industrial relations, industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, industrial relations in the EU, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, liberal market economy, coordinated market economy
Crisis and Trust in National and European Union institutions – Panel evidence...Wikiprogress_slides
Presentation by Felix Roth at the OECD Workshop on “Joint Learning for an OECD Trust Strategy” on 14 October 2013. Dr. Roth discusses the consequences of citizens declining trust and the driving factors of declining trust in Europe. He also provides an econometric analysis of trust and unemployment.
This paper investigates the extent and determinants of employer demand for part-time work in the three Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland and Sweden) by making a distinction between establishments’ two main reasons for introducing part-time work, i.e. establishment needs and wishes of employees. We study the importance of different characteristics (such as e.g. size, industry, sector, share of female workers) of establishment to the probability of employerbased and of employee-based part-time work. We also put under scrutiny whether different motivations for part-time work also have different outcomes for companies and workers, and how these reasons shape the nature of part-time work. In the analyses we use the Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work-Life Balance (ESWT) in 21 EU Member States including Finland, Sweden and Denmark.
Crisis and Trust in National and European Union institutions – Panel evidence...Wikiprogress_slides
Presentation by Felix Roth at the OECD Workshop on “Joint Learning for an OECD Trust Strategy” on 14 October 2013. Dr. Roth discusses the consequences of citizens declining trust and the driving factors of declining trust in Europe. He also provides an econometric analysis of trust and unemployment.
This paper investigates the extent and determinants of employer demand for part-time work in the three Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland and Sweden) by making a distinction between establishments’ two main reasons for introducing part-time work, i.e. establishment needs and wishes of employees. We study the importance of different characteristics (such as e.g. size, industry, sector, share of female workers) of establishment to the probability of employerbased and of employee-based part-time work. We also put under scrutiny whether different motivations for part-time work also have different outcomes for companies and workers, and how these reasons shape the nature of part-time work. In the analyses we use the Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work-Life Balance (ESWT) in 21 EU Member States including Finland, Sweden and Denmark.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työmarkkinoiden polarisoitumista Suomessa. Aiemmat tutkimukset tarkastelevat kehitystä koko talouden, toimialojen tai alueiden tasolla. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työpaikkojen rakennemuutosta yritystasolla. Tulokset osoittavat, että rutiiniluonteiset työtehtävät ovat vähentyneet merkittävästi suomalaisissa yrityksissä. Palkkajakauman keskivaiheilla olevien rutiiniluonteisten työtehtävien väheneminen kytkeytyy informaatio- ja kommunikaatioteknologian käyttöönottoon yrityksissä.
In this study, we scrutinize the effect of labour taxation on employment and growth. We also analyze the effect of other fiscal policy instruments, e.g. the effect of public spending. In this context, our special interest is in the fiscal policy simulations that are neutralized for the government budget. The analysis will be performed with a macroeconomic model (EMMA) developed at the Labour Institute for Economic Research. The study finds that a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is financed by increasing government debt improves GDP by 0.58 and employment by 0.25 per cent in the long run. Also, a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is neutralized for the government budget by reducing public purchases produces a long-run increase in GDP and employment of a similar magnitude, even though its short-run effect on both variables is negative.
The recent focus on impact evaluation within development economics has lead to increased pressure on aid agencies to provide "hard evidence", i.e. results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to motivate how they spend their money. In this paper I argue that even though RCTs can help us better understand if some interventions work or not, it can also reinforce an existing bias towards focusing on what generates quick, immediately verifiable and media-packaged results, at the expense of more long term and complex processes of learning and institutional development. This bias comes from a combination of public ignorance, simplistic media coverage and the temptation of politicians to play to the simplistic to gain political points and mitigate the risks of bad publicity. I formalize this idea in a simple principal-agent model with a government and an aid agency. The agency has two instruments to improve immediately verifiable outcomes; choose to spend more of the resources on operations rather than learning or select better projects/programs. I first show that if the government cares about long term development, then incentives will be moderated not to push the agency to neglect learning. If the government is impatient, though, then the optimal contract leads to stronger incentives, positively affecting the quality of projects/programs but also negatively affecting the allocation of resources across operations and learning. Finally, I show that in the presence of an impatient government, then the introduction of a better instrument for impact evaluation, such as RCTs, may actually decrease aid effectiveness by motivating the government to chose even stronger incentives.
