The document discusses modes of ventilation, including both mandatory modes like IPPV which do not allow spontaneous breathing, and spontaneous modes like pressure support which allow patient triggering. It covers volume-targeted modes like SIMV and pressure-targeted modes like BiPAP. Complications of invasive ventilation discussed include airway issues, mechanical issues like barotrauma, and decreased cardiac output. Settings like PEEP, tidal volume, and I:E ratio are also overviewed.
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then covers indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment. The two categories of ventilation, volume-targeted and pressure-targeted modes, are explained. Specific modes like IPPV, SIMV, BiPAP, and pressure support are defined. Parameters like tidal volume, minute ventilation, and airway pressures are also defined. Finally, potential complications of invasive ventilation are reviewed.
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then covers indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment.
The two main categories of ventilation modes are volume-targeted and pressure-targeted. Volume modes guarantee minute ventilation but increase risk of barotrauma, while pressure modes have less risk of barotrauma but require monitoring tidal volumes. Mandatory modes provide all breaths while assisted modes allow spontaneous breathing between machine breaths. Settings like PEEP, rates, and inspiration/expiration ratios are also discussed. Potential complications of ventilation like pneumonia, barotrauma, and decreased cardiac output are reviewed
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by stating the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then discusses indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment. Common modes are also summarized, including volume-targeted modes like volume control ventilation and pressure-targeted modes like pressure support. Mandatory modes like IPPV are described along with assisted modes like SIMV. Spontaneous modes are also discussed briefly. Finally, potential complications of invasive ventilation are listed.
Ventilation types of modes of ventilation.pptLubeenaJabir
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then covers indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment. The two categories of ventilation, volume-targeted and pressure-targeted modes, are explained. Specific modes like IPPV, SIMV, BiPAP, and pressure support are defined. Parameters like tidal volume, minute ventilation, and airway pressures are also defined. Finally, potential complications of invasive ventilation are reviewed.
The document discusses modes of ventilation, including both mandatory modes like IPPV which do not allow spontaneous breathing, and spontaneous modes like pressure support which allow patient triggering. It covers volume-targeted modes like SIMV and pressure-targeted modes like BiPAP. Complications of invasive ventilation discussed include airway issues, mechanical issues like barotrauma, and decreased cardiac output. Settings like PEEP, tidal volume, and I:E ratio are also overviewed.
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then covers indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment. The two categories of ventilation, volume-targeted and pressure-targeted modes, are explained. Specific modes like IPPV, SIMV, BiPAP, and pressure support are defined. Parameters like tidal volume, minute ventilation, and airway pressures are also defined. Finally, potential complications of invasive ventilation are reviewed.
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then covers indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment.
The two main categories of ventilation modes are volume-targeted and pressure-targeted. Volume modes guarantee minute ventilation but increase risk of barotrauma, while pressure modes have less risk of barotrauma but require monitoring tidal volumes. Mandatory modes provide all breaths while assisted modes allow spontaneous breathing between machine breaths. Settings like PEEP, rates, and inspiration/expiration ratios are also discussed. Potential complications of ventilation like pneumonia, barotrauma, and decreased cardiac output are reviewed
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by stating the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then discusses indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment. Common modes are also summarized, including volume-targeted modes like volume control ventilation and pressure-targeted modes like pressure support. Mandatory modes like IPPV are described along with assisted modes like SIMV. Spontaneous modes are also discussed briefly. Finally, potential complications of invasive ventilation are listed.
Ventilation types of modes of ventilation.pptLubeenaJabir
This document discusses modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives, which are to demonstrate essential knowledge of caring for patients requiring ventilation. It then covers indications for ventilation including respiratory failure and neurological or pulmonary impairment. The two categories of ventilation, volume-targeted and pressure-targeted modes, are explained. Specific modes like IPPV, SIMV, BiPAP, and pressure support are defined. Parameters like tidal volume, minute ventilation, and airway pressures are also defined. Finally, potential complications of invasive ventilation are reviewed.
Andreas Vesalius in 1555 suggested opening the trachea and inserting a tube to allow the lung to reinflate and strengthen the heart, representing one of the earliest descriptions of mechanical ventilation.
