Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Valvular heart disease refers to disorders that affect one of the heart's valves, causing stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage). The major types are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the specific valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves listening for murmurs, ECGs, echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment ranges from medication and lifestyle changes to surgery depending on severity, with valve replacement or repair being done for severe cases.
The document discusses various types of heart valve disorders including stenosis, regurgitation, and prolapse. It describes the causes, effects, symptoms, and treatments for different valve conditions affecting the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves. Surgical interventions for valve disorders include valvuloplasty procedures to repair valves as well as valve replacement using mechanical or biological prosthetics.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease, including their causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It covers mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. For each condition, it provides details on etiology, effects on heart function, common symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical treatment options, and patient education points.
Disorders of the heart valves commonly result from infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, ischemia, trauma, or congenital defects. The two major types are stenosis, where the valve opening narrows, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly. Aortic stenosis causes the left ventricle to work harder and hypertrophy. Mitral stenosis obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Aortic and mitral regurgitation cause the heart to pump blood twice per cycle, leading to dilation and failure over time. Imaging like echocardiography is used to diagnose valve disorders while treatment involves managing symptoms medically or replacing defective valves surgically.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease, including causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It covers the main heart valves - mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves. The major types of valvular abnormalities discussed are stenosis (narrowing) and regurgitation (leakage). Specific valve diseases covered in detail include rheumatic mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis/regurgitation, and pulmonary stenosis/regurgitation. Surgical and medical management strategies are presented for each condition. Prosthetic heart valves, both mechanical and biological,
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease, including causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It covers the main heart valves - mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves. The major types of valvular abnormalities discussed are stenosis (narrowing) and regurgitation (leakage). Specific valve diseases covered in detail include rheumatic mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis/regurgitation, and pulmonary stenosis/regurgitation. Surgical and medical management strategies are presented for each condition. Prosthetic heart valves, both mechanical and biological,
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Valvular heart disease refers to disorders that affect one of the heart's valves, causing stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage). The major types are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the specific valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves listening for murmurs, ECGs, echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment ranges from medication and lifestyle changes to surgery depending on severity, with valve replacement or repair being done for severe cases.
The document discusses various types of heart valve disorders including stenosis, regurgitation, and prolapse. It describes the causes, effects, symptoms, and treatments for different valve conditions affecting the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves. Surgical interventions for valve disorders include valvuloplasty procedures to repair valves as well as valve replacement using mechanical or biological prosthetics.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease, including their causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It covers mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. For each condition, it provides details on etiology, effects on heart function, common symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical treatment options, and patient education points.
Disorders of the heart valves commonly result from infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, ischemia, trauma, or congenital defects. The two major types are stenosis, where the valve opening narrows, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly. Aortic stenosis causes the left ventricle to work harder and hypertrophy. Mitral stenosis obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Aortic and mitral regurgitation cause the heart to pump blood twice per cycle, leading to dilation and failure over time. Imaging like echocardiography is used to diagnose valve disorders while treatment involves managing symptoms medically or replacing defective valves surgically.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease, including causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It covers the main heart valves - mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves. The major types of valvular abnormalities discussed are stenosis (narrowing) and regurgitation (leakage). Specific valve diseases covered in detail include rheumatic mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis/regurgitation, and pulmonary stenosis/regurgitation. Surgical and medical management strategies are presented for each condition. Prosthetic heart valves, both mechanical and biological,
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease, including causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It covers the main heart valves - mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves. The major types of valvular abnormalities discussed are stenosis (narrowing) and regurgitation (leakage). Specific valve diseases covered in detail include rheumatic mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis/regurgitation, and pulmonary stenosis/regurgitation. Surgical and medical management strategies are presented for each condition. Prosthetic heart valves, both mechanical and biological,
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
Congenital Heart disease or CHD refers to structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. It is the most common type of birth defect, occurring in 5-8 per 1,000 live births. CHD encompasses several types of defects including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). ASD involves an abnormal opening between the left and right atria, VSD is an opening in the ventricular septum between the ventricles, and PDA is the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Symptoms vary depending on the size and
Open heart surgery involves opening the chest wall and directly operating on the heart muscles, valves or arteries. It requires a heart-lung machine. Closed heart surgery works on structures outside the heart without a heart-lung machine. Common valvular heart surgeries discussed include mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation repairs/replacements, aortic valve stenosis and regurgitation repairs/replacements, and tricuspid valve regurgitation repairs/replacements. Signs, causes, evaluations and treatments are provided for each procedure.