Union density declined in Finland by more than 10 percentage points in less than ten years. This paper analyses the reasons behind the decline, using micro data from the 1990s. According to our results, the changes in the composition of the labour force and the changes in the labour market explain about a quarter of this decline. The main reason for the decline appears to be the erosion of the Ghent system, due to the emergence of an independent UI fund that provides unemployment insurance without requiring union membership. Interestingly, we find evidence that the decline in the union density can be attributed to declining inclination of the cohorts born after the early 1960s to become union members.
This report is designed to help social entrepreneurs benchmark their organisation against fellow social enterprises in Sweden. We hope the report can help social enterprises to better place their organisation (e.g. what makes it distinct; readily spot differences and similarities with their peers). The report will also be useful for support organisations and policy makers to obtain an overview of social enterprises in Sweden. If this report can be put to any other good uses, we would be most delighted. Of course a rich database like ours contains many more insights and policy implications, which will soon be published on www.seforis.eu.
Karsten Staehr. Minimum Wages and the Wage Distribution in EstoniaEesti Pank
Open seminar, Eesti Pank
20 September 2016
All opinions personal!
Simona Ferraro, Jaanika Meriküll & Karsten Staehr (2016): “Minimum wages and the wage distribution in Estonia”, Working Papers of Eesti Pank, no. 6/2016
Aon Hewitt 6th European HR Barometer Executive Summary (2011)Inspiring Benefits
Sexta edición de la encuesta realizada por Aon Hewitt (división de consultoría y soluciones de outsourcing de recursos humanos de Aon Corporation) con el EChr (European Club for human resources) entre responsables de recursos humanos europeos.
Dual income tax systems have become increasingly popular; yet, relatively little is known about the consequences of implementing such tax systems. This paper uses a representative panel of taxpayers from the 1993 Finnish tax reform to measure how overall taxable income and the relative shares of capital income and labour income reacted to the reform. The Finnish tax reform appears to be particularly suitable for analysing the effect of separating labour and capital income tax bases. The reform radically reduced the marginal tax rates on capital income to some, but not all, taxpayers, while the taxation of labour income was not reformed at the same time. We find that the reform led to a small positive impact on overall taxable income, but part of the positive response was probably offset by income shifting among the self-employed.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työmarkkinoiden polarisoitumista Suomessa. Aiemmat tutkimukset tarkastelevat kehitystä koko talouden, toimialojen tai alueiden tasolla. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työpaikkojen rakennemuutosta yritystasolla. Tulokset osoittavat, että rutiiniluonteiset työtehtävät ovat vähentyneet merkittävästi suomalaisissa yrityksissä. Palkkajakauman keskivaiheilla olevien rutiiniluonteisten työtehtävien väheneminen kytkeytyy informaatio- ja kommunikaatioteknologian käyttöönottoon yrityksissä.
In this study, we scrutinize the effect of labour taxation on employment and growth. We also analyze the effect of other fiscal policy instruments, e.g. the effect of public spending. In this context, our special interest is in the fiscal policy simulations that are neutralized for the government budget. The analysis will be performed with a macroeconomic model (EMMA) developed at the Labour Institute for Economic Research. The study finds that a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is financed by increasing government debt improves GDP by 0.58 and employment by 0.25 per cent in the long run. Also, a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is neutralized for the government budget by reducing public purchases produces a long-run increase in GDP and employment of a similar magnitude, even though its short-run effect on both variables is negative.
