDC converter stations used for long distance and asynchronous power transmission.
Chopper-fed DC drives use a chopper circuit connected between a fixed DC voltage source and a DC motor to vary the motor's armature voltage. A chopper is a high-speed on/off semiconductor switch that connects and disconnects the source to the load. Chopper circuits are used to control both separately excited and series DC motor circuits. Chopper-fed drives allow operation in four quadrants by controlling the chopper switches, enabling forward or reverse motoring and regeneration.
The presentation consists of the detailed explanation on the topic of Converters, specifically on the rectifiers, different types of rectifiers ( Half-wave, full-wave and bridge ) configuration. The advantages and disadvantages of rectifiers and their applications
The document discusses speed control of a DC motor using a PWM circuit with an IC. It describes how changing the potentiometer VR1 controls the speed by varying the pulse width of the IC output and thus the voltage to the motor. LabView and MATLAB simulations model the motor and add PID control. DC motors can be permanently excited, separately excited, or self-excited in shunt, series or compound configurations. The speed depends on the applied voltage, field flux and armature resistance. Different motor types are suited to applications requiring varying torque or speed characteristics.
The document describes experiments on electric drive systems in the Electrical Department lab at JIS College of Engineering. The 10 listed experiments include:
1. Studying thyristor controlled DC drives and chopper fed DC drives.
2. Studying AC single phase motor speed control using a TRIAC.
3. Studying PWM inverter fed 3-phase induction motor control using software.
The document provides theory, circuit diagrams, and procedures for each experiment. It describes using equipment like thyristors, choppers, inverters, motors, and software to control motor speed and study electric drive systems.
The document discusses DC-DC power conversion using choppers. It describes step-down, step-up, and buck-boost chopper circuits. Step-down choppers, also called buck converters, produce a lower output voltage than the input voltage. Step-up choppers, also called boost converters, produce a higher output voltage than the input voltage. Buck-boost choppers can produce either higher or lower output voltages depending on duty cycle. Choppers are used in applications like DC motor drives and switch-mode power supplies to efficiently convert DC voltages.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical concepts including Ohm's Law, voltage, current, resistance, and power. It then discusses different types of drives including AC, DC, and servo drives. Key components of induction motors such as the rotor, stator, and magnetic flux are described. The document also covers Ohm's Law, AC and DC motor speed/torque characteristics, and elements of AC and DC drive systems including rectification, pulse width modulation, and IGBT switches. Application issues for AC drives such as line notching and switching noise are also summarized.
Different type s of power converters fed relutanceSambit Dash
This document presents a comparison of six converter types for a 3-phase 6/4 switched reluctance motor (SRM). It summarizes the operation and simulation results of R-dump, C-dump, C-dump with freewheeling transistor, asymmetric, series, and parallel converters. The asymmetric bridge converter is identified as best for high speeds due to its fast current fall and rise times. Motor parameters and conclusions are also provided in less than 3 sentences.
This document discusses power electronics and various types of rectifiers. It covers topics such as diode rectifiers, controlled rectifiers, rectifier performance parameters, single-phase and three-phase rectifiers, and applications of single-phase controlled rectifiers in battery chargers. Diode and thyristor-based rectifiers are classified as uncontrolled and controlled rectifiers. Key performance parameters discussed include form factor, efficiency, ripple factor, and transformer utilization factor. Circuit diagrams and voltage and current waveforms of half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers are presented.
- Types of AC-DC converters include half wave, full wave, and three-phase converters.
- Full wave converters use a center tapped transformer or bridge rectifier to convert both halves of the AC wave.
- Three-phase converters are used for industrial applications and generate DC from three-phase AC.
This document discusses the design of a three-phase current source inverter. It describes the main components of the current source inverter including a chopper circuit, inverter switching arrangement, and control circuit. Shift registers are used to generate six pulse signals with 60 degree phase shifts that are fed to the thyristors to produce the three-phase output. The current source inverter provides advantages over voltage source inverters like short circuit protection and simpler control circuits.
The document discusses the principles of operation of synchronous machines, which can operate as either motors or generators. It describes their construction, including salient pole and cylindrical rotors. It also covers single phase and three phase alternators, explaining how their windings produce phase-displaced voltages. Additional topics covered include open and short circuit characteristics, load conditions, equivalent circuits, and power flow calculations.
