Li-Fi or optical Wi-Fi is a new technology that uses visible light communication (VLC) to transmit data wirelessly using LED lights. It provides higher speeds than Wi-Fi and is more secure as light cannot pass through walls. Li-Fi was first demonstrated by German physicist Harald Hass and uses pulsing LED lights to transmit binary code for wireless internet access. It has advantages over Wi-Fi such as no interference from radio frequencies, higher speeds up to 10 Gbps, and lower power consumption. Li-Fi is being commercialized by companies and can be used in applications like wireless networks at home or in hospitals where RF signals are restricted.
Lifi(Light fidelity)-Efficient use of visible spectruminventionjournals
ABSTRACT : LEDs are beginning to be used in every home and office which makes LED’s light ideal for ubiquitous data transmitter This means that everywhere where LEDs are used, lighting bulbs can bring not only the light but wireless connection at the same time. With increasing demand for wireless data, lack of radio spectrum and issues with hazardous electromagnetic pollution, LiFi is a new wireless communication technology which enables a wireless data transmission through LED light. LiFi appears as a new greener, healthier and cheaper alternative to WiFi. Li-Fi is the emerging area of technology is also known as Visible Light Commu-nications (VLC) .Moreover LiFi makes possible to have a wireless Internet in specific environments (hospitals, airplanes etc.) where WiFi is not allowed due to interferences or security considerations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document is a project report submitted by four students (Niteesh Khanolkar, Sudhir Menon, Kaustubh Band, Chinmay Rane) for their Bachelor's degree. It discusses their project on visible light data transmission under the guidance of Prof. Archana Patil. The report includes an introduction to visible light communication, a literature review on the topic, a proposed system design, hardware and software requirements, features and applications of the system, and plans for future work.
At the heart of this technology, a new generation of high-brightness light-emitting diodes. Very simply, if the LED is ON, user can transmit a digital string of 1, if it’s OFF then user can transmit a string of 0. It can be switched ON and OFF very quickly, which gives instant opportunity for transmitting data. It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker ON and OFF to pass different strings of 1s and 0s. The modulation is so fast that the human eye doesn’t notice. There are over 14 billion light bulbs used across the world, which needs to be replaced with LEDs ones that transmit data.
The characteristic of li fi technology comparing with wi-fizaidinvisible
This document compares Wi-Fi and Li-Fi wireless technologies. It discusses that Wi-Fi operates using radio frequencies and has limitations like bandwidth constraints and interference. Li-Fi is an emerging alternative that uses visible light communication through LED lights. It has higher data rates of up to 10 Gbps and does not experience the same interference issues as Wi-Fi. However, Li-Fi signals can be interrupted by obstacles and it requires line of sight between transmitters and receivers. The document provides tables comparing characteristics and standards of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi.
Comparison of LI-FI with Wireless MediaIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology, comparing it to wireless media like Wi-Fi. It discusses how Li-Fi works using visible light communication between LED light sources and photodetectors. The key components of a Li-Fi system and its applications are described. Li-Fi provides advantages over Wi-Fi such as higher speed and bandwidth capacity. However, it also has limitations since the light signals do not pass through walls like radio waves. The document aims to explain Li-Fi technology and its potential to deliver high-speed internet access as an alternative to wireless networks.
This document discusses Li-Fi technology, which uses visible light communication (VLC) to transmit data wirelessly using LED lights. It describes how Li-Fi works by rapidly modulating the intensity of LED lights to transmit binary data imperceptibly to the human eye. The document provides a block diagram and circuit diagram of a Li-Fi system consisting of a PC, microcontroller, LED lights, and photodiodes. It summarizes the advantages of Li-Fi such as high speed, low cost, secure communication, and ability to be used in places where Wi-Fi is restricted. Some challenges of Li-Fi are also noted, such as requiring line of sight and being impacted by light blockages. Potential applications of Li
Lifi(Light fidelity)-Efficient use of visible spectruminventionjournals
ABSTRACT : LEDs are beginning to be used in every home and office which makes LED’s light ideal for ubiquitous data transmitter This means that everywhere where LEDs are used, lighting bulbs can bring not only the light but wireless connection at the same time. With increasing demand for wireless data, lack of radio spectrum and issues with hazardous electromagnetic pollution, LiFi is a new wireless communication technology which enables a wireless data transmission through LED light. LiFi appears as a new greener, healthier and cheaper alternative to WiFi. Li-Fi is the emerging area of technology is also known as Visible Light Commu-nications (VLC) .Moreover LiFi makes possible to have a wireless Internet in specific environments (hospitals, airplanes etc.) where WiFi is not allowed due to interferences or security considerations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document is a project report submitted by four students (Niteesh Khanolkar, Sudhir Menon, Kaustubh Band, Chinmay Rane) for their Bachelor's degree. It discusses their project on visible light data transmission under the guidance of Prof. Archana Patil. The report includes an introduction to visible light communication, a literature review on the topic, a proposed system design, hardware and software requirements, features and applications of the system, and plans for future work.
At the heart of this technology, a new generation of high-brightness light-emitting diodes. Very simply, if the LED is ON, user can transmit a digital string of 1, if it’s OFF then user can transmit a string of 0. It can be switched ON and OFF very quickly, which gives instant opportunity for transmitting data. It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker ON and OFF to pass different strings of 1s and 0s. The modulation is so fast that the human eye doesn’t notice. There are over 14 billion light bulbs used across the world, which needs to be replaced with LEDs ones that transmit data.