The recent focus on impact evaluation within development economics has lead to increased pressure on aid agencies to provide "hard evidence", i.e. results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to motivate how they spend their money. In this paper I argue that even though RCTs can help us better understand if some interventions work or not, it can also reinforce an existing bias towards focusing on what generates quick, immediately verifiable and media-packaged results, at the expense of more long term and complex processes of learning and institutional development. This bias comes from a combination of public ignorance, simplistic media coverage and the temptation of politicians to play to the simplistic to gain political points and mitigate the risks of bad publicity. I formalize this idea in a simple principal-agent model with a government and an aid agency. The agency has two instruments to improve immediately verifiable outcomes; choose to spend more of the resources on operations rather than learning or select better projects/programs. I first show that if the government cares about long term development, then incentives will be moderated not to push the agency to neglect learning. If the government is impatient, though, then the optimal contract leads to stronger incentives, positively affecting the quality of projects/programs but also negatively affecting the allocation of resources across operations and learning. Finally, I show that in the presence of an impatient government, then the introduction of a better instrument for impact evaluation, such as RCTs, may actually decrease aid effectiveness by motivating the government to chose even stronger incentives.
Union density declined in Finland by more than 10 percentage points in less than ten years. This paper analyses the reasons behind the decline, using micro data from the 1990s. According to our results, the changes in the composition of the labour force and the changes in the labour market explain about a quarter of this decline. The main reason for the decline appears to be the erosion of the Ghent system, due to the emergence of an independent UI fund that provides unemployment insurance without requiring union membership. Interestingly, we find evidence that the decline in the union density can be attributed to declining inclination of the cohorts born after the early 1960s to become union members.
This report is designed to help social entrepreneurs benchmark their organisation against fellow social enterprises in Sweden. We hope the report can help social enterprises to better place their organisation (e.g. what makes it distinct; readily spot differences and similarities with their peers). The report will also be useful for support organisations and policy makers to obtain an overview of social enterprises in Sweden. If this report can be put to any other good uses, we would be most delighted. Of course a rich database like ours contains many more insights and policy implications, which will soon be published on www.seforis.eu.
Karsten Staehr. Minimum Wages and the Wage Distribution in EstoniaEesti Pank
Open seminar, Eesti Pank
20 September 2016
All opinions personal!
Simona Ferraro, Jaanika Meriküll & Karsten Staehr (2016): “Minimum wages and the wage distribution in Estonia”, Working Papers of Eesti Pank, no. 6/2016
Aon Hewitt 6th European HR Barometer Executive Summary (2011)Inspiring Benefits
Sexta edición de la encuesta realizada por Aon Hewitt (división de consultoría y soluciones de outsourcing de recursos humanos de Aon Corporation) con el EChr (European Club for human resources) entre responsables de recursos humanos europeos.
Dual income tax systems have become increasingly popular; yet, relatively little is known about the consequences of implementing such tax systems. This paper uses a representative panel of taxpayers from the 1993 Finnish tax reform to measure how overall taxable income and the relative shares of capital income and labour income reacted to the reform. The Finnish tax reform appears to be particularly suitable for analysing the effect of separating labour and capital income tax bases. The reform radically reduced the marginal tax rates on capital income to some, but not all, taxpayers, while the taxation of labour income was not reformed at the same time. We find that the reform led to a small positive impact on overall taxable income, but part of the positive response was probably offset by income shifting among the self-employed.
Role of the social partners in the European SemesterEurofound
European semester, European Semester, European semester, European semester, European Semester, European semester, European semester, European Semester, European semester, National reform programmes, NRP, country-specific recommendations, annual growth survey, country reports, CSR, AGS,industrial relations, industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, liberal market economy, coordinated market economy
Η αναερόβια χώνευση (AD) είναι μια βιολογική διεργασία που τυπικά χρησιμοποιείται σε πολλές εγκαταστάσεις επεξεργασίας λυμάτων για την αποικοδόμηση της ιλύος και τη σταθεροποίηση, και είναι η κύρια βιολογική διαδικασία που συμβαίνει σε χώρους αναερόβιας επεξεργασίας οργανικών αποβλήτων.
John Blue - Social Media 101, 2017 University of Scouting, Indianapolis, IN, USAJohn Blue
Social Media 101, 2017 University of Scouting - John Blue, Indianapolis, IN, USA
This is a basic review of social media for Scout leaders to help them understand the opportunities and issues of social media for Scouting. Covered are tips and guidelines Scouts and leaders should follow to have a safe and helpful use of social media.
This third installment, on the topic of Employee Engagement and Retention, looks in some depth at the employee-employer relationship, including issues such as employee loyalty, happiness and commitment to the job. It also examines views about the employer’s reputation as a preferred place to work, and the circumstances under which employees explore alternative jobs and careers.