The document discusses various congenital heart defects that can cause congestive heart failure in infants and children. It describes defects that allow increased or decreased blood flow between the right and left sides of the heart, as well as obstructive defects. For each defect, it outlines characteristics, potential treatments such as surgery or catheterization, and nursing considerations. The overall goals of treatment are to improve cardiac function, remove fluid, decrease cardiac demands, improve oxygenation, and decrease oxygen consumption.
The document discusses various types of congenital heart defects including cyanotic and acyanotic defects, summarizing key features such as symptoms, physical exam findings, treatments, and anesthetic considerations for septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, interrupted aortic arch, tetralogy of Fallot, and single ventricle physiology. It provides an overview of important congenital heart conditions from an anesthesiology perspective.
This document discusses valvular heart disorders, focusing on mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation. It defines stenosis as a narrowing of the valve orifice, while regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. The most common cause of both is rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms of mitral stenosis include dyspnea and fatigue, while regurgitation causes fatigue, dyspnea, and palpitations. Diagnosis is via echocardiogram. Treatment depends on severity but may include medications, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery.
This document summarizes various acyanotic congenital heart diseases. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, pulmonary valve stenosis, and aortic valve stenosis. Common causes are genetic defects, maternal infections, or drug/alcohol use during pregnancy. These conditions are characterized by left-to-right shunts, which can cause pulmonary hypertension and right heart hypertrophy if significant in size.
Coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis occur when plaque builds up in the arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Symptoms include angina and shortness of breath. Treatment involves controlling risk factors, medications, procedures like angioplasty and stents, and possibly bypass surgery. Valvular disorders like mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation can cause backflow of blood in the heart and result in heart failure if left untreated. Cardiomyopathy directly damages the heart muscle and may lead to arrhythmias or heart failure. Infections of the heart valves and muscle tissue can also severely impact cardiac function if not addressed.
Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle. It can be caused by conditions that damage the aortic valve such as rheumatic fever or a congenital heart defect. Symptoms may include breathlessness, fatigue, and chest pain. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram which can assess the severity. Treatment depends on severity but may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or aortic valve replacement surgery if symptoms worsen or damage to the heart progresses. Prognosis depends on severity and treatment, with severe untreated cases having a high risk of heart failure or sudden cardiac death.
Valvular heart diseases involve abnormalities of the heart valves that can cause blood to flow backwards (regurgitation) or become narrowed (stenosis). The main types discussed are mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and aortic stenosis. Symptoms vary and can include murmurs, dyspnea, fatigue, and heart failure. Treatment involves medications, valve repair procedures like valvuloplasty, or valve replacement with artificial valves. Ongoing management focuses on monitoring for complications, preventing infectious endocarditis, and educating patients on lifestyle changes and self-care.
This document discusses heart failure, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and clinical syndromes. It describes how heart failure occurs when the heart is overloaded or the heart muscle is disordered. It discusses the neuroendocrine and cellular changes that occur in heart failure and how this impacts fluid retention, circulatory pressures, and organ function. Specifically, it outlines the features of left heart failure including common causes, symptoms of pulmonary congestion, physical exam findings, investigations such as echocardiography and natriuretic peptide levels, and how to differentiate it from other conditions like pulmonary disease.