The characteristic of li fi technology comparing with wi-fizaidinvisible
This document compares Wi-Fi and Li-Fi wireless technologies. It discusses that Wi-Fi operates using radio frequencies and has limitations like bandwidth constraints and interference. Li-Fi is an emerging alternative that uses visible light communication through LED lights. It has higher data rates of up to 10 Gbps and does not experience the same interference issues as Wi-Fi. However, Li-Fi signals can be interrupted by obstacles and it requires line of sight between transmitters and receivers. The document provides tables comparing characteristics and standards of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi.
Comparison of LI-FI with Wireless MediaIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology, comparing it to wireless media like Wi-Fi. It discusses how Li-Fi works using visible light communication between LED light sources and photodetectors. The key components of a Li-Fi system and its applications are described. Li-Fi provides advantages over Wi-Fi such as higher speed and bandwidth capacity. However, it also has limitations since the light signals do not pass through walls like radio waves. The document aims to explain Li-Fi technology and its potential to deliver high-speed internet access as an alternative to wireless networks.
This document discusses Li-Fi technology, which uses visible light communication (VLC) to transmit data wirelessly using LED lights. It describes how Li-Fi works by rapidly modulating the intensity of LED lights to transmit binary data imperceptibly to the human eye. The document provides a block diagram and circuit diagram of a Li-Fi system consisting of a PC, microcontroller, LED lights, and photodiodes. It summarizes the advantages of Li-Fi such as high speed, low cost, secure communication, and ability to be used in places where Wi-Fi is restricted. Some challenges of Li-Fi are also noted, such as requiring line of sight and being impacted by light blockages. Potential applications of Li
Li-Fi is a visible light communication technology that can provide wireless internet access at high speeds using LED light bulbs. It works by varying the intensity of LED lights faster than what the human eye can detect to transmit data. Researchers have achieved speeds over 500 megabytes per second in the lab. Li-Fi was pioneered by Professor Harald Haas and could offer connection speeds faster than most broadband internet access. It provides a safe and unlimited spectrum alternative to Wi-Fi for wireless connectivity indoors.
IRJET- Wireless Car using WIFI – IoT – BluetoothIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless car prototype that can be controlled using an Android application via Bluetooth or WiFi connection. An Arduino microcontroller interfaces with a Bluetooth module, WiFi module (ESP8266), motor driver, DC motors and camera to enable wireless control and video streaming. The user can send control signals from the Android app to drive the car remotely. A potentiometer allows switching between Bluetooth, WiFi or internet connection. The camera streams real-time video to the app and stores recordings in the cloud.
LiFi technology (visible light communication )Brijesh Bharti
This document discusses LiFi technology, which uses visible light communication to transmit data wirelessly. It provides a brief history of LiFi, including early experiments in the 1880s and demonstrations of increasing data transmission speeds from 2003-2011. The document explains how LiFi works using LED lights to transmit digital 1s and 0s. It compares LiFi to WiFi, noting LiFi's higher speeds, lower costs, and ability to transmit through water. Potential applications of LiFi are identified, along with current research areas and standardization efforts. Limitations around line-of-sight transmission and interference from other light sources are also outlined.
Visible light communication uses LED lights to transmit data by varying the intensity of light. It offers several advantages over traditional wireless technologies like WiFi. Data can be transmitted through visible light at speeds higher than WiFi and without interfering with other wireless networks. It also provides a secure communication medium as light cannot pass through walls. While the technology is still being developed, it shows promise in helping overcome bandwidth limitations of existing wireless networks.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances between fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks with high levels of security. It was created by Ericsson in 1994 to provide a wireless alternative to RS-232 cables and can connect several devices overcoming synchronization problems. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group oversees development of the specification and qualification of Bluetooth devices.
The document provides an overview of Li-Fi technology, which uses visible light communication to transmit data wirelessly using LED bulbs. It discusses how Li-Fi works by transmitting data through small changes in the intensity of light that are undetectable to the human eye. Li-Fi provides higher bandwidth, efficiency, availability and security compared to traditional Wi-Fi networks. The document also outlines some of the advantages of Li-Fi such as higher speeds of up to 224 gigabits per second, more available spectrum than radio frequencies, improved security since light cannot pass through walls, and its ability to be used in places where Wi-Fi signals cannot reach or are restricted.
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It was coined by Harald Haas at the University of Edinburgh in 2011. Li-Fi provides higher speeds and more bandwidth than Wi-Fi, with the added benefit of not interfering with other wireless networks. Li-Fi works by varying the rate at which an LED light flickers on and off, which encodes data. Products like Li-Fi 1st and Li-Flame have been developed to transmit data through LED lights at speeds up to 5Mbps downlink and 5Mbps uplink within a range of 3 meters. Solar Li-Fi uses existing LED lights and solar panels to transmit
NOW A DAYS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION IS MORE POPULAR. The visible light communication (VLC) refers to the communication technology which utilizes the visible light source as a signal transmitter, the air as a transmission medium, and the appropriate photodiode as a signal receiving component.Visible light is thus by definition comprised
of visually-perceivable electromagnetic waves.
The visible spectrum covers wave lengths
from 380 nm to 750 nm. The Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC) which is mainly comprised of Japanese technology companies was founded in November 2003. It increases the data speed compared to any communication
Position
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that allows devices like mobile phones, laptops, headphones, and other electronics to communicate securely with each other within a range of about 30 feet. It works by using radio waves to automatically connect devices to share files, synchronize data, print wirelessly, and create mobile personal area networks without wires. Bluetooth got its name from the Danish king Harald Bluetooth who united Denmark and Norway, just as Bluetooth technology serves to connect electronic devices.