Motor Control Relay, Pwm, DC and Stepper MotorsDevashish Raval
In this presentation, a brief introduction of relay, optoisolaters, interfacing and working of stepper motor and DC motor is given.
The contents are referred from the book of mazidi.
1. An inverter refers to a power electronic device that converts DC input voltages to AC output voltages at the required magnitude and frequency.
2. There are three basic types of dc-ac converters depending on their AC output waveform: square wave, modified sine wave, and pure sine wave.
3. Inverters have applications in adjustable speed AC drives, electric vehicles, induction heating, aircraft power supplies, photovoltaic systems, UPS, and air conditioning units.
A survey on Single Phase to Three Phase Cyclo-Converter fed Induction MotorIJSRD
In various application of electrical energy especially in in industrial areas there are two type of current, Direct Current and Alternating Current are used. Generally fixed voltage, constant frequency Single-Phase or Three-Phase AC is easily available, yet for different applications various types of magnitudes and/or frequencies are essential. This paper presents a survey on 1-̉ۢ to 3-̉ۢ cycloconverter technique using thyristor with 3-̉ۢ induction motor along load frequency analysis. The cycloconverter is inspected in its utmost straight forward form without further output filters or elaborate control technique.
This document provides an overview of different types of actuators and electronic components used in actuator systems. It discusses switching devices like mechanical switches and solid state switches. It also covers solenoids, DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors, and various solid state components like diodes, transistors, thyristors, and MOSFETs that are used to control actuators. Diagrams and explanations of how different actuator components work are provided throughout the document.
Half wave and full wave rectifiers are used to convert AC to DC voltage. A half wave rectifier only allows one half of the AC cycle to pass through the diode, resulting in a pulsing DC output. It requires only one diode. A full wave bridge rectifier eliminates the pulsing by using four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration, resulting in a lower ripple factor and a smoother DC output. The document provides circuit diagrams and calculations to analyze and compare the performance of half wave and full wave rectifiers in terms of their ripple factor.
DC-DC converter fed drives use self-commutated devices like MOSFETs or IGBTs to obtain variable DC voltage from a fixed DC source. This allows for improved motor performance with less ripple and increased control bandwidth. Different chopper circuits like class A and class B can be used for motoring and regenerative braking applications. Closed-loop control of current and speed is implemented using sensors and controllers to provide protection and improve response and accuracy.
Multi Pulse Rectifier Using Different Phase Shifting Transformers and its THD...IRJET Journal
This document discusses multi-pulse rectifiers and their use in reducing harmonics compared to a standard six-pulse rectifier. It describes how multi-pulse rectifiers use different transformer configurations like star-delta, delta-star, and zig-zag connections to provide phase shifting and produce more than six pulses of DC voltage per cycle. This reduces the total harmonic distortion in the input current. The document analyzes rectifiers with 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 pulses and their relative THD levels. Higher pulse rectifiers provide better power quality but require more complex transformer designs.
Half- wave and Full-wave Rectifiers.pptxsuvadeepde
1) We need rectifiers to convert alternating current (AC) from power lines to direct current (DC) required by electronic devices. Rectifiers use diodes and transformers to convert the sinusoidal AC voltage into a pulsing DC voltage.
2) Transformers are used in rectifiers to either increase or decrease the AC voltage as needed. They work on the principle of electromagnetic induction to induce an alternating voltage in the secondary winding.
3) A full-wave rectifier uses a center-tapped transformer and two diodes to rectify both halves of the AC input waveform, doubling the output voltage compared to a half-wave rectifier.
This document discusses various topics related to transformers, including:
1. The construction, principle of operation, and losses of ideal and practical transformers through equivalent circuit models and phasor diagrams.
2. Transformer tests like open circuit and short circuit tests to determine parameters like copper losses, efficiency, and voltage regulation.
3. Factors that affect transformer voltage regulation and methods to calculate efficiency.
4. Additional tests like the Sumpner back-to-back test that can more accurately assess regulation and efficiency under loaded conditions.