Dr. Nikhil Yadav's document discusses various modes of mechanical ventilation including controlled modes like volume control and pressure control ventilation, assisted modes like assist-control and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, and spontaneous breathing modes like pressure support ventilation and proportional assist ventilation. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics and historical context covered in the document.
Mechanical ventilation provides positive pressure to move gas into the lungs. There are two main types: volume-controlled ventilation which preselects tidal volume and pressure-controlled ventilation which preselects pressure. Modes include controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV), assisted control ventilation (AC), and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used to prevent alveolar collapse. Weaning involves gradually reducing ventilator support by shifting modes and rates until the patient can breathe independently. Complications include barotrauma, infection, and weakness.
Care and basic settings of portable ventilator.pdfmohdzulfahmie
This document discusses mechanical ventilation and ventilator settings. It defines mechanical ventilation as using a mechanical device to assist breathing. The main types are negative pressure ventilation, which applies pressure lower than atmospheric pressure during inspiration, and positive pressure ventilation, which applies higher pressure during inspiration. Modes of ventilation discussed include volume control, pressure control, SIMV, PSV, and CPAP. Key ventilator settings covered are tidal volume, respiratory rate, FiO2, PEEP, I:E ratio, and pressure support. Causes of respiratory failure and appropriate ventilator care are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation including its basic principles, types, indications, purposes, modes, settings, advantages, complications, weaning process, and nursing care of patients on ventilators. Mechanical ventilation delivers mechanically generated breaths to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. It can be invasive or non-invasive. Modes include controlled mandatory ventilation, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, pressure support ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, and bi-level positive airway pressure. Nurses monitor patients closely, assess readiness for weaning, and provide comfort during the process.
This document provides information about mechanical ventilators. It begins by defining mechanical ventilation as the process of using an external device to move gas in and out of the lungs. It then describes the two main types as positive pressure ventilation, which pushes air into the lungs, and negative pressure ventilation, which sucks air out. The majority of the document focuses on positive pressure ventilators, describing their history, components, modes of operation like volume-cycled and pressure-cycled, settings, indications for use, complications, and the nurse's role in monitoring patients and the equipment.
Care of patient on mechanical ventilator.pptxaneettababu3
Mechanical ventilation provides oxygenation and ventilation for patients who are unable to breathe adequately on their own. It works by delivering positive pressure breaths through an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. Nurses caring for patients on ventilators must carefully manage the patient's airway, monitor ventilator settings and alarms, prevent complications, and meet the patient's physiological needs. Modes of ventilation include volume control, pressure control, and non-invasive ventilation delivered via face mask. Complications can arise from excessive secretions, equipment issues, or if the patient's breathing is not synchronized with the ventilator.
Mechanical ventilation is a method of mechanically assisting or replacing spontaneous breathing. It is indicated for respiratory failure, acute lung injury, apnea, or increased work of breathing from conditions like COPD. There are several types and modes of mechanical ventilation that deliver breaths through either positive or negative pressure. Modes determine the interplay between the patient and ventilator, and include controlled mandatory ventilation, assisted-control ventilation, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, pressure support ventilation, and more. Key parameters that are set include tidal volume, respiratory rate, pressures and time settings.
This document discusses different modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by defining key terms like trigger, cycle, and limit. It then describes the four phases of a mechanical breath - trigger, limit, cycle, and expiration. The main modes discussed are volume-controlled ventilation, pressure-controlled ventilation, and pressure support ventilation. Volume-controlled ventilation delivers a set tidal volume, pressure-controlled ventilation delivers a set pressure level, and pressure support ventilation provides pressure assistance for patient-triggered breaths. Other modes like synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation are also summarized briefly.
This document provides information on ventilator care, including:
1. It describes the types of mechanical ventilators used to move breathable air in and out of the lungs for patients unable to breathe on their own.
2. The main purposes and outcomes of mechanical ventilation are to establish effective ventilation, prevent complications, and ensure proper positioning of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes.
3. Various modes, settings, and equipment used in ventilator care are discussed, as well as indications for mechanical ventilation, types of lung injuries that can occur, and how to properly care for patients on ventilators.
