Us-Mexico Labour Problems

Us-Mexico Labour Problems
THE US–MEXICO RELATIONSHIP IN GLOBALIZATION ERA
Prepared by
Wendi Aprizal
Matric: 812493
Prepared for Dr. Norafidah Ismail
GFPP 5234 International Political Economy
Strategic Studies of Universiti Utara Malaysia
2013
THE US–MEXICO RELATIONSHIP IN GLOBALIZATION ERA
1. Introduction In this paper author would like to explain about the process Globalization during the
cooperation between US and Mexico in NAFTA framework. During the cooperation US asked
Mexico to provide immigrant labor from Mexico, in term of providing, sending and working of the
labor, we found so many labor rights problems that they have to solve seriously. In this article
author would like to analyze the development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some economists were surprised the agreement is still not finish yet to increase the economy of
Mexico, although the Asian competitor has a rapid rise of low–cost competitors may have blunted
the main advantages of NAFTA.
3. Globalization
In this section, author would like to analyze about the Globalization, starting about the definition we
can find so many definitions about Globalization. However the author would like to define the
definition of Globalization in term of economic cooperation and cooperation among nations,
"Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational
and transcultural integration of human and non–human activities." (Nayef R.F. Al–Rodhan, 2006)[1]

Based on this definition the author explained about the process of globalization, and the
globalization was impact of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non–human
activities, the globalization was consequences of those processes and also influence of platform of
respective country. Transnational and transcultural activities among state encompasses the many
terms of life in international system, for example economy, politics, health, education, environment,
social, culture and arts, Alan Deardorff also argues about the definition of globalization,
"Globalization involves economic integration; the transfer of policies across borders; the
transmission of knowledge; cultural
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cooperatio Internationalists Argumentative Analysis
Throughout history, there have been two major viewpoints that have shaped how the United States
deals with foreign and defense. The first relies on realism, a belief that nations should be interested
first and foremost in their own advancement, and in fortifying their own power. Some critics of
realism persist that the goal of foreign policy should be cooperation and stability rather than
dominance. This view invokes idealism, a belief that nations should work together to solve global
problems such as hunger and poverty. Idealists view national power as a tool that can be used for
good in other nations rather than a way to amass more military and economic resources. These two
competing views of the world are debated heatedly as the United States attempts to decide how to
handle the conflict with ISIL, or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. United States officials
could approach the terrorist group idealistically by attempting to stop the wrathful attacks through
diplomacy, and perhaps negotiating with terrorists could actually work. Maybe with enough ... Show
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Those in favor of unilateralism think the United States has the right to handle threats alone, even if
other nations disagree with its approach. They argue the U.S. can and should act alone in using its
extensive, borderline excessive, military power. Opponents of this idea believe in multilateralism,
the idea that the United States should only become involved with clear support from other nations.
Now, it's clear to see that multilateralism is the better fit for dealing with ISIL. There are many
different nations being affected adversely by the terrorist group's violence, so it makes no sense for
the United States to be the sole responder to this catastrophe. Instead, each nation that is affected by
ISIL should have a role in dealing with a

The Pros And Cons Of Multilateralism
Multilateralism is the principle of participation by three or more parties, especially by the
governments of different countries. According to Dieter's opinion Multilateralism is at fault, as he
believes that it doesn't personally benefit him. Dieter argues that he doesn't think he should have to
pay taxes for something that doesn't benefit him, and explains that the United Nations merely brings
about trade disputes, military conflicts, trade deficits, and expensive foreign commitments. Dieter's
opinion is true at some level, and there are many others that agree with him for their own personal
reasons and political beliefs, but I disagree because we have organizations that we created to sort
with issues such as these. The EU sorts out trade disputes and deficits, NATO deals with military
conflicts, and the WHO connects people around the world, not only allowing us to assist others
through the foreign commitments, but causing others who are committed to us to assist us however
we need as well. Dieter argues that the United Nations has caused Trade Disputes and Deficits rather
than benefit him. However, the European Union was created to do quite the opposite. Dieter would
surely notice the trade benefits that the European Union used to bring if one day disappeared. Every
day, the EU keeps businesses and exports afloat, in fact, our businesses depend on the European
Union for their success. According to the Confederation of British Influence (CBI), and 67% of
small and