The document describes a full wave bridge rectifier circuit. It contains a diagram of the circuit which uses 4 diodes connected in a bridge formation. During the positive half cycle of the input, diodes D1 and D2 conduct while D3 and D4 are reverse biased. During the negative half cycle, diodes D3 and D4 conduct while D1 and D2 are reverse biased. This arrangement produces a full wave rectified output across the load resistance. Applications of the bridge rectifier circuit include radio signal detection, electric welding power supplies, and converting AC to DC for appliances and devices.
This document summarizes a student project report on analyzing a flyback converter. The project involved designing a simulation circuit for a flyback converter with an input of 12V DC and output of 240V DC. The report includes chapters on the operating principle, simulation, results, and conclusions. The key findings were that the flyback converter was able to step up the input voltage to the desired output level, and the output voltage, current, and input voltage waveforms were obtained through simulation as desired. The switching element used was a MOSFET due to its high power rating and switching speed.
Alternating Current Machines-Synchronous MachinesTalia Carbis
This document provides an overview of synchronous machines including:
- Synchronous machines operate at synchronous speed and lock into the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator.
- The rotor is a magnet that is dragged along for the ride as the rotating magnetic field rotates.
- Torque is produced as the magnetic fields of the rotor and stator interact. The torque allows the motor to operate at a constant synchronous speed under varying load.
This document discusses the design of CRT displays, including deflection and high voltage systems. It covers scanning methods, deflection principles using magnetic coils, and types of displays like stroke and raster. Vertical and horizontal deflection circuits are described, along with high voltage flyback systems. Details are provided on vertical deflection principles, power amplifiers, retrace boosters, centering, and ramp generators.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
The document discusses DC-DC power conversion using choppers. It describes step-down, step-up, and buck-boost chopper circuits. Step-down choppers, also called buck converters, produce a lower output voltage than the input voltage. Step-up choppers, also called boost converters, produce a higher output voltage than the input voltage. Buck-boost choppers can produce either higher or lower output voltages depending on duty cycle. Choppers are used in applications like DC motor drives and switch-mode power supplies to efficiently convert DC voltages.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical concepts including Ohm's Law, voltage, current, resistance, and power. It then discusses different types of drives including AC, DC, and servo drives. Key components of induction motors such as the rotor, stator, and magnetic flux are described. The document also covers Ohm's Law, AC and DC motor speed/torque characteristics, and elements of AC and DC drive systems including rectification, pulse width modulation, and IGBT switches. Application issues for AC drives such as line notching and switching noise are also summarized.
Different type s of power converters fed relutanceSambit Dash
This document presents a comparison of six converter types for a 3-phase 6/4 switched reluctance motor (SRM). It summarizes the operation and simulation results of R-dump, C-dump, C-dump with freewheeling transistor, asymmetric, series, and parallel converters. The asymmetric bridge converter is identified as best for high speeds due to its fast current fall and rise times. Motor parameters and conclusions are also provided in less than 3 sentences.
This document discusses power electronics and various types of rectifiers. It covers topics such as diode rectifiers, controlled rectifiers, rectifier performance parameters, single-phase and three-phase rectifiers, and applications of single-phase controlled rectifiers in battery chargers. Diode and thyristor-based rectifiers are classified as uncontrolled and controlled rectifiers. Key performance parameters discussed include form factor, efficiency, ripple factor, and transformer utilization factor. Circuit diagrams and voltage and current waveforms of half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers are presented.
- Types of AC-DC converters include half wave, full wave, and three-phase converters.
- Full wave converters use a center tapped transformer or bridge rectifier to convert both halves of the AC wave.
- Three-phase converters are used for industrial applications and generate DC from three-phase AC.
This document discusses the design of a three-phase current source inverter. It describes the main components of the current source inverter including a chopper circuit, inverter switching arrangement, and control circuit. Shift registers are used to generate six pulse signals with 60 degree phase shifts that are fed to the thyristors to produce the three-phase output. The current source inverter provides advantages over voltage source inverters like short circuit protection and simpler control circuits.
The document discusses the principles of operation of synchronous machines, which can operate as either motors or generators. It describes their construction, including salient pole and cylindrical rotors. It also covers single phase and three phase alternators, explaining how their windings produce phase-displaced voltages. Additional topics covered include open and short circuit characteristics, load conditions, equivalent circuits, and power flow calculations.