Li-Fi uses visible light communication technology to transmit data wirelessly using light. It provides higher speeds and greater capacity than Wi-Fi. Li-Fi transmits data through LED bulbs by varying the intensity of light faster than what the human eye can detect. This allows transmitting digital signals through the illumination. Li-Fi offers solutions to issues with Wi-Fi like limited spectrum, security concerns, and availability. Products like Li-1st and Li-Flame have been developed providing speeds up to 10Mbps. Applications of Li-Fi include use in aircrafts, underwater environments, traffic management systems, and more.
The document discusses various wireless technologies including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Ultra Wide Band (UWB), and cellular technologies. It provides an overview of each technology, including their advantages and disadvantages. For example, it notes that Bluetooth has a short range but low power consumption, while Wi-Fi provides higher bandwidth but lower security. The document also discusses how these various wireless standards are enabling technologies like the Digital India movement by allowing more online transactions and a reduction in cash usage. In conclusion, it states that wireless technologies can make things simpler when proper precautions are taken.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard launched in 1998 that allows for instant wireless connectivity between mobile devices like phones, laptops, and other electronics within 10 meters of each other. It uses short-range radio signals to exchange data and voice transmissions without needing a direct line of sight. Bluetooth eliminates the need for wired connections and allows devices to automatically synchronize and connect when in range. Potential applications include unlocking doors, automatically checking into hotels, and wirelessly printing between rooms.
The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks from the author to their seminar guide and other faculty members who provided guidance and support for the successful completion of the author's seminar. It also includes an abstract that introduces Li-Fi technology as a potential solution for wireless internet that uses light instead of radio waves, as well as a table of contents for the seminar.
IRJET-V Wi-Fi E Switch using Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document describes a Wi-Fi based home automation system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system allows users to control electrical appliances in their home like lights, fans, air conditioners remotely using a smartphone. It uses a Raspberry Pi microcontroller connected to relays to switch appliances on/off based on commands sent over Wi-Fi from a mobile app. The system provides benefits like convenience, energy savings, and assistance for disabled or elderly users. It presents a low-cost and easy to install solution for remote home monitoring and control.
IRJET- Transmitting Audio through Li-FiIRJET Journal
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) for high-speed transmission of data in a similar manner to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi provides higher bandwidth, efficiency and security than Wi-Fi. It works by transmitting data through the modulation of light intensity from LED bulbs and can achieve speeds over 1 Gbps. Li-Fi has several advantages over Wi-Fi including energy efficiency, high speed connectivity, availability anywhere there is light, low cost, and highly secure transmission since light cannot pass through walls. Potential applications of Li-Fi include use in areas where radio signals are not permitted or may interfere with other equipment.
IRJET- Home Automation using Light Fidelity TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology for home automation. It proposes a system using a PIC microcontroller and LED lights to control devices locally or remotely through light signals. The system would consist of a transmitter that encodes commands into light pulses from LEDs and a receiver that decodes the light pulses and controls devices accordingly. Li-Fi provides high-speed wireless communication through light similar to Wi-Fi but with greater security and bandwidth. The document compares Li-Fi to Wi-Fi and outlines potential applications of Li-Fi technology.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using radio waves. It was invented in 1994 to provide a wireless alternative to RS-232 cables, allowing devices to connect and exchange information without wires. Bluetooth has evolved through several generations since its introduction in 1998, with later versions providing enhanced data rates and speeds. It allows for the creation of personal area networks and is now commonly used in applications such as wireless headphones, speakers, and file transfer between devices.
IRJET - Li-Fi based Home/Office Computerization SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses Li-Fi technology as an alternative to Wi-Fi for home/office automation. It begins with an abstract that introduces Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) as a wireless communication technology that uses light instead of radio waves. It then provides details on the need for Li-Fi due to increasing internet usage overloading the radio spectrum. The document outlines the aims and objectives of using Li-Fi for home/office automation, including transmitting data via light through different mediums. It describes the basic techniques and components used in a Li-Fi system, including LED lights that transmit data by varying in intensity, and photodiodes that receive the signals. It concludes by stating that Li-Fi offers higher speeds and more
This document discusses Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology for wireless data transmission using visible light communication (VLC). Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for fully networked wireless systems and can provide high-speed data transmission. The document describes how Li-Fi works, comparing it to Wi-Fi, and outlines its advantages like wider spectrum, higher security, and applications like use in aircraft. It then discusses the proposed work of implementing a module to control a buggy using Li-Fi data transmission.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Whether you’re using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door, or competing for
bandwidth at a conference, you’ve probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you face when more than one device is
tapped into the network. As more and more people and their many devices access wireless internet, clogged airwaves
are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. But radio waves are just one part of the
spectrum that can carry our data. What if we could use other waves to surf the internet? One German physicist,DR.
Harald Haas, has come up with a solution he calls “Data Through Illumination”—taking the fiber out of fiber optics by
sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. It’s the same idea
behind infrared remote controls, but far more powerful. Haas says his invention, which he calls D-Light, can produce
data rates faster than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier than your average broadband connection. He envisions a
future where data for laptops, smartphones, and tablets is transmitted through the light in a room. And security would be
a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data. Li-Fi is a VLC, visible light communication, technology
developed by a team of scientists
Li-Fi is a visible light communication technology that can provide wireless internet access at high speeds using LED light bulbs. It works by varying the intensity of LED lights faster than what the human eye can detect to transmit data. Researchers have achieved speeds over 500 megabytes per second in the lab. Li-Fi was pioneered by Professor Harald Haas and could offer connection speeds faster than most broadband internet access. It provides a safe and unlimited spectrum alternative to Wi-Fi for wireless connectivity indoors.
IRJET- Wireless Car using WIFI – IoT – BluetoothIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless car prototype that can be controlled using an Android application via Bluetooth or WiFi connection. An Arduino microcontroller interfaces with a Bluetooth module, WiFi module (ESP8266), motor driver, DC motors and camera to enable wireless control and video streaming. The user can send control signals from the Android app to drive the car remotely. A potentiometer allows switching between Bluetooth, WiFi or internet connection. The camera streams real-time video to the app and stores recordings in the cloud.