Aortic regurgitation and stenosis sushilaSushilaHamal
This document discusses aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Aortic regurgitation occurs when blood flows back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. Causes include inflammatory lesions, endocarditis, congenital abnormalities, and aneurysms. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve. Causes are congenital abnormalities, rheumatic fever, and calcification. Both conditions cause the left ventricle to hypertrophy to compensate for the increased workload. Symptoms include dyspnea, dizziness, and angina. Diagnosis involves echocardiograms, EKGs, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment consists of antibiotics before procedures to prevent endocard
Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
This document discusses different types of valvular heart disease. It begins by explaining that valvular heart disease is characterized by damage or defects to the heart's valves, which normally ensure proper blood flow. Stenotic valves become narrowed and prevent full opening, while incompetent valves do not close completely and allow blood to leak back. Over time, the heart compensates by enlarging and thickening, losing efficiency.
The document then examines specific valve diseases in more detail, outlining their causes, effects on heart function, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Diseases covered include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation
The document outlines valvular heart diseases, including how heart valves work and the main types of valve disease. It defines valve disease as occurring when valves do not work properly. The two main types are stenosis, where the valve does not open fully, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close fully. It then describes the anatomy and function of each heart valve and the specific diseases that can affect each one, such as mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Left-to-right shunts
a. Ventricular Septal Defect(VSD)
b. Atrial Septal Defect(ASD)
c. Patent Ductus Arteriosus(PDA)
d. Atrioventricular Septal Defect(AVSD)
e. Aortopulmonary window
* Eisenmenger Syndrome – The shunt becomes right-to-left
2. Left-sided obstructive lesions
a. Coarctation of the Aorta(COA)
b. Congenital Aortic Stenosis
c. Mitral Stenosis
d. Interrupted Aortic Arch
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Right-to-left shunts
a. Tetralogy of Fallot
b. Pulmonary stenosis
c. Pulmonary atresia
d. Tricuspid atresia
e. Ebstein’s anomaly
2. Complete mixed lesions
a. Transposition of the great vessels
b. Double outlet right ventricle(DORV)
c. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
d. Truncus arteriosus
e. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It can be congenital due to conditions like bicuspid aortic valve, or acquired through rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Over time, the obstruction causes the left ventricle to hypertrophy to maintain cardiac output, which can lead to heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain, syncope and dyspnea that worsen with exertion. Examination may reveal murmurs, decreased pulses and elevated blood pressure. Echocardiography can diagnose the severity of stenosis. Treatment involves managing symptoms, avoiding
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
Congenital Heart disease or CHD refers to structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. It is the most common type of birth defect, occurring in 5-8 per 1,000 live births. CHD encompasses several types of defects including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). ASD involves an abnormal opening between the left and right atria, VSD is an opening in the ventricular septum between the ventricles, and PDA is the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Symptoms vary depending on the size and
Open heart surgery involves opening the chest wall and directly operating on the heart muscles, valves or arteries. It requires a heart-lung machine. Closed heart surgery works on structures outside the heart without a heart-lung machine. Common valvular heart surgeries discussed include mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation repairs/replacements, aortic valve stenosis and regurgitation repairs/replacements, and tricuspid valve regurgitation repairs/replacements. Signs, causes, evaluations and treatments are provided for each procedure.
The document discusses various congenital heart defects that can cause congestive heart failure in infants and children. It describes defects that allow increased or decreased blood flow between the right and left sides of the heart, as well as obstructive defects. For each defect, it outlines characteristics, potential treatments such as surgery or catheterization, and nursing considerations. The overall goals of treatment are to improve cardiac function, remove fluid, decrease cardiac demands, improve oxygenation, and decrease oxygen consumption.
The document discusses various types of congenital heart defects including cyanotic and acyanotic defects, summarizing key features such as symptoms, physical exam findings, treatments, and anesthetic considerations for septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, interrupted aortic arch, tetralogy of Fallot, and single ventricle physiology. It provides an overview of important congenital heart conditions from an anesthesiology perspective.
This document discusses valvular heart disorders, focusing on mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation. It defines stenosis as a narrowing of the valve orifice, while regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. The most common cause of both is rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms of mitral stenosis include dyspnea and fatigue, while regurgitation causes fatigue, dyspnea, and palpitations. Diagnosis is via echocardiogram. Treatment depends on severity but may include medications, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery.