Motor Control Relay, Pwm, DC and Stepper MotorsDevashish Raval
In this presentation, a brief introduction of relay, optoisolaters, interfacing and working of stepper motor and DC motor is given.
The contents are referred from the book of mazidi.
1. An inverter refers to a power electronic device that converts DC input voltages to AC output voltages at the required magnitude and frequency.
2. There are three basic types of dc-ac converters depending on their AC output waveform: square wave, modified sine wave, and pure sine wave.
3. Inverters have applications in adjustable speed AC drives, electric vehicles, induction heating, aircraft power supplies, photovoltaic systems, UPS, and air conditioning units.
A survey on Single Phase to Three Phase Cyclo-Converter fed Induction MotorIJSRD
In various application of electrical energy especially in in industrial areas there are two type of current, Direct Current and Alternating Current are used. Generally fixed voltage, constant frequency Single-Phase or Three-Phase AC is easily available, yet for different applications various types of magnitudes and/or frequencies are essential. This paper presents a survey on 1-̉ۢ to 3-̉ۢ cycloconverter technique using thyristor with 3-̉ۢ induction motor along load frequency analysis. The cycloconverter is inspected in its utmost straight forward form without further output filters or elaborate control technique.
This document provides an overview of different types of actuators and electronic components used in actuator systems. It discusses switching devices like mechanical switches and solid state switches. It also covers solenoids, DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors, and various solid state components like diodes, transistors, thyristors, and MOSFETs that are used to control actuators. Diagrams and explanations of how different actuator components work are provided throughout the document.
Half wave and full wave rectifiers are used to convert AC to DC voltage. A half wave rectifier only allows one half of the AC cycle to pass through the diode, resulting in a pulsing DC output. It requires only one diode. A full wave bridge rectifier eliminates the pulsing by using four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration, resulting in a lower ripple factor and a smoother DC output. The document provides circuit diagrams and calculations to analyze and compare the performance of half wave and full wave rectifiers in terms of their ripple factor.
DC-DC converter fed drives use self-commutated devices like MOSFETs or IGBTs to obtain variable DC voltage from a fixed DC source. This allows for improved motor performance with less ripple and increased control bandwidth. Different chopper circuits like class A and class B can be used for motoring and regenerative braking applications. Closed-loop control of current and speed is implemented using sensors and controllers to provide protection and improve response and accuracy.
Multi Pulse Rectifier Using Different Phase Shifting Transformers and its THD...IRJET Journal
This document discusses multi-pulse rectifiers and their use in reducing harmonics compared to a standard six-pulse rectifier. It describes how multi-pulse rectifiers use different transformer configurations like star-delta, delta-star, and zig-zag connections to provide phase shifting and produce more than six pulses of DC voltage per cycle. This reduces the total harmonic distortion in the input current. The document analyzes rectifiers with 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 pulses and their relative THD levels. Higher pulse rectifiers provide better power quality but require more complex transformer designs.
Half- wave and Full-wave Rectifiers.pptxsuvadeepde
1) We need rectifiers to convert alternating current (AC) from power lines to direct current (DC) required by electronic devices. Rectifiers use diodes and transformers to convert the sinusoidal AC voltage into a pulsing DC voltage.
2) Transformers are used in rectifiers to either increase or decrease the AC voltage as needed. They work on the principle of electromagnetic induction to induce an alternating voltage in the secondary winding.
3) A full-wave rectifier uses a center-tapped transformer and two diodes to rectify both halves of the AC input waveform, doubling the output voltage compared to a half-wave rectifier.
This document discusses various topics related to transformers, including:
1. The construction, principle of operation, and losses of ideal and practical transformers through equivalent circuit models and phasor diagrams.
2. Transformer tests like open circuit and short circuit tests to determine parameters like copper losses, efficiency, and voltage regulation.
3. Factors that affect transformer voltage regulation and methods to calculate efficiency.
4. Additional tests like the Sumpner back-to-back test that can more accurately assess regulation and efficiency under loaded conditions.
