1) The document discusses four different techniques for creating value scales using a pencil on paper: shading, scribbling, hatching, and cross hatching. 2) Value scales have six values ranging from white paper to black, created by varying the pressure and number of passes with a pencil. 3) Techniques like scribbling, hatching with parallel lines, and cross hatching use lines closer together and less white space to create darker values.

1. Visual Arts
Value
Scales

2. When you say the word value we're talking about how dark or how light something is

3. If you take a look at the sketch, you see that every object has both light and dark
values

4. We are going to learn four different ways to create what we call a value scale.

5. The value scales that we make this week are going to have six different values in
each scale, ranging from paper white to a variety of grey all the way to black.

6. All you need is a sheet of paper with rectangles marked off into blocks and you need a
pencil

7. We're just going to work with white paper being the lightest value a so the first value is going to be the easiest to make you
don't have to do anything

8. The second value is going to be the lightest grey you can possibly make to do. We hold our pencil sideways so the edge of the lid
is resting on the paper and we don't push down at all, we just want to let gravity do the work. We want to shade as lightly as we
possibly can

9. In order to make number three just a little bit darker, we're going to go over it again still not applying any pressure still just
using a sideways pencil and letting gravity do the work

10. We make a second pass over this box to make it just a little bit darker without having to apply any
pressure

11. having to apply any pressure for the fourth box what we want to do is apply just enough pressure to get the third value so now
we are starting to apply just a little bit of pressure but still not pressing down really hard

12. In order to make it darker we are going to apply the same pressure that I just did and make a second
pass

13. For the fifth value this is where we are going to start to apply a little pressure and I might move my hand a little closer to the tip
so that I can apply more pressure but I'm not going to apply much pressure

14. Now we are going to add a second pass over this still applying the same amount of pressure, this is a moderate amount of
pressure not pressing down hard

15. Now the black. The black is not going to be a pure black because pencil is actually grey but what we want to do here is make
the darkest value that you can make with the pencil

16. We are going to be applying a much greater amount of pressure so we are going to want my finger on the tip pushing
down

17. There you have a value scale by shading

18. For the next value scale we are going to work something called scribbling

19. Scribbles are useful for adding texture and making quicker, gestural drawings

20. We're going to start with our second value and again we have to hold our pencil way back and just let gravity do the work but
instead of going in nice smooth back-and-forth limbs we make a kind of scribble

21. Just a little bit of pressure and scribble for number three and four

22. You have to notice that the areas that are not filled in the white areas have an impact in how full the
value is

23. So you can make a value a little darker not by pushing hard but by filling more of the
space

24. This effect is a lot more noticeable if you're using a pen

25. For this next value scale we're going to use a method called hatch

26. For the second value we're going to use parallel lines

27. The white space between your lines is going to dictate how light your value is

28. So if you a big space between them you will have a very light value

29. This value is darker because the lines are closer together

30. In the last one we want those lines to be so close together they almost touch

31. For the left value scale we're going to do the same thing but we're going to do it twice in
each box

32. It's going to be something called cross hatching, exactly the same idea with lines in two different
directions

33. Again the more lines you have, the closer together they are, and the smaller the spaces between them are, that makes it look
darker because there's less white space

34. And again in the last one we want those lines to be so close together they almost
touch

35. rriquelme@educa.madrid.org
Value
Scales