Varieties of industrial relations in Europe - 2016Eurofound
industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, open method of coordination, mutual learning,
Varities of Industrial Relations in Europe - 2017Eurofound
industrial relations in Europe; employment quality, autonomy, participation, representation, equality, equity, influence, fundamental rights, social cohesion, entrepreneurship, market, capitalism, non-discrimination, HRM, strategic choice, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and
Industrial relations - Impact of the crisis on industrial relations: collecti...Eurofound
European semester,industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, open method of coordination, mutual learning,
industrial relations, industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, industrial relations in the EU, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, liberal market economy, coordinated market economy
Industrial relations - Industrial relations and wage-setting mechanisms in th...Eurofound
collective bargaining, crisis, European Union, industrial relations, IR, social dialogue, wage-setting mechanisms, représentativité des partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, les partenaires patronaux,European social dialogue, European Union, social dialogue, industrial relations, IR, European industrial relations, social policy, Val Duchesse, employers, trade unions, collective bargaining union, European works councils, European framework agreements, European company statute, représentativité, partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, syndicats
Mapping key dimensions of industrial relations - 2016Eurofound
employment quality, autonomy, participation, representation, equality, equity, influence, fundamental rights, social cohesion, entrepreneurship, market, capitalism, non-discrimination, HRM, strategic choice, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, open method of coordination, mutual learning,
Mapping varieties of industrial relations: Eurofound's conceptual framework a...Eurofound
Eurofound’s 2016 report Mapping key dimensions of industrial relations identified four key dimensions of industrial relations: industrial democracy, industrial competitiveness, social justice, and quality of work and employment. This report builds upon that earlier study, developing a dashboard of 45 indicators to assess how and to what extent the conceptual framework of these key dimensions can be applied at national level. The indicators were tested across the Member States by Eurofound’s Network of European Correspondents and show reasonable accuracy when used to map the predominant features and trends of the national industrial relations systems. The study confirms that a dashboard of indicators that can accurately measure and summarise the complex reality of industrial relations across the EU is a valuable tool for comparative research and a useful instrument for supporting policymakers, social partners and stakeholders. The report sets out a range of options for further developing this
Mapping key dimensions of industrial relationsEurofound
industrial relations, social justice, competitiveness, job quality, employment quality, decent work, employment quality, autonomy, participation, representation, equality, equity, influence, fundamental rights, social cohesion, entrepreneurship, market, capitalism, non-discrimination, HRM, strategic choice, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, open method of coordination, mutual learning,
Industrial relations - Industrial relations in Europe 2014 - Christian Welz -...Eurofound
Industrial relations developments in the EU in 2014, représentativité des partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, les partenaires patronaux,European social dialogue, European Union, social dialogue, industrial relations, IR, European industrial relations, social policy, Val Duchesse, employers, trade unions, collective bargaining union, European works councils, European framework agreements, European company statute, représentativité, partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, syndicats
industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation
Industrial relations - Telework in the European Union - Christian Welz - Euro...Eurofound
Industrial relations, European social dialogue, European Union, social dialogue, industrial relations, IR, European industrial relations, social policy, Val Duchesse, employers, trade unions, collective bargaining union, European works councils, European framework agreements, European company statute
Efeitos de crescimento das reformas estruturais na Europa do Sul - 511: O cas...Cláudio Carneiro
Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de crescimento semi-endógena para analisar os efeitos intertemporais das reformas estruturais nos países do sul da Europa (Itália, Espanha, Portugal e Grécia). O modelo segue o paradigma variedade de produtos em um ambiente semi-endógena, e inclui uma desagregação do trabalho em grupos diferentes de habilidade. Nós usamos um conjunto abrangente de indicadores estruturais, a fim de calibrar o modelo de relações macroeconômicas importantes e os níveis de produtividade e do emprego. Nossos resultados mostram que as reformas estruturais produzir ganhos econômicos significativos a médio e longo prazo. Os resultados apontam para a importância das reformas dos mercados de produtos e de reformas educacionais e fiscais do mercado de trabalho como as áreas mais promissoras de intervenções de política estrutural. Este documento também defende a colocar mais ênfase na política de educação que é fundamental na melhoria da força de trabalho, especialmente naqueles países onde a percentagem de trabalho pouco qualificado está entre as mais altas na área do euro.