The document describes a full wave bridge rectifier circuit. It contains a diagram of the circuit which uses 4 diodes connected in a bridge formation. During the positive half cycle of the input, diodes D1 and D2 conduct while D3 and D4 are reverse biased. During the negative half cycle, diodes D3 and D4 conduct while D1 and D2 are reverse biased. This arrangement produces a full wave rectified output across the load resistance. Applications of the bridge rectifier circuit include radio signal detection, electric welding power supplies, and converting AC to DC for appliances and devices.
This document summarizes a student project report on analyzing a flyback converter. The project involved designing a simulation circuit for a flyback converter with an input of 12V DC and output of 240V DC. The report includes chapters on the operating principle, simulation, results, and conclusions. The key findings were that the flyback converter was able to step up the input voltage to the desired output level, and the output voltage, current, and input voltage waveforms were obtained through simulation as desired. The switching element used was a MOSFET due to its high power rating and switching speed.
Alternating Current Machines-Synchronous MachinesTalia Carbis
This document provides an overview of synchronous machines including:
- Synchronous machines operate at synchronous speed and lock into the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator.
- The rotor is a magnet that is dragged along for the ride as the rotating magnetic field rotates.
- Torque is produced as the magnetic fields of the rotor and stator interact. The torque allows the motor to operate at a constant synchronous speed under varying load.
This document discusses the design of CRT displays, including deflection and high voltage systems. It covers scanning methods, deflection principles using magnetic coils, and types of displays like stroke and raster. Vertical and horizontal deflection circuits are described, along with high voltage flyback systems. Details are provided on vertical deflection principles, power amplifiers, retrace boosters, centering, and ramp generators.
Similar to VFD SYSTEM- Variable Frequency Drive applications (20)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. CONTENTS
1. What is Ac and Dc
2. Sine wave generation
3. What is Hz
4. What is Single phase and three phase.
5. What is starter and history
6. Type of starter
7. Explain each starter
8. What is VFD
9. Type of speed controlling method
10. Block diagram
11. Circuit diagram
12. Circuit diagram explanation
13. How its working
14. Application
15. Advantage and disadvantage
15. Troubleshoot in VFD.
16. What are the Communication in VFD.
17. Type of VFD.
18. Where is used VFD in our industry.
DURATION HRS :- 1.00 Hrs
Total Slide:-93
3. What is AC and DC
Alternating current
Direct current
What is Alternating current?
The current, which reverses its
direction periodically in second , is called
“Alternating Current”.
What is Direct current?
Direct current is the unidirectional
flow of an electric charge.
4. Sine wave generation
A.C voltage may
be generated by rotating a coil in
a magnetic field or by rotating a
magnetic field within a stationary
coil. Induction.
It says that whenever there is
a relative motion between the
conductor and the magnetic field
in which it is kept,an e.m.f gets
induced in the conductor
5. The number of hertz (abbreviated Hz) equals the
number of cycles per second.
Usually, the single phase voltage is 230V and the
frequency is 50Hz (depending on where you live).
What is Hz
6.
7. Difference Between 1φ and 3φ Power Supplies
Almost 90% of the electrical energy we use in our
day-to-day life is from alternating source like.
I) Our home appliances,
II)Office equipment
III)Industrial machines, etc..,
Depending on the application, AC Power can be
delivered in either a Single Phase or a Three Phase
system.
8. Difference Between 1φ and 3φ Power Supplies
What is Single Phase Power Supply?
As mentioned earlier, in a Single Phase Power
Supply, the power is distributed using only two
wires called Phase and neutral.
Since AC Power takes the shape of a sinusoidal
wave, the voltage in a single phase supply peaks
at 900 during the positive cycle and again at
2700 during the negative cycle.
9. Difference Between 1φ and 3φ Power Supplies
. The phase wire carries the current to
the load and the neutral wire
provides the return path of the
current.
Since the voltage in a single phase
supply rises and falls, a constant
power cannot be delivered to the
load
10. Sine wave generation
What is three Phase Power Supply?
A Three Phase Power Supply consists of three
power wires (or the three phases).
Additionally, depending on the type of the
circuit (which there are two types), you might
or might not have a neutral wire.