LiFi technology (visible light communication )Brijesh Bharti
This document discusses LiFi technology, which uses visible light communication to transmit data wirelessly. It provides a brief history of LiFi, including early experiments in the 1880s and demonstrations of increasing data transmission speeds from 2003-2011. The document explains how LiFi works using LED lights to transmit digital 1s and 0s. It compares LiFi to WiFi, noting LiFi's higher speeds, lower costs, and ability to transmit through water. Potential applications of LiFi are identified, along with current research areas and standardization efforts. Limitations around line-of-sight transmission and interference from other light sources are also outlined.
Visible light communication uses LED lights to transmit data by varying the intensity of light. It offers several advantages over traditional wireless technologies like WiFi. Data can be transmitted through visible light at speeds higher than WiFi and without interfering with other wireless networks. It also provides a secure communication medium as light cannot pass through walls. While the technology is still being developed, it shows promise in helping overcome bandwidth limitations of existing wireless networks.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances between fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks with high levels of security. It was created by Ericsson in 1994 to provide a wireless alternative to RS-232 cables and can connect several devices overcoming synchronization problems. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group oversees development of the specification and qualification of Bluetooth devices.
The document provides an overview of Li-Fi technology, which uses visible light communication to transmit data wirelessly using LED bulbs. It discusses how Li-Fi works by transmitting data through small changes in the intensity of light that are undetectable to the human eye. Li-Fi provides higher bandwidth, efficiency, availability and security compared to traditional Wi-Fi networks. The document also outlines some of the advantages of Li-Fi such as higher speeds of up to 224 gigabits per second, more available spectrum than radio frequencies, improved security since light cannot pass through walls, and its ability to be used in places where Wi-Fi signals cannot reach or are restricted.
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It was coined by Harald Haas at the University of Edinburgh in 2011. Li-Fi provides higher speeds and more bandwidth than Wi-Fi, with the added benefit of not interfering with other wireless networks. Li-Fi works by varying the rate at which an LED light flickers on and off, which encodes data. Products like Li-Fi 1st and Li-Flame have been developed to transmit data through LED lights at speeds up to 5Mbps downlink and 5Mbps uplink within a range of 3 meters. Solar Li-Fi uses existing LED lights and solar panels to transmit
NOW A DAYS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION IS MORE POPULAR. The visible light communication (VLC) refers to the communication technology which utilizes the visible light source as a signal transmitter, the air as a transmission medium, and the appropriate photodiode as a signal receiving component.Visible light is thus by definition comprised
of visually-perceivable electromagnetic waves.
The visible spectrum covers wave lengths
from 380 nm to 750 nm. The Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC) which is mainly comprised of Japanese technology companies was founded in November 2003. It increases the data speed compared to any communication
Position
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that allows devices like mobile phones, laptops, headphones, and other electronics to communicate securely with each other within a range of about 30 feet. It works by using radio waves to automatically connect devices to share files, synchronize data, print wirelessly, and create mobile personal area networks without wires. Bluetooth got its name from the Danish king Harald Bluetooth who united Denmark and Norway, just as Bluetooth technology serves to connect electronic devices.
Li-Fi uses visible light communication technology to transmit data wirelessly using light. It provides higher speeds and greater capacity than Wi-Fi. Li-Fi transmits data through LED bulbs by varying the intensity of light faster than what the human eye can detect. This allows transmitting digital signals through the illumination. Li-Fi offers solutions to issues with Wi-Fi like limited spectrum, security concerns, and availability. Products like Li-1st and Li-Flame have been developed providing speeds up to 10Mbps. Applications of Li-Fi include use in aircrafts, underwater environments, traffic management systems, and more.
The document discusses various wireless technologies including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Ultra Wide Band (UWB), and cellular technologies. It provides an overview of each technology, including their advantages and disadvantages. For example, it notes that Bluetooth has a short range but low power consumption, while Wi-Fi provides higher bandwidth but lower security. The document also discusses how these various wireless standards are enabling technologies like the Digital India movement by allowing more online transactions and a reduction in cash usage. In conclusion, it states that wireless technologies can make things simpler when proper precautions are taken.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard launched in 1998 that allows for instant wireless connectivity between mobile devices like phones, laptops, and other electronics within 10 meters of each other. It uses short-range radio signals to exchange data and voice transmissions without needing a direct line of sight. Bluetooth eliminates the need for wired connections and allows devices to automatically synchronize and connect when in range. Potential applications include unlocking doors, automatically checking into hotels, and wirelessly printing between rooms.
The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks from the author to their seminar guide and other faculty members who provided guidance and support for the successful completion of the author's seminar. It also includes an abstract that introduces Li-Fi technology as a potential solution for wireless internet that uses light instead of radio waves, as well as a table of contents for the seminar.
IRJET-V Wi-Fi E Switch using Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document describes a Wi-Fi based home automation system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system allows users to control electrical appliances in their home like lights, fans, air conditioners remotely using a smartphone. It uses a Raspberry Pi microcontroller connected to relays to switch appliances on/off based on commands sent over Wi-Fi from a mobile app. The system provides benefits like convenience, energy savings, and assistance for disabled or elderly users. It presents a low-cost and easy to install solution for remote home monitoring and control.