The paper is concerned with the relationship between labour share and unemployment in the major OECD countries. Special emphasis is put on examining whether the relationship has altered in a manner which can be interpreted as an indication of the weakened bargaining power of labour. The
econometric analysis is based on the use of the theoretical framework which employs the notion of the wage curve as a central analytical tool. The investigation utilises cross-country panel data for twenty OECD countries over the period from 1972 to 2008 and statistical methods suitable for the
examination of non-stationary panels. According to the results, the decline in the labour share, which is apparent in most major OECD countries, is highly likely due, at least partly, to the weakened bargaining power of labour. With a given level of unemployment, the labour share is nowadays lower than before.
Similar to Varieties of Industrial Relations in Europe _ 2016 (20)
The application of the conceptual framework on key dimensions in industrial r...Eurofound
The application of the conceptual framework on key dimensions in industrial relations to European social dialogue and national industrial relations
employment quality, autonomy, participation, representation, equality, equity, influence, fundamental rights, social cohesion, entrepreneurship, market, capitalism, non-discrimination, HRM, strategic choice, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, open method of coordination, mutual learning,
Capacity of the EU social partners to negotiateEurofound
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Mapping key dimensions of industrial relationsEurofound
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European Semester - Role of the Social Partners in the European SemesterEurofound
European semester, European Semester, European semester, European semester, European Semester, European semester, European semester, European Semester, European semester, National reform programmes, NRP, country-specific recommendations, annual growth survey, country reports, CSR, AGS,industrial relations, industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, liberal market economy, coordinated market economy
temporary agency work, temporary agency worker, temporary work agencies, representativeness of the social partners in the temporary agency work sector, collective bargaining, dialogue, employers, Eurociett, sectoral social, temporary agency work, trade unions, UNI Europa, European social dialogue since its launch in Val Duchesse in Brussels,
European social dialogue, European Union, social dialogue, industrial relations, IR, European industrial relations, social policy, Val Duchesse, employers, trade unions, collective bargaining union, European works councils,
Social Dialogue - Thirty years of European social dialogue: more myth than r...Eurofound
European social dialogue since its launch in Val Duchesse in Brussels,
European social dialogue, European Union, social dialogue, industrial relations, IR, European industrial relations, social policy, Val Duchesse, employers, trade unions, collective bargaining union, European works councils,
Social Dialogue - Social dialogue for a competitive, fair and modern Europe 2015Eurofound
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European Globalisation Fund - Christian Welz - Eurofound - DublinEurofound
Globalisation, European Globalisation Fund, globalisation, globalization, EU, fund, social model, transnational restructuring, redundancy, outsourcing, social partners, European Commission, Eurochambres, ETUC, Committee of the Regions, Ireland, European Globalization Fund, European Union, trade unions, employers,ember State has to demonstrate the link between planned redundancies and economic global structural changes identify the affected enterprise and worker identify the territory affected and the impact redundancies will have on local and regional employment discuss the procedures used to consult the social partners. conditions
job-search assistance, occupational guidance, tailor-made training, outplacement assistance and entrepreneurship promotion or aid for self-employment • special time-limited measures, e.g. job-search allowances, mobility allowances or allowances to individuals participating in lifelong learning and training activities • measures to stimulate in particular disadvantaged or older workers, to remain in or return to the labour market. types of actions funded
Industrial relations - The concept of representativeness at EU and national l...Eurofound
industrial relations, representativeness,relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Varieties of Industrial Relations in Europe _ 2016
1. EMPLOYERS YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
ACADEMY
Varieties of Industrial Relations (IR) in the
European Union
Turin, ITCILO - ACTEMP, 05 September 2016
Christian Welz
christian.welz@eurofound.europa.eu
2. Outline
A.Varieties of national IR regimes
B. Impact of the crisis on IR regimes
C.Discussion
sources: EC, Eurofound, Eurostat
4. Definition(s) of industrial relations
industrial relations (IR)
“the focal point of the field (…) is the employee-employer
relationship.” (US Social Science Research Council 1928)
“(…) the consecrated euphemism for the permanent conflict, now
acute, now subdued, between capital and labour.”(Miliband,1969,
80, cited by Blyton/Turnbull, 2004, 9)
“The central concern of IR is the collective regulation
(governance) of work and employment.” (Sisson 2010)
5. Definition(s) of industrial relations
industrial relations (IR)
“collective and individual governance of work
and employment”
Eurofound (2016), Mapping key dimensions of
industrial relations, Dublin.