The Main Reasons Why Wars Start
War has always been a part of humanity ever since the dawn of modern humans. Wars have started
for various different reasons such as territorial disputes, showcase of power, or a struggle between
powers. There are many causes of wars from the different levels of analysis examining the roots of
the four levels such as individual, state, interstate, and global level. The main reasons why wars start
are problems and conflicts in the state level of analysis. Problems within the state eventually create
wars. Different aspects of international affairs that may be stressed in interpreting and explaining
global phenomena define levels of analysis in terms of International Relationships. The first level of
analysis is the individual level. The individual level of analysis reflects the perceptions, choices, and
actions of individuals, especially those who are in charge of foreign policy making. The individual
level analysis focuses on both liberal and realist assumption of human nature. The liberal
assumption of human nature saw humans as inherently good and seek cooperation and to avoid
conflict. The internal characteristics of states matters and cooperation between other states are
sought after. One such example of and individual who are engaged in the more liberal aspect of
foreign policy making in terms of the individual level is President H.W. Bush, who created the Bush
I Doctrine and focused on multilateralism, which is a cooperative foreign policy approach to
managing shared

The Pros And Cons Of Multilateral Cooperation
The book of Silverburg 2011 features contributions from well–established scholars and emerging
stars in law and politics, this cutting–edge reader provides students with a succinct overview of the
key issues facing international law and multilateral cooperation today. The authors offered diverse,
multinational perspectives on traditional and emergent issues in the practice and study of
international law. A concluding section on international political interaction covers a wide range of
issues that link international politics to international law and multilateral cooperation. In order to
understand the prospects of a multilateral cooperation, we need to look in more detail at the
willingness of states to build multilateral regimes. International ... Show more content on
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This goes to show that even the most powerful countries are also dependent international institutions
and multilateral cooperation to gain more benefits that it could offer. There are some recent research
on international institutions that questions legalism and law as well as their effectiveness with or
without regards to political realm. Scholars, few of them, had assumptions about realism, thus,
accepting that relevance of state power as well are arguing interests about world politics. Some
theorists draw conclusions on the influence of international institutions while recognizing the
preferences of states for private rights just avoiding full transparency. Since their states that are not
really certain about their partners and had some trust issues in the past, multilateral cooperation has
some functional hindrances. International institutions can counter this uncertainty by means of
encouraging negotiations and transparency. Past issues can be regarded with more open analyzation
while promoting honesty and preserving good relationship with one another. Thinking about the
normative implications of globalization, focus on the maintenance of effective democratic approach
in each society is one way of the establishing formal structures of international regimes. To be
consistent with democratic values for multilateral cooperation, international organizations that are
politically inclined must be accountable to all aspect of it failure or

Canada, A Rising Middle Power
In the decades following World War Two, there were a number of movements which focused on
global developments. Groups such as the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
were centres of international cooperation. In these dealings there were, of course, great powers; the
countries that had the greatest riches and militaries often dominated the global political stage.
Beyond that, there were countries which were not the biggest or strongest, but were influential
through other means. These were middle powers, and Canada is one of them. A middle power is a
country that uses its influence on issues which are perceived as "minor" in the scale of international
politics – often because the great powers are too busy with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This, too would have drawn Canada in and defined it as a middle power. Canada's involvement with
organizations such as the UN and NATO are good examples of Canada acting as a middle power.
These were strongholds of international politics, in itself a requirement of a middle power, which
were home to peacekeeping, economics and culture. These are political ideals that are used to define
the position of a middle power and, by taking part in both the UN and NATO, Canada clearly
exemplified the role. Being a middle power isn't only reliant on involvement with international
organizations. While important, it is essential that the countries use their positions and influence in
ways that define middle powers, in order to help solve or avert crises that arise. Canada's diplomacy
in situations such as the Suez Canal Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis show the strengths of
multilateralism in the decades following World War Two. Its often said that because of the events of
the Second World War that Canada grew as a country. Even noted in the London Daily Telegraph
when they said "no country has grown in international stature so swiftly and markedly as Canada
has done... hers has often been a lonely voice of reason,"12. This statement defines Canada's actions
in its development as a middle power – the voice of reason in many international affairs. This is true
especially of these two crises that Canada dealt

[1] In Her Widely Known Call For American Action In The
[1] In her widely known call for American action in the face of genocide, A Problem From Hell,
former journalist Samantha Powers wrote "'all progress depends on the unreasonable man.' After a
century of doing so little to prevent, suppress, and punish genocide, Americans must join and
thereby legitimate the ranks of the unreasonable." Her demand was that American society at large
join the few in its ranks who have vehemently fought for U.S. action in the face of genocide, long
considered the "unreasonable". Power is but one member, albeit a prominent member, of a school of
though called interventionism. Interventionism strongly advocated for the use of U.S. military
action to put a stop to genocide. It draws strongly from language of ... Show more content on
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However this responsibility must be exercised only when the situation and U.S. capabilities enable a
successful military intervention. Military action should be a measure of last resort and the standards
for its use should be high. Those standards include multilateral action, logistical feasibility, domestic
public support, and an actionable post–genocide plan for stability. [2] When determining US policy,
diplomatic and economic tools of statecraft should be more readily deployed than military
intervention for the purpose of genocide prevention and mitigation. As interventionist Samantha
Power notes in her book, A Problem From Hell, "[t]he United States should not frame its policy
options in terms of doing nothing or unilaterally sending in the marines." The period of time pre–
genocide, which may be characterized by internal unrest or civil war, is a key period of time for
U.S. policymakers interested in preserving human life and a nation's stability. If policymakers fear
the development of genocide, they can take steps such as threatening legal consequences, enacting
economic sanctions, or "calling on countries aligned with perpetrators to ask them to use their
influence." All of these and similar options are far less risky to the U.S. than a military intervention
and can be readily applied in order to prevent violence escalating into genocide or in the case of a
suspected, but unconfirmed, genocide. [3] However, not all non–military options