11. Sine wave generation
In a three phase power supply system,
each AC Power Signal is 1200 out of phase
with each other. during one cycle of
3600,
This steady stream of power and ability to
handle higher loads makes a three phase
supply suitable for industrial commercial
operations.
12. What is Starter
A Starter is a device that controls the use
of electrical power to equipment, usually a motor
It is a switching device that consists of electrical
contacts
As the name starters "start" motors. They can also
stop them, reverse them, and protect them.
Contactors control the electric current to
the motor.
13.
14. DOL Starter
Star Delta Starter
Auto Transformer starter
Soft Starter
VFD Starter
Type of Stater
16. Direct On Line Starter
Direct on line starter (DOL) mainly used
small capacity motors (below 5 HP)
doesn’t have very high starting current,
such motors can withstand the starting
currents.
There is no need to reduce the voltage to
the motor at start and hence motor can
be connected directly to the supply lines.
18. Star Delta starter
A star delta starter is the most
commonly used method for the
starting of a 3 phase induction motor.
When motor reaches about 80% of
its full load speed, it will begin to run
in a delta connected stator winding.
A star delta starter is a type of
reduced voltage starter
20. Auto Transformer Starter
Three-phase auto transformer is connected
in series with the motor. This transformer
reduces the voltage applied to the motor
and hence the current.
This starter consists of changeover switch
that switches the motor between reduced
voltage and full voltage conditions. When
this switch is in the start position, a reduced
voltage is applied to the motor.
22. Soft Stater
In this method, semiconductor power
switches are employed for reducing the
starting current to the induction motor.
It is another type of reduced voltage starter
and it connected in series with the line
voltage applied to the motor.
This starter consists of back to back thyristors
or TRIACs in each phase of the stator winding
24. What is VFD
A variable frequency drive (VFD) is a type of motor controller
that drives an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of
its power supply.
The VFD also has the capacity to control ramp-up and ramp-down of
the motor during start or stop, respectively.
Other names:-
I). Adjustable speed drive
II). Adjustable frequency drive
III). AC drive (or) inverter.
27. Frequency Changing method
Formula for speed:-
NS = 120 X F/P
NS = Speed. ( motor RPM)
120 = Phase Angle. (Phase to phase angle)
F = Frequency. (No of cycle per second)
P = No of Poles.
28. No of poles (P) = 4
Frequency (F) = 50Hz
NS = 120 X 50/4 = 1500 RPM
No of poles (P) = 4
Frequency (F) = 40Hz
NS = 120 X 40/4 = 1200 RPM
Frequency controlling method
For examples:- NS = 120 X F/P
29. Block diagram of VFD system
Block diagram:-
DC BUS
CONTROLLER
INVERTER
(DC TO AC)
RECTIFIER
(AC TO DC)
MOTOR
3PHASE
POWER
SUPPLY
+
_
+
_
31. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5
C1
D4 D6 D2 T4 T6 T2
Circuit diagram of VFD
Motor
R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rectifier DC bus Inverter controlled by PWM
32. Components are :- Area:-
Diodes
Capacitor
MOSFET or IGBT
Pulse width Modulations
What are the major components used
RECTIFIER
(AC TO DC)
DC BUS
INVERTER
(DC TO AC)
CONTROLLER
33. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5
C1
D4 D6 D2 T4 T6 T2
Circuit diagram of VFD
Motor
R
Y
B
RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
35. Rectifier:-
A diode is defined as a two-terminal
semiconductor device.
Anode (+)
Cathode(-)
That only conducts current in one direction.
(so long as it is operated within a specified
voltage level).
38. Rectifier:-
A bridge rectifier makes use of four
diodes in a bridge arrangement to
achieve full-wave rectification.
The Red colour indicates that those
diodes are in forward bias and the
black colour indicates that those
diodes are in reverse bias
39. Rectifier:-
The arrows shows the direction of
current flow.