This document summarizes various acyanotic congenital heart diseases. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, pulmonary valve stenosis, and aortic valve stenosis. Common causes are genetic defects, maternal infections, or drug/alcohol use during pregnancy. These conditions are characterized by left-to-right shunts, which can cause pulmonary hypertension and right heart hypertrophy if significant in size.
Coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis occur when plaque builds up in the arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Symptoms include angina and shortness of breath. Treatment involves controlling risk factors, medications, procedures like angioplasty and stents, and possibly bypass surgery. Valvular disorders like mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation can cause backflow of blood in the heart and result in heart failure if left untreated. Cardiomyopathy directly damages the heart muscle and may lead to arrhythmias or heart failure. Infections of the heart valves and muscle tissue can also severely impact cardiac function if not addressed.
Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle. It can be caused by conditions that damage the aortic valve such as rheumatic fever or a congenital heart defect. Symptoms may include breathlessness, fatigue, and chest pain. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram which can assess the severity. Treatment depends on severity but may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or aortic valve replacement surgery if symptoms worsen or damage to the heart progresses. Prognosis depends on severity and treatment, with severe untreated cases having a high risk of heart failure or sudden cardiac death.
Valvular heart diseases involve abnormalities of the heart valves that can cause blood to flow backwards (regurgitation) or become narrowed (stenosis). The main types discussed are mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and aortic stenosis. Symptoms vary and can include murmurs, dyspnea, fatigue, and heart failure. Treatment involves medications, valve repair procedures like valvuloplasty, or valve replacement with artificial valves. Ongoing management focuses on monitoring for complications, preventing infectious endocarditis, and educating patients on lifestyle changes and self-care.
This document discusses heart failure, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and clinical syndromes. It describes how heart failure occurs when the heart is overloaded or the heart muscle is disordered. It discusses the neuroendocrine and cellular changes that occur in heart failure and how this impacts fluid retention, circulatory pressures, and organ function. Specifically, it outlines the features of left heart failure including common causes, symptoms of pulmonary congestion, physical exam findings, investigations such as echocardiography and natriuretic peptide levels, and how to differentiate it from other conditions like pulmonary disease.
Aortic regurgitation and stenosis sushilaSushilaHamal
This document discusses aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Aortic regurgitation occurs when blood flows back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. Causes include inflammatory lesions, endocarditis, congenital abnormalities, and aneurysms. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve. Causes are congenital abnormalities, rheumatic fever, and calcification. Both conditions cause the left ventricle to hypertrophy to compensate for the increased workload. Symptoms include dyspnea, dizziness, and angina. Diagnosis involves echocardiograms, EKGs, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment consists of antibiotics before procedures to prevent endocard
Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
This document discusses different types of valvular heart disease. It begins by explaining that valvular heart disease is characterized by damage or defects to the heart's valves, which normally ensure proper blood flow. Stenotic valves become narrowed and prevent full opening, while incompetent valves do not close completely and allow blood to leak back. Over time, the heart compensates by enlarging and thickening, losing efficiency.
The document then examines specific valve diseases in more detail, outlining their causes, effects on heart function, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Diseases covered include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation
The document outlines valvular heart diseases, including how heart valves work and the main types of valve disease. It defines valve disease as occurring when valves do not work properly. The two main types are stenosis, where the valve does not open fully, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close fully. It then describes the anatomy and function of each heart valve and the specific diseases that can affect each one, such as mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Left-to-right shunts
a. Ventricular Septal Defect(VSD)
b. Atrial Septal Defect(ASD)
c. Patent Ductus Arteriosus(PDA)
d. Atrioventricular Septal Defect(AVSD)
e. Aortopulmonary window
* Eisenmenger Syndrome – The shunt becomes right-to-left
2. Left-sided obstructive lesions
a. Coarctation of the Aorta(COA)
b. Congenital Aortic Stenosis
c. Mitral Stenosis
d. Interrupted Aortic Arch
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Right-to-left shunts
a. Tetralogy of Fallot
b. Pulmonary stenosis
c. Pulmonary atresia
d. Tricuspid atresia
e. Ebstein’s anomaly
2. Complete mixed lesions
a. Transposition of the great vessels
b. Double outlet right ventricle(DORV)
c. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
d. Truncus arteriosus
e. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It can be congenital due to conditions like bicuspid aortic valve, or acquired through rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Over time, the obstruction causes the left ventricle to hypertrophy to maintain cardiac output, which can lead to heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain, syncope and dyspnea that worsen with exertion. Examination may reveal murmurs, decreased pulses and elevated blood pressure. Echocardiography can diagnose the severity of stenosis. Treatment involves managing symptoms, avoiding
Similar to valve disorder jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj (20)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. How Do Heart Valves
Work?