Why Canada Should Remain In NATO
Canada has been a member of NATO since it was founded in 1949. The creation of NATO was a
strategic tool for Canada to link and restrain all powerful states together, particularly, the United
States and the Soviet Union. Canada as a "middle power" wanted to confront the security dilemma
by creating an organization that would provide collective security for the international system. For
Canada, NATO has been a major contributor to international peace and security and a cornerstone of
Canadian security and defense policy. The alliance is the embodiment of the transatlantic link that
binds North American and European security together. It is a political and military alliance designed
to promote stability of the North Atlantic area and safeguard the freedoms of its peoples, based on
the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law.
Moreover, since the Second World War, the idea of counter–balance against American dominance
has been a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What have been the benefits of membership? And are the benefits worth supporting NATO? Can
Canada afford to spend more in NATO? Would Canada's security be jeopardized if Canada leaves
NATO? Does NATO really provide security and stability to member states? What purpose does
NATO serve to Canada? The basic argument of this paper is that Canada should remain in NATO.
Canada as a 'middle power' needs to continue perceiving NATO as a strategic tool to restrain and
link all powerful states together and counterbalance U.S dominance. More importantly, if Trudeau's
government really wants to go back to its internationalism approach and demonstrate how different
they are from Harper's administration, Canada needs to remain in NATO in order to reassure its
commitment to multilateralism and collective security. Canada's interest of always having a seat at
the table among powerful states and therefore the chance to be

Neo-China Politics Essay
Neo–China Politics
China is interested in modernizing itself while at the same time maintaining security' is the only
general statement that can be made about China's foreign policy. To achieve these two ends, China
is willing to ignore conflicts that do not substantially affect its development or security. Economic
organizations are welcomed because they facilitate economic development but security
multilateralism is employed only where feasible, resulting in most security concerns solved
bilaterally. This case–by–case determination of policy results in China supporting the status quo in
some issues while challenging it in others. To better understand China's foreign policy requires an
investigation into these three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, China has been politically active in neighboring Korea for two reasons. First, a war on
the Korean peninsula has the potential to develop into a broader regional battle that might possibly
draw the United States and China in. Such a conflict would obviously be detrimental for economic
development and could possibly result in the United States retaining entire control over Korea (Yu
p. 188). Therefore, China has pursued a policy of maintaining stability (Roy p. 207) and the current
power equilibrium (Yu p. 188). This has been achieved by careful foreign policies and diplomatic
maneuvering with both Koreas and the United States.
With North Korea, Chinese leaders have frequently visited North Korea (Yu p. 188) and been a
source of friendship when the world condemned North Korea for the Rangoon explosion and the
1987 bombing of the South Korean Airline (although China did not defend North Korea's actions).
In addition, the Chinese advocate direct US–North Korean dialogue and supports North Korea's call
for renegotiation of the Armistice Agreement that ended the Korean War (Roy p. 209). China has
also declared publicly "that it supported only 'peaceful' and 'reasonable' means for Korean
reunification (Yu p. 188)." China has also attempted to influence North Korea to join the rest of the
world by showing North Korean leaders examples of Chinese reform and 'domestic changes'

U.s. Bush 's Administration On Foreign Policy Over The...
Introduction (400 words)
Hook (80)
Argument (120)
This essay will critically review the understanding that G. W. Bush's administration had of
'unilateralism', and it will thereafter argue that this concept was seemingly useful only in the short
term, while proving to be unfavourable and hindering in advancing US national interests in the long
term.
C. Structure (200)
Firstly, the essay will look at the general definition of unilateralism and its application to US foreign
policy over the last forty years.
In defining the term, this essay will leave aside the debate between the competing concepts of
unilateralism and multilateralism, which has occupied extensive literature after the 9/11 attacks and
the following military actions.
The essay will
Definition of unilateralism (800 words)
Meaning of unilateralism
Unilateralism in american foreign policy
Was Bush the first one? How long it has been used for.
Unilateralism can be essentially defined as the action of a state acting alone (Brooks 2011). The
term has a wide range of applications in international relations policy, from security affairs to global
economy. When applied to foreign policy, the concept can suggest different implications.
Firstly, a unilateral action counts with a single participating state, whereas one that has three or more
coordinating states may be multilateral. The literature on this concept has concluded that the
question is ultimately not how many countries