IRJET- Transmitting Audio through Li-FiIRJET Journal
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) for high-speed transmission of data in a similar manner to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi provides higher bandwidth, efficiency and security than Wi-Fi. It works by transmitting data through the modulation of light intensity from LED bulbs and can achieve speeds over 1 Gbps. Li-Fi has several advantages over Wi-Fi including energy efficiency, high speed connectivity, availability anywhere there is light, low cost, and highly secure transmission since light cannot pass through walls. Potential applications of Li-Fi include use in areas where radio signals are not permitted or may interfere with other equipment.
IRJET- Home Automation using Light Fidelity TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology for home automation. It proposes a system using a PIC microcontroller and LED lights to control devices locally or remotely through light signals. The system would consist of a transmitter that encodes commands into light pulses from LEDs and a receiver that decodes the light pulses and controls devices accordingly. Li-Fi provides high-speed wireless communication through light similar to Wi-Fi but with greater security and bandwidth. The document compares Li-Fi to Wi-Fi and outlines potential applications of Li-Fi technology.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using radio waves. It was invented in 1994 to provide a wireless alternative to RS-232 cables, allowing devices to connect and exchange information without wires. Bluetooth has evolved through several generations since its introduction in 1998, with later versions providing enhanced data rates and speeds. It allows for the creation of personal area networks and is now commonly used in applications such as wireless headphones, speakers, and file transfer between devices.
IRJET - Li-Fi based Home/Office Computerization SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses Li-Fi technology as an alternative to Wi-Fi for home/office automation. It begins with an abstract that introduces Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) as a wireless communication technology that uses light instead of radio waves. It then provides details on the need for Li-Fi due to increasing internet usage overloading the radio spectrum. The document outlines the aims and objectives of using Li-Fi for home/office automation, including transmitting data via light through different mediums. It describes the basic techniques and components used in a Li-Fi system, including LED lights that transmit data by varying in intensity, and photodiodes that receive the signals. It concludes by stating that Li-Fi offers higher speeds and more
This document discusses Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology for wireless data transmission using visible light communication (VLC). Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for fully networked wireless systems and can provide high-speed data transmission. The document describes how Li-Fi works, comparing it to Wi-Fi, and outlines its advantages like wider spectrum, higher security, and applications like use in aircraft. It then discusses the proposed work of implementing a module to control a buggy using Li-Fi data transmission.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Whether you’re using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door, or competing for
bandwidth at a conference, you’ve probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you face when more than one device is
tapped into the network. As more and more people and their many devices access wireless internet, clogged airwaves
are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. But radio waves are just one part of the
spectrum that can carry our data. What if we could use other waves to surf the internet? One German physicist,DR.
Harald Haas, has come up with a solution he calls “Data Through Illumination”—taking the fiber out of fiber optics by
sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. It’s the same idea
behind infrared remote controls, but far more powerful. Haas says his invention, which he calls D-Light, can produce
data rates faster than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier than your average broadband connection. He envisions a
future where data for laptops, smartphones, and tablets is transmitted through the light in a room. And security would be
a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data. Li-Fi is a VLC, visible light communication, technology
developed by a team of scientists
This document discusses Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology, which is a method for wireless communication that uses light from LED bulbs to transmit data. It provides faster speeds than Wi-Fi and does not cause interference like radio waves. Li-Fi works by varying the intensity of LED light rapidly to transmit binary data. It could enable high-speed internet access in places like airplanes and museums that restrict radio signals. The document outlines the history and working mechanism of Li-Fi technology.
Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)-The future technology In Wireless communicationAbdul Moiz Dota
This document summarizes research on a new wireless communication technology called Li-Fi, which stands for Light Fidelity. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that can be switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect to transmit data by varying the intensity of light. One researcher, Harald Haas, has demonstrated speeds over 10 megabits per second by transmitting data through a LED light bulb. Researchers in Germany have achieved speeds over 500 megabytes per second using white LEDs. Li-Fi has several advantages over traditional Wi-Fi including potentially higher speeds, more available bandwidth since it uses light rather than radio frequencies, and more secure transmission since light cannot pass through walls. The technology is
Smart phones, tablets, and the rise of the Internet of Things are driving an insatiable demand for wireless capacity. This demand requires networking and Internet infrastructures to evolve to meet the needs of current and future multimedia applications. Wireless HetNets will play an important role toward the goal of using a diverse spectrum to provide high quality-of-service, especially in indoor environments where most data are consumed. An additional tier in the wireless HetNets concept is envisioned using indoor gigabit small-cells to offer additional wireless capacity where it is needed the most. The use of light as a new mobile access medium is considered promising. In this article, we describe the general characteristics of WiFi and VLC (or LiFi) and demonstrate a practical framework for both technologies to coexist. We explore the existing research activity in this area and articulate current and future research challenges based on our experience in building a proof-of-concept prototype VLC HetNet.
This paper attempts to clarify the difference between visible light communication (VLC) and Light-Fidelity (LiFi). In particular, it will show how LiFi takes VLC further by using light emitting diodes (LEDs) to realise fully networked wireless systems. Synergies are harnessed as luminaries become LiFi attocells resulting in enhanced wireless capacity providing the necessary connectivity to realise the Internet-of-Things (IoT), and contributing to the key performance indicators for the 5th generation of cellular systems (5G) and beyond
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It was invented by Harald Haas and is a safer, more energy efficient alternative to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi uses visible light communication and is 100 times faster than Wi-Fi. It has wide applications for places that prohibit radio waves like hospitals and aircraft. Li-Fi transmits data through rapid pulses of light by switching LED bulbs on and off faster than the human eye can detect. It has potential for speeds over 10Gbps and is being developed as the next-generation wireless optical network technology.