The document discusses mechanical ventilation, including types, indications, principles, terminology, and modes. It describes noninvasive mechanical ventilation using external devices like masks, and invasive mechanical ventilation using endotracheal tubes. Common indications for mechanical ventilation include low oxygen levels, severe shortness of breath, and coma. The goals of ventilation are to facilitate carbon dioxide release and maintain normal oxygen levels in the blood. Various modes aim to individualize treatment based on a patient's needs, including controlled, supported, combined, and spontaneous breathing modes.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION-SOME OF THE BASICS.pptxAjilAntony10
This document discusses mechanical ventilation, including its history, uses, types, settings, modes, complications, and patient care goals. It provides an overview of mechanical ventilation, describing how it works to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing. Various modes of ventilation are outlined, along with typical settings adjusted based on patient status. Potential complications are listed. Patient goals focus on effective breathing, gas exchange, nutrition, preventing infection or immobility issues. Care includes airway management and monitoring respiratory rate and depth.
1. The document provides guidelines for the care of patients requiring mechanical ventilation including indications for ventilation, modes of ventilation, troubleshooting alarms, weaning criteria and processes, and complications.
2. Mechanical ventilation is used to support breathing for those unable to maintain adequate oxygen or CO2 levels spontaneously, including those with respiratory failure, neuromuscular diseases, or trauma/illnesses affecting breathing.
3. Modes of ventilation include controlled, assisted, intermittent mandatory, and pressure support modes. Nurses must monitor for alarms related to pressures, volumes, and apnea and address causes such as tubing issues or secretions.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to mechanical ventilation. It begins by defining basic terminology like pressures, pressure gradients, and types of ventilation. It then discusses normal breathing mechanics and how mechanical ventilation works. The rest of the document defines various pressures involved in ventilation, describes different modes and settings, and discusses how to monitor patients on ventilators.
Mechanical ventilator, common modes, indications,nursing responsibilities MURUGESHHJ
it is an brief summary with diagrammatic presentation for NURSES regarding Mechanical ventilator, uses, complications, types, important terms,common modes, NIV, uses, NURING ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES for handling INTUBATED patients...
This document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation including:
- The basic components and goals of mechanical ventilators.
- Different modes of ventilation such as controlled, assisted, and pressure support ventilation.
- Parameters for setting up and monitoring ventilation like tidal volume, PEEP, and blood gases.
- Indications for initiating and weaning from ventilation.
- Potential complications and ways to troubleshoot issues with the ventilator or patient ventilation.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION - A BRIEF DISCUSSION.pptxAjilAntony10
This document discusses mechanical ventilation, including its history, uses, types, settings, modes of ventilation, complications, and patient goals and care. It provides an overview of mechanical ventilation, from its use in acute and chronic illness to manage breathing, to different ventilator modes like CMV, ACV, SIMV and PSV. It also covers settings, interfaces, potential complications and how to monitor patients on ventilators.
Mechanical Ventilation (MV) is almost always a challenging topic for ICU nurses and practitioners. In this presentation we are going to review and relearn basics of MV together.
Mechanical ventilation involves using a machine to assist or replace spontaneous breathing. It is commonly used in ICUs for patients with respiratory failure or decreased lung function. The document discusses the history of mechanical ventilation, its indications, types including positive and negative pressure modes, settings, complications, and nursing management of ventilated patients. The main types of positive pressure ventilation are controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV), assisted-control ventilation (ACV), and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Settings include respiratory rate, tidal volume, oxygen concentration, and PEEP. Complications can include pneumonia, hypotension, and increased intracranial pressure.
Andreas Vesalius in 1555 suggested opening the trachea and inserting a tube to allow the lung to reinflate and strengthen the heart, representing one of the earliest descriptions of mechanical ventilation.
Dr. Nikhil Yadav's document discusses various modes of mechanical ventilation including controlled modes like volume control and pressure control ventilation, assisted modes like assist-control and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, and spontaneous breathing modes like pressure support ventilation and proportional assist ventilation. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics and historical context covered in the document.