7. Industrial relations regimes
• Liberal market vs. coordinated market economies
Peter Hall and David A. Soskice, 2001,
Varieties of Capitalism: the institutional foundations
of comparative advantage,
Oxford University Press.
8. Liberal Market Economies
• UK
– corporate governance: outsider shareholder dominated;
performance represented by current earnings and share prices
– employee relations: short term, market relations between employee
and employer; top management has unilateral control of the firm
– industrial relations: employer organisations and unions relatively
weak; decentralised wage setting; insecure employment (“hire and
fire”; fluid labour markets)
– vocational training / education: vocational education offered on
market; labour force has high general skills
– inter-firm relations: market relations, competition; use of formal
contracting and subcontracting relationships.
9. Coordinated Market economies
• DE
– corporate governance: long-term bank-dominated insider systems;
cross-directorships; cross-shareholding;
– employee relations: long term, formalised participation of
employees; consensus decision-making with management
– industrial relations: trade unions and employers organised;
industry-wide collective bargaining and pay determination;
employment relatively secure
– vocational training: elaborate industry-based training schemes;
labour force has high industry-specific and firm-specific skills
– inter-firm relations: development of collaborative networks;
cooperation among firms in diffusing technologies
12. 12
North Centre–West South West Centre–East
IR regime Nordic
corporatism
social partnership
polarised
pluralism
liberal
pluralism
transition economies
role of SPs in
public policy
institutionalised
irregular/
politicised
rare/event-driven
irregular/
politicised
role of State limited ‘shadow’ of hierarchy
frequent
intervention
non-intervention
organiser of
transition
power balance labour-oriented balanced alternating employer-oriented state
bargaining style integrative
distributive/
conflict-oriented
acquiescent
employee
representation
union based/
high coverage
dual channel/
high coverage
variable/ mixed
union based/
small coverage
predominant
level of CB
sector
sector/company company
13. Trade Unions
Intersectoral
level
Government
Employers
Intersectoral level
Sectoral level Sectoral level
Company level
Levels of CB - wages
Company level
Belgium
Finland
Austria
Denmark1
France1
Germany
Greece
Ireland1
Italy
Luxembourg1
Netherlands
Portugal1
Spain1
Sweden1
Denmark2
France2
Ireland2
Luxembourg2
Portugal2
Spain2
Sweden2
UK
25. Country
Source
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
AT
Statistics Austria, Tariflohnindex TLI
3.4 1.6 2.0 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.2
BE
Index of Collectively Agreed Wages
2.6 0.6 2.7 3.0 1.9 1.0 0.1
CZ*
Trexima; Information System on Working
Conditions 4.4 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.6
FI
Statistics Finland, Index of negotiated
wages and salaries 2.0 2.9 1.4 1.0 0.3
FR
Ministry of Employment’s Office for
Research and Statistic; annual collective
bargaining reports
2.6 1.8 1.4
DE
WSI, Collective Bargaining Archive
2.6 1.8 2.0 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.7
IT
National Institute of Statistics (Istat);
Contractual wages and salaries 1.3 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2
MT**
Economic Survey (Ministry for Finance)
1.8 2.5 0.5 1.9 1.6 1.6 0.9
NL
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS,
Statistics Netherlands) 2.9 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2
PT
Bank of Portugal, Statistical Bulletin, Table
H2.8: Wages: Collective agreements 2.9 2.4 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.7
SK
Trexima, Bratislava and the Ministry of
Labour, Social Affairs and Family,
Information System on Working Conditions 5.4 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.5
ES
Ministry of Employment, Statistics on
Collective Agreements 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.7