A German physicist named Harald Haas developed a wireless communication technology called Li-Fi that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit data. Li-Fi works by varying the intensity of LED light faster than what the human eye can detect, allowing binary digits to be transmitted. Researchers have achieved data rates over 500 megabytes per second in the lab using Li-Fi. Li-Fi has advantages over traditional Wi-Fi as it is not susceptible to interference and can be used in places where radio waves cannot like on airplanes or underwater. The technology has potential for use in public internet access points using street lights or personal devices transmitting data through ambient light.
This document discusses Li-Fi technology, which transmits data through visible light communication. It describes how Li-Fi works by modulating the intensity of LED lights faster than the human eye can detect. This allows for transmission of digital data through light. The key components of a Li-Fi system are LED lights and photodiodes. Li-Fi provides several advantages over Wi-Fi such as higher speeds, more available bandwidth, more security as light cannot penetrate walls, and higher energy efficiency. Potential applications of Li-Fi include use in places where Wi-Fi signals cannot reach or are banned, like on airplanes or in hospitals.
Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a bidirectional, high speed , fully networked wireless communication technology similar to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi was first put forward by Professor Harald Haas,University of Edinburgh, during a TED Talk in 2011. Li-Fi is a form of visible light communication and a subset of optical wireless communications (OWC) and could be a complement to RF communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network), or even a replacement in contexts of data broadcasting. It is so far measured to be about 100 times faster than some Wi-Fi implementations, reaching speeds of 224 gigabits per second.
Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It can provide much higher speeds than Wi-Fi and has several advantages. Li-Fi works by varying the intensity of light from an LED to transmit digital data. It is possible to achieve speeds over 500 megabytes per second. Li-Fi has potential applications in areas where radio frequencies are regulated like hospitals and aircraft. It could also enable wireless internet access anywhere there is light.
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It is a faster and more secure alternative to Wi-Fi networks. Li-Fi works by transmitting data through LED light bulbs and receiving data through photodetectors. At its core, Li-Fi uses visible light communication (VLC) which utilizes part of the optical spectrum that is not harmful to humans. Li-Fi has several advantages over Wi-Fi such as higher speed, more secure communication, and an unregulated and free spectrum. However, it also faces challenges of being dependent on line of sight transmission and susceptibility to signal blockage. Future applications of Li-Fi include use in aircraft
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It is a faster and more secure alternative to Wi-Fi networks. Li-Fi works by transmitting data through LED light bulbs and receiving data through photodetectors. At its core, Li-Fi uses visible light communication (VLC) technology which utilizes part of the optical spectrum that is not used for illumination for high-speed data communication. Li-Fi has several advantages over Wi-Fi such as higher speed, more secure communication, and the ability to work in places where radio waves are not allowed or may interfere with sensitive equipment. However, Li-Fi also faces challenges as it requires line
1) Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It can provide higher speeds than Wi-Fi and does not cause any radio interference.
2) Li-Fi works by varying the intensity of light from an LED to transmit data. An LED bulb acts as a transmitter and a photo-sensitive detector acts as a receiver. Data is encoded by switching the LED bulb on and off at extremely high speeds undetectable to the human eye.
3) Potential applications of Li-Fi include use in places where Wi-Fi is restricted like hospitals and aircraft, as well as enabling faster internet access in public places using street lights outfitted
Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses light from LED bulbs to transmit data. It works by switching the state of LED bulbs on and off very fast, in a way imperceptible to the human eye. A photodetector converts the flashes of light into electrical signals to decode the transmitted data. Li-Fi could provide higher speeds than Wi-Fi and has applications in areas where radio frequencies are regulated or restricted. However, it requires line of sight between the light source and detector and may not be suitable to replace Wi-Fi for all use cases.
Li-Fi is a technology that uses light from LED bulbs to transmit data wirelessly. It provides significantly higher speeds than Wi-Fi and uses the visible light spectrum, which has 10,000 times more available capacity than radio frequencies. Li-Fi works by varying the rate at which LED bulbs flicker on and off to transmit binary data, with receptors in devices decoding the light. It has advantages over Wi-Fi like better speeds, simple deployment using existing lighting, more secure transmission limited by walls, and no electromagnetic interference.
LI-FI is a new technology that uses LED lighting to transmit data wirelessly at very high speeds up to 1Gbps, which is faster than Wi-Fi. It works by varying the intensity of the LED light which can be detected by photodetectors and converted back into data. LI-FI provides more secure and localized transmission than Wi-Fi since light cannot pass through walls. It has applications in places where Wi-Fi signals are restricted like hospitals and aircraft. However, LI-FI also faces challenges as the user must be within sight of the LED transmitter for connectivity.
Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Since simple light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access points.
Exploration and Supremacy of Li-Fi over Wi-FiEditor IJCATR
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1. Li-Fi Technology in Wireless Communication
M.Thanigavel M .Tech CSE DEPT,
GKCE, Sullerpet, AP, India
Abstract:
Li-Fi or optical Wi-Fi ,Li-Fi Technology is
the another milestone in the history of
Wireless Communication, This technology
comes to be ten times cheaper than the Wi-
Fi and also much safer , because regardless
of access control systems and passwords. In
Li-Fi, light pulses cannot penetrate on walls.
The electric light does not disturb or
interfere with communication, without
taking the frequency bands. The light
sources are providing you internet access at
very high speed. Yes, Li-Fi technology
transmits data wirelessly in the use of LED.
Then it would be the best optimum solution
over Wi-Fi technology, Li-Fi technology
was first demonstrated by Harald Hass, a
German Physicist.
Keywords: LED (Light emitted diode), Wi-Fi
(Wireless Fidelity), VLC (Visible light
communication), Li-Fi (Light Fidelity).