MAINTAIN
ONE-WAY BLOOD FLOW
THROUGH YOUR HEART
▶ The four heart valves make
sure that blood always flows
freely in a forward direction
and that there is no backward
leakage.
7. Valvular Stenosis
THE VALVE OPENING NARROWS
the valve leaflets may become fused or thickened that the
valve cannot open freely 🡲 obstructs the normal flow of blood
EFFECTS:
the chamber behind the stenotic valve is subject to greater stress
🡲 must generate more pressure (work hard) to force blood through
the narrowed opening
initially, the compensates for the additional workload by
gradual hypertrophy and dilation of the myocardium
🡲 heart failure
8. Valvular Regurgitation
LEAKAGE OR BACKFLOW OF BLOOD RESULTSFROM
INCOMPLETE CLOSURE OF THE VALVE
due to:
- Scarring and retraction of valve leaflets
OR
- Weakening of supporting structures
EFFECTS:
causes the to pump the same blood twice
(as the blood comes back into the chamber)
the dilates to accommodate more blood
ventricular dilation and hypertrophy 🡲 eventually leads to
heart failure
18. Pathophysiology
Atrial fibrillation due to
progressive dilatation
of the LA isvery
common.
Itsonset often
precipitates
pulmonary oedema
In contrast, a more gradual
rise in left atrial pressure
tends to cause an increase
in pulmonary vascular
resistance pulmo. HTN
RVH, TRRHF
19. Pathophysiology
Narrowing of mitral valve
🡳 CO
🡳O2/CO2 exchange
(fatigue, dyspnea,
orthopnea)
Left ventricular
atrophy
pulmonary
congestion
🡱 pulmonary
pressure
🡱 left atrial
pressure
Hypertrophy
left atrium
🡳 blood flow
to left ventricle
Right-sided
failure
Fatigue
23. Investigations
▶ ECG: -right ventricular hypertrophy tall R waves
▶ Chest x-ray: - enlarged LA & appendage
- signs of pulmonary venous congestion
▶ ECHO: - thickened immobile cusps
- reduced valve area
- enlarged LA
- reduced rate of diastolic filling of LV
▶ Doppler: - pressure gradient across mitral valve
▶ Cardiac catheterization: - coronary artery disease
- pulmonary artery pressure
- mitral stenosis and regurgitation
24. Management
Medically
▶ Anticoagulant
To reduce the risk of
systemic embolism
▶ Digoxin, beta blockers,
or rate limiting calcium
antagonists
To control ventricular rate
in atrial fibrillation
▶ Diuretic
To control pulmonary
congestion
Surgically
▶ Mitral balloon
valvuloplasty***
▶ Mitral valvotomy
▶ Valve replacement
28. Aetiology
▶ Rheumatic disease is the principal cause (in
countries where disease is common)
▶ Mitral valve prolapse
▶ Dilatation of the LV and mitral valve ring
(e.g. coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy)
▶ Damage to valve cusps and chordae
(e.g. rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis)
▶ Ischaemia or infarction of papillary muscle (MI)
30. Pathophysiology
Incomplete closure of
mitral valve
🡳 vol. of blood ejected
by left ventricle
🡱 Left atrial pressure
Right-sided heart failure
Left atrial hypertrophy
🡳 CO
🡱 Pulmonary pressure
Backflow of blood to the
left atrium
🡱 Right ventricular
pressure
31. mitral valve prolapse
▶ A.k.a ‘floppy’ mitral valve
▶ One of the most common cause
of mild mitral regurgitation
▶ Caused by
▶ congenital anomalies
▶ degenerative myxomatous
changes
▶ feature of connective tissue
disorders like Marfan’s syndrome
Mitral regurgitation
32. mitral valve prolapse
▶ Mildest form:
▶ Valve remains competent but bulges
back into atrium during systole mid-
systolic click but no murmur
▶ Inthe presence of regurgitant valve:
▶ Click is followed by a late systolic
murmur, which lengthens as the
regurgitation becomes more severe
▶ Severe form:
▶ Progressive elongation of chordae
tendinae increasing regurgitation
Chordal rupture severe regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
33.