SE National Mediation Office 3.1 2.1 1.8 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.3
UK
Labour Research Department, the Payline
database 2.4 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 3.0
Nominal collectively agreed wage change in EU MS with available data (2009–15)
27. National peak level social partner organisations
EIRO 2014
1 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 5
3 3 3 4 4 4 4
7 6 7 6 5
12
2 3
3 2 2 4 3 3 3 5 5 4 4 3 2 5 5 5 4 5 5 6
4 6 5 7
14
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
LV
IE
AT
CY
SK
CZ
LT
MT
NL
BG
EE
PL
PT
GR
HR
DE
FI
LU
UK
BE
DK
SE
SI
FR
ES
HU
RO
IT
TU EO
28. Different concepts
of representativeness
different concepts examples
mutual recognition UK, Ireland
capacity to negotiate Germany, Austria
industrial democracy (elections) France, Luxemburg
organisational strength (membership) Poland, Romania
30. 1. Actors u n d e r p r e s s u r e
2. Processes u n d e r p r e s s u r e
3. Outcomes u n d e r p r e s s u r e
4. Conclusions
5. Epiloque and discussion
Table of content
31. Actors
Impact Member State
successful tripartite negotiation (8-10) BE, BG, CZ, EE, FR, LT, LV, NL, PL, PT
breakdown of tripartite negotiations (10---) BE(2011/12), ES, FI, GR, HR, HU, IE, IT,
LU, PL(2011/12), SI
reorganisation of public actors and bodies ES, GR, HR, HU, IE, LU, RO
decline in trade union density CY, BG, DK, EE, IE, LT, LV, SE, SI, SK, UK
halt in trade union density decline/increase in
trade union density
AT, CZ, DE, EE (for transport), LT
changes to membership of employer bodies CY (increase), DE (increase in members not
bound by CA), LT (first decline then
increase)
32. Actors
Impact MS
decreasing influence and visibility BE, DK, EE, HU, IE, LV, NL
increased cooperation between the social
partners
DE, HU, LT, NL
emergence of new social movements ES, GR, PT, SI
increase government unilateralism BE, BG, EE, ES, GR, HR, IE, PL, PT,
SI
new power balance among actors BG, EE, ES, GR, LT, LV, PT
33. Processes
PROCESSES -
SUMMARY
Type of change MS
Main level(s) of bargaining:
Decentralisation AT BG CY EL ES FR IE IT RO SI
Recentralisation BE FI
Horizontal coordination across bargaining
units
AT ES HU IE RO SE SK
Linkages between levels of bargaining
Ordering between levels EL ES PT
Opening and opt-out clauses AT BG CY DE EL ES FI FR IE IT NO PT
SE SI
Extending bargaining competence EL FR HU PT RO
Reach and continuity of bargaining
Extension procedures EL IE SK PT RO
Increased / changed use of existing
procedures
BG DE IT
Continuation beyond expiry EE EL ES HR PT
Minimum wage setting and indexation
36. • continental Western, central Eastern and Nordic IR regimes apply the
favourability’ principle to govern the relationship between different levels of CB
CAs at lower levels can only on standards established by higher levels
exceptions: IE and the UK > reflecting their different legal tradition based on voluntarism
• FR
FR made changes already in 2004 (loi Fillon)
• ES
2011 law inverted the principle as between sector or provincial agreements and company
agreements
EL
2011 law inverts the principle between the sector and company levels for the duration of
the financial assistance until at least 2015
• PT
2012 Labour Code inverts the principle, but allows EOs and TUs to negotiate a clause in
higher-level CA reverting to the favourability principle
Ordering / favourability principle
37. opening clauses in sector/cross-sector CAs provide scope for
further negotiation on aspects of wages at company level
opt-out clauses permit derogation under certain conditions from
the wage standards specified in the sector/cross-sector CA
changes in opening clauses 6 MS
AT, DE, FI, IT, PT, SE
changes in opt-out clauses 8 MS
BG, CY, EL, ES, FR, IE, IT, SI
•
Changes in opening/opt-out clauses
38. • changes: EL, FR, HU, PT and RO
• EL
under 2011 legislation, CAs can be concluded in companies with
fewer than 50 employees with unspecified ‘associations of persons’
these must represent at least 60% of the employees concerned