1. INTRODUCTION:
What if, all lights in your rooms will
communicate each other and creates a bridge of
wireless networks to provide internet access? ,
Li-Fi Technology would be the best optimum
solution over Wi-Fi technology. it can also be
used to extend wireless networks at your home,
office or university for data transfer at 10 Gbps,
“on the move" data transfer rate at 100 Mbps,
home wireless data network with local cloud &
server. In figure 1.1 shows how the internet will
connect to the laptop using Li-Fi.
Figure: 1.1
The virtue of operating at such high frequencies
in hundreds of terahertz, in a well beyond the
sticky tentacles of the wireless spectrum crunch
and regulatory licensing. But, Li-Fi can be used
in areas where there’s extensive RF noise is
generally prohibited (hospitals, airplanes). this is
a digital system that translates the classic binary
language of zeros and ones in light pulses off or
on, respectively, through tiny light bulbs led able
and off millions of times per second, The
pioneers of data transmission through say
enlightenment through blinking of LEDs can
create wireless Internet access with data
transmission speeds of close to 500 megabits per
second (Mbps). These benefits come at a
fivefold transits currently offering fiber optic
lines, to benefit from this technology requires a
luminous router (which can adhere cheaply and
easily into any conventional electric bulb) which
is capable of emitting the binary signal.
Moreover, the pulses are captured by few light
receptors are required, and are installed on all
types of connected devices , from computers to
tablets , to phones, televisions or appliances,
Matter experts make clear that light pulses are
imperceptible to the human eye , without
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2. causing damage or discomfort of any kind. In
addition, any lamp, lamp or flashlight can
become a hotspot.
2. How Li-Fi Works:
Li-Fi using visible light instead of gigahertz
radio waves. How Li-Fi works is very simple:
You have a light on one end (an LED in this
case), and a photo detector (light sensor) on the
other. If the LED is on, the photo detector
registers a binary one; otherwise it’s a binary
zero. Flash the LED enough times and you build
up a message.
Figure: 1.2
Use an array of LEDs, and perhaps a few
different colors, and very soon you are dealing
with data rates in the range of hundreds or
megabits per second, This is accomplished by
the flickering of LED light bulbs to create binary
code (on = 1, off = 0), and is done at higher rates
than the human eye can detect. The more LEDs
in your lamp, the more data it can process. in
figure 1. 2 shows how the Li-Fi cloud will get
communicated with others devices.
The only infrastructure is an equipped light bulb.
Your internet provider doesn't even need to
bring you a box, they just connect you to their
power-grid-mounted signal relays, and you're
online. At the moment, commercial LEDs don’t
get much smaller than 1mm2
. The Scottish
researchers, however, are developing LEDs that
are just 1μm2
— one micron, its one thousand
times smaller. Not only can you cram more of
these micron-sized LEDs into the same space as
a larger LED, but apparently they can also
flicker on and off 1,000 times faster. A grid of
1,000 micro-LEDs, flashing 1,000 times faster,
would be able to transmit data a million times
faster than a normal LED. Furthermore, these
micro-LEDs are ultimately just pixels — and at
one micron, these LEDs would be a lot smaller
than those in your Smartphone’s Retina display.
You could have a huge array of these LEDs that
double up as a room’s light source and a display
— and provides networking capability on the
side. Perhaps a next-next-gen console would
communicate with your gamepad, Smartphone,
and other peripherals via a LiFi-equipped TV.
How about a highway lighting that illuminates
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3. the road, provides up-to-date traffic
info/warnings, and provides internet access to
your car, plus all of the devices on-board?
Figure: 1.3
Figure 1.3 is the model of li-fi led lights, on a
more general level; Li-Fi might be used to
extend wireless networks throughout the home,
workplace, and in commercial areas. Li-Fi is
restricted by line of sight, so it won’t ever
replace Wi-Fi, but it could augment it nicely.
Instead of trying to find the perfect sweet spot
for your home’s Wi-Fi router, it would be much
simpler if every light in your house simply acted
as a wireless network bridge. Its shown in the
figure 1.4.
Figure: 1.4
3. Li-Fi Communication:
Li-Fi communication is modeled after
communication protocols established by
the IEEE 802 workgroup. This standard defines
the physical layer (PHY) and media access
control (MAC) layer. The standard is able to
deliver enough data rates to transmit audio,
video and multimedia services. It takes count of
the optical transmission mobility, its
compatibility with artificial lighting present in
infrastructures, the defiance which may be
caused by interference generated by the ambient
lighting. The MAC layer allows to use the link
with the other layers like the TCP/IP protocol.
The standard defines three PHY layers with
different rates.
The PHY I was established for outdoor
application and works from 11.67 kb/s to
267.6 kb/s.
The PHY II layer allows reaching data
rates from 1.25 Mb/s to 96 Mb/s.
The PHY III is used for many emissions
sources with a particular modulation method
called color shift keying (CSK). PHY III
can deliver rates from 12 Mb/s to 96 Mb/s.[6]
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4. The modulation formats preconized for PHY I
and PHY II are the coding on-off keying (OOK)
and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM).
The Manchester coding used for the PHY I and
PHY II layers include the clock inside the
transmitted data by representing a logic 0 with a
OOK symbol "01" and a logic 1 with a OOK
symbol "10", all with a continue component.
This is an important point because they continue
component allows avoiding the light extinction
in case of an extended line of logic 0.
The new high-speed optical wireless usage
models both indoors and outdoors. The Li-Fi
provides resources for OEM and ODM
developers to create exciting new products. With
the emergence of high-speed cable connections
like Thunderbolt and USB 3.0, the stage is set
for a wireless equivalent. While Wi-Fi is very
popular for pervasive 100+ Mbps service, multi-
Gigabit short-range optical wireless
interconnects provide an alternative to the
proposed WiGig Gigabit RF solution.