34. Clinical Manifestations
SYMPTOMS
Fatigue & weakness –due to 🡳 CO –predominant complaint
Exertional dyspnea & cough –pulmonary congestion
Palpitations –due to atrial fibrillation (occur in 75%of pts.)
Edema, ascites – Right-sided heart failure
43. Pathophysiology
Stiffening/Narrowing of
Aortic Valve
Incomplete emptying of
left atrium
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Pulmonary congestion
Compression of
coronary arteries
Right-sided heart failure
🡳 CO
🡱 Myocardial
O2 needs
Myocardial ischemia
(chest pain)
🡳 O2 supply
44. Clinical features
Symptoms
▶ Mild or moderate stenosis: usually asymptomatic
▶ Exertional dyspnea
▶ Angina (due to demands of
hypertrophied LV)
▶ Exertional syncope
▶ Sudden death
▶ Episodes o acute pulmonary oedema
CARDINAL
SYMPTOMS
CO fails to rise
to meet demand
46. Investigations
▶ ECG: - left ventricular hypertrophy
- left bundle branch block
▶ Chest x-ray: - may be normal
- enlarged LV & dilated ascending aorta (PA view)
- calcified valve on lateral view
▶ ECHO: - calcified valve with restricted opening, hypertrophied LV
▶ Doppler: - measurement of severity of stenosis
- detection of associated aortic regurgitation
▶ Cardiac catheterization: - to identify asst. coronary artery disease
-may be used to measure gradient
between LV and aorta
47. Management
▶ Asymptomatic aortic stenosis kept under review
(as the development of angina, syncope,
symptoms of low CO or heart failure
has a poor prognosis and is an indication
for prompt surgery)
▶ Moderate/severe stenosis evaluated every 1-2 years
with Doppler echocardiography (to detect progression in severity)
▶ Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis valve replacement
▶ Congenital aortic stenosis aortic balloon valvuloplasty
▶ Atrial fibrillation or post valve replacement with a
mechanical prosthesis anticoagulant
51. Pathophysiology
Incomplete closure of the
aortic valve
Backflow of blood to Left
ventricle
Left ventricular
hypertrophy & dilation
🡱 Left atrial pressure
Left-sided heart failure
(late stage)
Left atrium hypertrophy
🡳 CO
🡱 Pulmonary pressure
Right-sided heart failure
🡱 Right ventricular
pressure
52. Clinical features
Symptoms
▶ Mild or moderate aortic regurgitation:
▶ Usually asymptomatic (because compensatory ventricular
dilatation&hypertrophy occur)
▶ Awareness of heartbeat, ‘palpitations’
particularly when lying on the left side,
which results from increased in stroke volume
▶ Severe aortic regurgitation:
▶ Breathlessness
▶ Angina
53. Clinical features
▶ Pulses:
▶ Large volume or ‘collapsing’ pulse
▶ Low diastolic and increased pulse pressure
▶ Bounding peripheral pulse
▶ Capillary pulsation in nail beds: Quincke’s sign
▶ Femoral bruit(‘pistol shot’): Duroziez’s sign
▶ Head nodding with pulse: de Musset’s sign
▶ Murmurs:
▶ Early diastolic murmur
▶ Systolic murmur (increased stroke volume)
▶ Austin Flint murmur (soft mid-diastolic)
▶ Other signs:
▶ Displaced, heaving
apex beat (volume
overload)
▶ Pre-systolic impulse
▶ 4th heart sound
▶ Crepitations
(pulmonary venous
congestion)
Signs
characteristic murmur isbest heard
to the left sternum during held expiration
55. Management
▶ Treatment may be required for underlying conditions,