Mechanical ventilation provides positive pressure to move gas into the lungs. There are two main types: volume-controlled ventilation which preselects tidal volume and pressure-controlled ventilation which preselects pressure. Modes include controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV), assisted control ventilation (AC), and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used to prevent alveolar collapse. Weaning involves gradually reducing ventilator support by shifting modes and rates until the patient can breathe independently. Complications include barotrauma, infection, and weakness.
Care and basic settings of portable ventilator.pdfmohdzulfahmie
This document discusses mechanical ventilation and ventilator settings. It defines mechanical ventilation as using a mechanical device to assist breathing. The main types are negative pressure ventilation, which applies pressure lower than atmospheric pressure during inspiration, and positive pressure ventilation, which applies higher pressure during inspiration. Modes of ventilation discussed include volume control, pressure control, SIMV, PSV, and CPAP. Key ventilator settings covered are tidal volume, respiratory rate, FiO2, PEEP, I:E ratio, and pressure support. Causes of respiratory failure and appropriate ventilator care are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation including its basic principles, types, indications, purposes, modes, settings, advantages, complications, weaning process, and nursing care of patients on ventilators. Mechanical ventilation delivers mechanically generated breaths to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. It can be invasive or non-invasive. Modes include controlled mandatory ventilation, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, pressure support ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, and bi-level positive airway pressure. Nurses monitor patients closely, assess readiness for weaning, and provide comfort during the process.
This document provides information about mechanical ventilators. It begins by defining mechanical ventilation as the process of using an external device to move gas in and out of the lungs. It then describes the two main types as positive pressure ventilation, which pushes air into the lungs, and negative pressure ventilation, which sucks air out. The majority of the document focuses on positive pressure ventilators, describing their history, components, modes of operation like volume-cycled and pressure-cycled, settings, indications for use, complications, and the nurse's role in monitoring patients and the equipment.
Care of patient on mechanical ventilator.pptxaneettababu3
Mechanical ventilation provides oxygenation and ventilation for patients who are unable to breathe adequately on their own. It works by delivering positive pressure breaths through an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. Nurses caring for patients on ventilators must carefully manage the patient's airway, monitor ventilator settings and alarms, prevent complications, and meet the patient's physiological needs. Modes of ventilation include volume control, pressure control, and non-invasive ventilation delivered via face mask. Complications can arise from excessive secretions, equipment issues, or if the patient's breathing is not synchronized with the ventilator.
Mechanical ventilation is a method of mechanically assisting or replacing spontaneous breathing. It is indicated for respiratory failure, acute lung injury, apnea, or increased work of breathing from conditions like COPD. There are several types and modes of mechanical ventilation that deliver breaths through either positive or negative pressure. Modes determine the interplay between the patient and ventilator, and include controlled mandatory ventilation, assisted-control ventilation, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, pressure support ventilation, and more. Key parameters that are set include tidal volume, respiratory rate, pressures and time settings.
This document discusses different modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by defining key terms like trigger, cycle, and limit. It then describes the four phases of a mechanical breath - trigger, limit, cycle, and expiration. The main modes discussed are volume-controlled ventilation, pressure-controlled ventilation, and pressure support ventilation. Volume-controlled ventilation delivers a set tidal volume, pressure-controlled ventilation delivers a set pressure level, and pressure support ventilation provides pressure assistance for patient-triggered breaths. Other modes like synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation are also summarized briefly.
This document provides information on ventilator care, including:
1. It describes the types of mechanical ventilators used to move breathable air in and out of the lungs for patients unable to breathe on their own.
2. The main purposes and outcomes of mechanical ventilation are to establish effective ventilation, prevent complications, and ensure proper positioning of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes.
3. Various modes, settings, and equipment used in ventilator care are discussed, as well as indications for mechanical ventilation, types of lung injuries that can occur, and how to properly care for patients on ventilators.