Some of the advantages of optical wireless
communications include:
a) Scalability to 10+ Gbps,
b) A wide variety of beaming angles and
distances,
c) No spectrum license required,
d) High physical link security,
e) No RF interference and
f) No possible harmful RF radiation
.
The technology is ideal for wireless docking,
data links with kiosks and mobile displays,
medium-range beaming, data showers and
optical cellular networks. Users will be able to
enjoy a wireless RF-free user environment with
data rates that can transfer a 2-hour HDTV video
in less than 30 seconds and wirelessly link their
bus-connected heavy-lifting peripheral cabinets
located elsewhere in the room.
Figure: 1.5
For communication purpose light wave carry
data in a fast manner, but in radio wave the data
transfer rate is slow. so for that reason we are
looking for light wave communication. Its
shown by the figure 1.5.
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5. TABLE 1. Comparison of Bluetooth, Wi-Fi & Li-Fi.
Characteristic Bluetooth Wi-Fi
Li-Fi
Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz No frequency for light
Standard IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15
Range 10 meters 100 meters Base on LED light
Primary application Wireless public area networking Wireless local area networking Wireless local area networking
Data transfer rate 800 Kbps 11 Mbps >1Gbps
Power consumption Low Medium LOW
Cost Low Medium high
Security Its less secure Its medium secure Its high secure
Primary devices
Mobile phones, mouse, keyboards, office
and industrial automatic devices , PDAs,
consumer
Notebook computers, desktop
computers, servers, TV, Latest Wi-Fi
mobiles.
Mobile phones, office and industrial
automatic devices, notebook
computers, desktop computers ,
servers computers, TV and latest
upcoming devices with Li-Fi
Electronics, and others offices.
Primary users Traveling employees; electronics
Corporate campus users, homes and
others public places
Traveling employees ,home users
,others public places ,office and
industrial workers,
consumers; office and industrial
workers
Usage location Anywhere at least two Bluetooth Within range of WLAN
Where ever light is available, it may
a public place ,home, office and road
etc
devices exist — ideal for roaming infrastructure, usually inside a
outside buildings Building
Development started 1998 1990 2011
4. Li-Fi Technology:
LiFi is a new way to establish wireless
communication links using the Led lighting
networks. The LiFi protocols are defined by the
international standard IEEE 802.15 established
since 2011 by the IEEE comity. This is the same
comity that has defined previously the Ethernet
802.3 and WiFi 802.11 standards. For numerous
specialists, LiFi is a major breakthrough
technology for the mobile Internet community
and for the connected objects domain.
After more than 4 years of scientific research at
the University of Versailles, OLEDCOMM is
the first European company that starts to
commercialize LiFi communication solutions a
worldwide level.
5. LED Revolution:
The revolution of the Leds known by the world
of lighting comes with a second unexpected
revolution: Light becomes a vector of wireless
communications. All data (files, music,
videos…) are only series of ordered ‘0’ and ‘1’.
This is the era of Digital world. To transmit data,
you only have to transmit series of ‘0’ and ‘1’
from one point to the other one. Hence, by
combining ‘0’ to a state where the Led light is
switch off and a '1' to a state where the Led light
is switch on, by switching on and off the light
according the series you can send information all
around you by the lighting networks. However,
in order that this twinkling was insensitive for
human eyes and also in order to send a large
quantity of data, it is necessary to have a very
low switch-time. This was impossible before the
development of Led lighting devices.
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6. 6. First Commercially Product:
Li-Fi - or optical Wi-Fi - consists of using the
lighting networks as wireless communication
networks. OLEDCOMM sells the first
commercially available products based on Li-Fi
technology, contributing hence to reduce the
radio electromagnetic wave pollution. From
your Led lighting device, you will be able: to
send data, to listen music, to look at videos and
ultimately to connect to Internet. Our know-how
is based on more than 5 years of scientific
researches made at the University of Versailles
in France.
7. Conclusion:
The possibilities are numerous and can be
explored further, this technology is in
manufacturing process to produce every
bulb to become a Wi-Fi hotspot to transmit
wireless data and we will proceed towards
the cleaner ,greener ,safer and brighter
future without radio wave ,because radio
waves create a harmful effect for living
thing ,but Li-Fi is the optical wireless
communication for data ,audio and video
streaming in LEDs, this type of new
invention can be encouraged to produce a
safe and green technology.
8. References:
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjqSgsKbagQ
[2] http://lificenter.net/solutions/lifi-solutions
[3] http://lighting.com/led-lights-lifi/
[4] http://www.dvice.com/archives/2012/08/lifi_ten_ways_i.php
[5] http://www.lifi-led.com/
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi
[7] seminarprojects.com/s/seminar-report-on-lifi
[8] http://teleinfobd.blogspot.in/2012/01/what-is-lifi.html
[9] technopits.blogspot.comtechnology.cgap.org/2012/01/ 11/a-lifi-
world/
[10] www.lificonsortium.org/
[11] the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-the-speed-of-light/
[12] www.macmillandictionary.com/buzzword/entries/Li-Fi.html
[13] dvice.com/archives/2012/08/lifi-ten-ways-i.php
[14] http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Li-Fi
[15] http://www.scribd.com/doc/163399643/Researchpaper-Li-Fi-Light-Fidelity-LED-Based-Alternative
[16] http://share.pdfonline.com/a0d59e3e6b904652be1cb56eaff8f20f/softcopy.htm
[17] http://www.seminarsonly.com/computer science/Li-Fi-Technology.php
[18] http://www.seminarsonly.com/computer science/Bluejacking.php
[19] http://www.seminarsonly.com/computer science/Seminar-Topics-On-Latest-Technologies-In-Computer-Science.php
[20] http://www.seminarsonly.com/computer science/Green-Computing.php
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