such as endocarditis or syphilis
▶ Aortic regurgitation with symptoms aortic valve
replacement (may be combined with aortic root
replacement and coronary bypass surgery)
▶ Asymptomatic patients annually follow up with
echocardiography for evidence of increasing
ventricular size
▶ Systolic BP should be controlled with vasodilating drugs,
such as nifedipine or ACE inhibitors
57. Tricuspid Stenosis
▶ usually occurs together with aortic or mitral
stenosis
▶ may be due to rheumatic heart disease (<5%)
▶ 🡳 blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle
⮡ 🡳 right ventricular output
⮡ 🡳 left ventricular filling 🡲 🡳 co
▶ 🡱 systemic pressure
58. Tricuspid Stenosis
Symptoms
▶ symptoms of right-sided
heart failure
- hepatomegaly
- ascites
- peripheral edema
- neck vein
engorgement
▶ 🡳 co –fatigue,
hypotension
Signs
▶ Raised JVP
▶ Mid-diastolic murmur
(best heard at lower left or
right sternal edge)
61. Tricuspid Regurgitation
common, and is most frequently ‘functional’ as a
result of enlargement of right ventricle
an insufficient tricuspid valve allows blood to flow
back into the right atrium 🡲 venous congestion & 🡳
right ventricular output 🡲 🡳 blood flow towards the
lungs
62. ▶ Rheumatic heart disease
▶ Endocarditis, particularly
in injection drug-users
▶ Ebstein’s congenital
anomaly
secondary
▶ Right ventricular
dilatation due to chronic
left heart failure
(‘functional tricuspid
regurgitation’)
▶ Right ventricular
infarction
▶ Pulmonary hypertension
(e.g. cor pulmonale)
Tricuspid Regurgitation
causes
primary
64. Tricuspid Regurgitation
Management
▶ Correction of the cause of right ventricular
overload (if TRis due to right ventricular dilatation)
▶ Use of diuretic and vasodilator treatment of CCF
▶ Valve repair
▶ Valve replacement
66. Pulmonary Stenosis
Symptoms
▶ Fatigue, dyspnea on
exertion, cyanosis
▶ Poor weight gain or
failure to thrive in infants
▶ Hepatomegaly,
ascites, edema
Signs
▶ Ejection systolic murmur
(loudest at the left upper
sternum & radiating towards
the left shoulder)
▶ Murmur often preceded by
an ejection sound (click)
▶ May be wide splitting of
second heart sound (delay in
ventricular ejection
▶ May be a thrill (best felt when
patient leans forward and
breathes out)
67. Investigations
▶ ECG: - right ventricular hypertrophy
▶ Chest x-ray: - post-stenotic dilatation in the pulmonary artery
▶ Doppler echocardiography is the definitive investigation
68. Management
▶ Mild to modearate isolated pulmonary stenosis is
relatively common and does not usually progress or
require treatment
▶ Severe pulmonary stenosis percutaneous pulmonary
balloon valvuloplasty
OR
surgical valvotomy
70. Pulmonary Regurgitation
A rare condition
Usually associated with pulmonary hypertension
which may be
• Secondary of the disease of left side of the heart
• Primary pulmonary vascular disease
• Eisenmenger’s syndrome
Blood flows back into right ventricle 🡲 right ventricle
and atrium hypertrophy 🡲 symptoms of right-sided
heart failure
Trivial PR is a frequent finding in normal individuals and has
no clinical significance
71. Reference
▶ For videos of
heart murmurs:
https://www.youtu
be.com/playlist?list
=PLB7F86984222A1F
7C