At a particular time any of the two
diodes will be Forward Biased and
the other two will be Reverse Biased,
41. R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load
R
Y
B
Alternating current
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rectifier:-
Peak positive (supply) =
Peak negative (return) =
Rough Direct current
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
42. R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load
R
Y
B
Alternating current
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rectifier:-
Peak positive (supply) =
Peak negative (return) =
Rough Direct current
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
43. R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load
R
Y
B
Alternating current
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rectifier:-
Peak positive (supply) =
Peak negative (return) =
Rough Direct current
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
44. R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load
R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rectifier:-
Alternating current
Peak positive (supply) =
Peak negative (return) =
Rough Direct current
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
45. R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load
R
Y
B
Alternating current
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rectifier:-
Peak positive (supply) =
Peak negative (return) =
Rough Direct current
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
46. R
Y
B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load
R
Y
B
Alternating current
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rectifier:-
Peak positive (supply) =
Peak negative (return) =
Rough Direct current
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
47.
48. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5
C1
D4 D6 D2 T6 T4 T2
Circuit diagram of VFD
Motor
R
Y
B
DC BUS CIRCUIT
50. DC bus:-
DC bus is nothing but It capacitor
Its function is to store the electrical energy and
give this energy again to the circuit when
necessary.
In other words, it charges and discharges the
electric charge stored in it.
It blocks the flow of DC and permits the flow of
AC.
60. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5
C1
D4 D6 D2 T6 T4 T2
Circuit diagram of VFD
Motor
R
Y
B
INVERTER CIRCUIT
61. Inverter
Inverter converted Direct current to
Alternating current.
Mainly using the components are:
IGBT -----using in high capacity
application.
(OR)
MOSFET---- using in Low capacity
application.
62. Inverter
The MOSFET (Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)
transistor is a semiconductor device.
which is widely used for switching
and amplifying electronic signals in
the electronic devices.
The MOSFET is a three terminal
device such as source, gate, and
drain.
63. Inverter
.
An insulated-gate bipolar transistor
(IGBT) is a three-terminal power
semiconductor device.
It is primarily used as an electronic
switch which, as it was developed,
came to combine high efficiency and
fast switching.
64. Inverter
It is a solid state device (with no
moving parts).
An IGBT works by applying voltage to
a semiconductor component,
therefore changing its properties to
block or create an electrical path.
Much like an Solid State Relay but
built for higher power applications.
65. Inverter
PWM – Pulse width modulation Digital
control is used to create a square wave,
a signal switched between on and off.
The duration off "on time" is called
the pulse width.
Inverter signal controlled by Pulse
width modulation
66. Inverter
Duty cycle is the percentage of
the ratio of pulse duration,
or pulse width (PW) to the total period
(T) of the waveform.
86. VFD Basic wiring connection
T1 T2 T3
L1 L2 L3
3POLE MCB
3PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
3 PHASE LINE
COM|FOR|REV|LOW|MID|HIG|
+VDC|REF|COM
87. Wiring Diagram
SPL - LOW SPEED
SPM - MEDIUM SPEED
SPH – HIGH SPEED
RST - RESTART
REV – REVERSE DIRECTION
FOR – FORWARD DIRECTION
ACM – COMMON
AI – CURRENT INPUT
VI –VOLTAGE INPUT
FA,FB,FC – REALAY OUTPUT
88. Some of the VFD Application
Cooling Tower
Compressor
Blower
Boiler
Lathe work shops
Modern lift system
Pumping system etc..,
89. Advantage and Disadvantage of VFD
Advantage:-
Smooth starting.
Smooth acceleration & deceleration time.
Zero RPM Achive.
Stopping methods.
Power saving
Disadvantage:-
Cost is higher
Skilled person required to change the parameter
90. Troubleshoot in VFD
Loose connections are among the most
common causes of faulty operation
in VFD applications. Just eyeballing a
connection is sometimes enough to know it's
loose.
VFD overload condition.
VFD overheat.
91. What are the communication
1. Delta VFD (MODBUS RS-485COMMUNICATION).
2. SIEMENS VFD(PROFI BUS COMMUNICATION).
3. ABB VFD (MODBUS COMMUNICATION).
4. Schneider (MODBUS COMMUNICATION) .
92. Where is used VFD in our industry
1. scrubber Schneider VFD 22kw 11kw
2. Cooling 150TR ABB VFD 5Kw
3. Secondary pump Vogon VFD 11Kw
4. Dust collector ABB VFD 4kw