• RO
legislation (2011) introduces harder criteria for trade TU
representativeness
where TUs do not meet the new criteria at company level, EOs can
now negotiate CAs with unspecified elected employee reps
Extension of CB competence
39. Extension mechanisms
of the 28 MS
> 23 MS have extension mechanisms or a functional
equivalent (IT)
no legal procedure for extending collective agreements in
CY, DK, MT SE and UK
changes to either extension procedures or in their use
in 8 MS
BG, DE, EL, IE, PT, RO, SK, IT
40. clauses providing for agreements to continue to have
effect beyond the date of expiry until a new agreement
is concluded are intended to protect workers should
employers refuse to negotiate a renewal
they are found in a 9 MS at least
AT, DK, EE, EL, ES, HR, PT, SE, SK
changes have been made to such provisions in 5 MS
EE, EL, ES, HR, PT
Continuation of CAs beyond expiry
41. Outcomes
Impact MS
inconclusive outcomes BG, CY, CZ ES, MT, NL
decrease in number of agreements CY, CZ, EE, LV, MT, PT, RO, SI
increase in duration of agreements AT, DE
decrease in duration of agreements BG, CY, DK, GR, LV, ES, SE
decrease in the level of pay increases AT, ES, FI, NL
pay cuts or freezes AT, BE, BG, DE, DK, ES, FI, GR,
HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, LV, NL, PL, PT,
SI, SK, UK
working time reduction/short-time working AT, BE, BG, DE, FR, HU, IT, LT,
NL, PL, SI, SK
non-renewal of agreements BG, CY, EE, ES
42. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
sector CA
194
164 166 115 46 46 72
company
CA
97 87 64 55 39 49 80
total CA 291 251 230 170 85 95 152
extension 137 102 116 17 12 9 13
coverage /
in 1000
pers.
1,895 1,397 1,407 1,237 328 243 246
No. of CAs in PT
43. • change has been concentrated amongst 6 MS, whose WSMs
have each undergone multiple changes
CY, EL, ES, IE, PT, RO
been in receipt of financial assistance packages from the ‘troika’
changes in WSMs were required in all except ES
• in a further 4 MS there have been some changes to WSMs
HR, HU, IT and SI
change primarily driven by domestic actors > governments or SP
• in a majority of 18 MS WSMs have seen few or no changes
since 2008
Conclusions
44.
45. • impact of the ‘troika’ in inducing changes to WSMs
amongst those countries receiving financial
assistance packages is clear
• government-imposed measures in these countries
have substantially reconfigured WSMs
Conclusions
47. • “By viewing labour as a commodity, we at once get rid of the
moral basis on which the relation of employer and employed
should stand, and make the so-called law of the market the
sole regulator of that relation.”
• (Dr John Kells Ingram, address to the British TUC in Dublin 1880)
Discussion > labour = commodity?
48. • Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914: section 6)
• 'that the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article
of commerce'.
Samuel Gompers – leader of the American Federation of Labour for
20 years was inspired by Ingram
Discussion
49. • Treaty of Versailles (1919: article 427)
first principle of the new ILO pro- claimed ‘ that labour should not
be regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce
introduced by British delegation
Gompers > personal defeat
• ILO DECLARATION OF PHILADELPHIA (10 May 1944)
labour is not a commodity
Discussion
50. • towards a re-commodification of labour ?
• Labour is not a commodity > clause is not in the EU Treaties
• yet Albany case (1996)
• Albany used the competition rules in article 81(1) EC (now
article 101(1) TFEU) claiming that mandatory pension
scheme compromised their competitiveness
•
Discussion
51. • ECJ
• “ social policy objectives pursued by CAs would be seriously
undermined if management and labour were subject to
Article 85(1) “
• Advocate General Jacobs
• “ CAs enjoy automatic immunity from antitrust scrutiny”
• Art. 153 (5) TFEU
• The provisions of this Article shall not apply to pay, the right of
association, the right to strike or the right to impose lock-outs.
Discussion