The document discusses mechanical ventilation, including types, indications, principles, terminology, and modes. It describes noninvasive mechanical ventilation using external devices like masks, and invasive mechanical ventilation using endotracheal tubes. Common indications for mechanical ventilation include low oxygen levels, severe shortness of breath, and coma. The goals of ventilation are to facilitate carbon dioxide release and maintain normal oxygen levels in the blood. Various modes aim to individualize treatment based on a patient's needs, including controlled, supported, combined, and spontaneous breathing modes.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION-SOME OF THE BASICS.pptxAjilAntony10
This document discusses mechanical ventilation, including its history, uses, types, settings, modes, complications, and patient care goals. It provides an overview of mechanical ventilation, describing how it works to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing. Various modes of ventilation are outlined, along with typical settings adjusted based on patient status. Potential complications are listed. Patient goals focus on effective breathing, gas exchange, nutrition, preventing infection or immobility issues. Care includes airway management and monitoring respiratory rate and depth.
1. The document provides guidelines for the care of patients requiring mechanical ventilation including indications for ventilation, modes of ventilation, troubleshooting alarms, weaning criteria and processes, and complications.
2. Mechanical ventilation is used to support breathing for those unable to maintain adequate oxygen or CO2 levels spontaneously, including those with respiratory failure, neuromuscular diseases, or trauma/illnesses affecting breathing.
3. Modes of ventilation include controlled, assisted, intermittent mandatory, and pressure support modes. Nurses must monitor for alarms related to pressures, volumes, and apnea and address causes such as tubing issues or secretions.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to mechanical ventilation. It begins by defining basic terminology like pressures, pressure gradients, and types of ventilation. It then discusses normal breathing mechanics and how mechanical ventilation works. The rest of the document defines various pressures involved in ventilation, describes different modes and settings, and discusses how to monitor patients on ventilators.
Mechanical ventilator, common modes, indications,nursing responsibilities MURUGESHHJ
it is an brief summary with diagrammatic presentation for NURSES regarding Mechanical ventilator, uses, complications, types, important terms,common modes, NIV, uses, NURING ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES for handling INTUBATED patients...
This document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation including:
- The basic components and goals of mechanical ventilators.
- Different modes of ventilation such as controlled, assisted, and pressure support ventilation.
- Parameters for setting up and monitoring ventilation like tidal volume, PEEP, and blood gases.
- Indications for initiating and weaning from ventilation.
- Potential complications and ways to troubleshoot issues with the ventilator or patient ventilation.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION - A BRIEF DISCUSSION.pptxAjilAntony10
This document discusses mechanical ventilation, including its history, uses, types, settings, modes of ventilation, complications, and patient goals and care. It provides an overview of mechanical ventilation, from its use in acute and chronic illness to manage breathing, to different ventilator modes like CMV, ACV, SIMV and PSV. It also covers settings, interfaces, potential complications and how to monitor patients on ventilators.
Mechanical Ventilation (MV) is almost always a challenging topic for ICU nurses and practitioners. In this presentation we are going to review and relearn basics of MV together.
Mechanical ventilation involves using a machine to assist or replace spontaneous breathing. It is commonly used in ICUs for patients with respiratory failure or decreased lung function. The document discusses the history of mechanical ventilation, its indications, types including positive and negative pressure modes, settings, complications, and nursing management of ventilated patients. The main types of positive pressure ventilation are controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV), assisted-control ventilation (ACV), and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Settings include respiratory rate, tidal volume, oxygen concentration, and PEEP. Complications can include pneumonia, hypotension, and increased intracranial pressure.
A unusual presentation of hemoptysis due to malignant arterial hypertensiondrhrshitjain
This document presents a case report of a patient who presented with massive hemoptysis due to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage caused by malignant hypertension. The patient had a history of hypertension and presented with very high blood pressure. Tests revealed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, renal failure, and hypertensive heart damage. While most cases of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage are caused by conditions like vasculitis, this case highlights that malignant hypertension can rarely be the underlying cause when it presents with pulmonary symptoms like hemoptysis in addition to its usual effects on the kidneys and heart. The patient was successfully treated with anti-hypertensive drugs and dialysis.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
3. CONTRA-INDICATIONS
Risks outweigh benefits, for example
Neutropenia
Non-invasive deemed preferable to invasive
ventilation
Invasive ventilation considered medically
futile
Contrary to the expressed wishes of the
patient
4. VENTILATORS
A machine that generates a controlled
flow of blended air and oxygen into a
patient’s airway.
10. PRESSURE
In pressure modes of ventilation a pressure limit is
set, the machine generates flow until the peak
pressure limit is achieved-
PAP or PIP
Peak Airway
(inspiratory) Pressures
11. PEAK AIRWAY (INSPIRATORY) PRESSURES
Pip
Pap
Ppeak
Definition –
‘Peak Airway
(Inspiratory) Pressure
is the highest level of
pressure applied to the
lungs during inhalation
expressed in cmh2o’
12. PRESSURE MODES
Advantages
Greater control of
airway pressure.
Less risk of
barotrauma.
Disadvantages
No guaranteed minute
ventilation.
Increased monitoring of
VT required.
Rapid changes in the
compliance can cause
hypoventilation/hypoxia
.
13. INSPIRATION
FLOW TRIGGER - a breath is generated when the
patient’s respiratory effort causes flow to reach a set level.
PRESSURE TRIGGER - a breath is generated by
measuring pressure and starting assisted ventilation when
pressure reaches a given level.
TIME TRIGGER - a breath is generated by measuring
frequency of respirations and starting ventilation when
respirations frequency is at a given.
14. EXPIRATION
TIME CYCLED - such in pressure controlled ventilation
FLOW CYCLED - such as in pressure support
VOLUME CYCLED - the ventilator cycles to expiration
once a set tidal volume has been delivered: this occurs in
volume controlled ventilation.
15. IPPV
Set: TV, rate, Fi02, PEEP,
No capacity for the patient
to trigger a breath
Uncomfortable if patient
not fully sedated &/
paralysed
Suitable only for patients
who have no ability to
breathe spontaneously
16. SIMV
SYNCHRONIZED INTERMITTENT
MANDATORY VENTILATION
Provides a set TIDAL VOLUME at a set RATE (F)
Patient can breathe in-between mandatory ventilation
Spontaneous breaths are supported with pressure
support
Ventilator synchronises mandatory breaths and
spontaneous breaths for increased patient comfort
NB
Usually volume targeted but some machines offer SIMV(pc)
17. SIMV
Guaranteed Minute
Ventilation
Increased monitoring
of airway pressures.
Airway pressures will
increase if lung
compliance
decreases.
Risk of barotrauma.
Advantages Disadvantages
19. SPONTANEOUS MODES OF VENTILATION
Spontaneous modes
are-
Triggered
Cycled
-By the patient
20. PRESSURE SUPPORT OR ASB
The patient triggers the ventilator and receives a
supported breath at a pre-set pressure.
This helps overcome the increased work of
breathing or resistance of breathing through an
endotracheal tube.
21.
22. COMPLICATIONS OF INVASIVE VENTILATION
Airway:
Aspiration pneumonia
Trauma to trachea during
intubation
Hypoxia prior to / during
intubation
Laryngeal oedema
Occlusion of blood supply to
trachea (if cuff pressures to
high)
Sinus infection
24. COMPLICATIONS OF INVASIVE VENTILATION
Decreased cardiac output:
Induction agents
Changes intrathoracic
pressure & reduces venous
return
Cardiac output falls, BP
drops
CVP and LV preload rise
This has implications for the
perfusion of all vital organs:
brain, kidneys, GI tract
26. PEEP
Maintains pressure within the
breathing circuit at a pre-set
level at the end of expiration
When used during
spontaneous respiration it is
called CPAP
A degree of PEEP should be
applied on all ventilation
modes to minimise risk of
atelectasis
27. INSPIRATION TIME : EXPIRATION TIME
I:E ratio is 1:2
Can be reversed – 1:1 or less:
2:1
Some machines automatically
alter I:E ratios when the set
resp rate is altered.
28. REVERSING THE I:E RATIO
Air trapping from
increased
intrathoracic
pressure
Hypercarbia ( Î C02)
Breath stacking
Extreme discomfort
for the pt
Reduction in cardiac
return
Advantages or
reversing the I:E ratio:
Alveolar recruitment
Reduced alveolar
collapse due to shorter
expiratory times
Increased mean airway
pressure without
increasing PAP
Disadvantages Advantages