George Bush Multilateralism
In the days surrounding president George W. Bush's address to the United Nations regarding the
political climate in Iraq, Washington had become a whirlpool of two different approaches:
unilateralism and multilateralism. After an attempt to appeal to both sides in Washington with his
initial address to the UN, George Bush's action of waging an arguably unjustified war against Iraq
without assistance from the United Nations can ultimately be explained using realist theory.
The dominant approach supported by Bush's Republican party was unilateralism. Assuming the
Republicans led by Cheney and Rumsfeld were truly under the impression that Saddam Hussein
possessed weapons of mass destruction, while also having ties to international terrorist groups, their
wishes were not irrational. The unilateralists felt that every day the United States did not act was
another day closer to an attack like 9/11. The main idea behind realism is that war is inevitable, and
that the number one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liberalism is centered around the ideal that peace is maintained through policy, rather than war. In
the eyes of a regulatory liberalist, international organizations can peacefully facilitate conflicts
before they turn into war. Powell urged Bush to seek the UN security council's assistance in re–
administering nuclear inspections teams within Iraq. The idea was that the inspections teams would
find monitor Iraqi facilities to keep Hussein under control. If Saddam did not agree, then war could
be waged. The key is seeking alternative means of promoting peace before waging a costly war.
Under republican liberalism, democratic states do not wage war under the premise that the citizens
pay the costs of war. The multilateralists knew the war and reconstruction of Iraq would be very
demanding. With this in mind, they felt it was in the US's best interest if members of the United
Nations shared the

Case Analysis : V. Valeo
37. Buckley v. Valeo: Buckley v. Valeo was a court case where the judges held limits on how much
could be spend on elections. This was unconstitutional to what the count case came out to be
38. Hard vs. Soft political contributions: Pg. 127–129 A hard contribution is when you give $5,000
to anyone candidate. Whereas soft contributions are when you are able to give as much money as
you want.
39. Counter majoritarian electoral outcomes: Counter majoritarian is a problem with the judicial
review of legislative laws. Some see a problem with the judicial branch 's ability to overturn laws
that reflect the will of the majority.
40. Who decides the borders of federal legislative districts? *Each state determines their bonders by
the population. They may require legislative approval on where the border may be.
41. What happened to the 1965 voting rights act after the Shelby vs. Holder decision? *The supreme
court ruled that the voting rights act of 1965 was unconstitutional. Voting discrimination still
happens in the united states.
42. Does voter fraud happen often? Pg. 126 Voter fraud happens but it is rare. If it happens, like
Trump in this year's election said it did, they would show it on social media.
43. Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism: Pg. 375 All the presidents since Harry Truman proclaimed the
value of participating in multilateralism, which is a intergovernmental organization to develop and
implement common economic, political, and military policies. George Bush

Geopolitics: Have The Truth Essay
I'm in the process of taking my GRE prep so I can do a grad degree. I'm trying to study Geopolitics
coming from a heavy European and American History background, esp. modern History (1337–
1848 in my estimation) and then a heavy focus of the USA (1788–present) and the UK (899–1066,
esp 1066–1603, 1688–1815) , Germany (Middle Ages to present) and the so called Eurasian or
Greater Mid–east focus, of Marshall Hodgskin's variety. Basically studying pre–15c. Eurasian as
one mega–civilization. From the Modern History I follow the world system prospective in terms of
economy and analysis of economies. The short version is that Spain rose to Hegemony in alliance
with Austria, modern Belgium and Italy from 1477–1648, then an uneasy fight Between ... Show
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Like any alarming dice game, it's odds become more and more harsh and its costs are human life,
money and plunder. Now the nuclear button dissuades open conflict and reminds of us of the period
of mercenary warfare which reigned 1648, before formal standing armies, until the first World War.
The problem today, as I will go on speak about in my coming posts is that too many people are
unaware of the reasons why the game has changed and what this dice game as I call it,
multilateralism, is so deadly. A unilateral war like Iraq cannot occur any longer. Russia's invasion of
Georgia in 2008 proved that region powers can now change unfriendly govt.'s. In reaction to this the
NATO powers have unfortunately gone on to back enemy non–state actors like Islamic Terrorists. In
some case of the same ideology that is the target of what has been called the War of Terror. Like the
War of Drugs. It is obviously not a formal war and yet it has been fought as if it need be one, rather
than a mere ideological game changer. Obama's administration have their so called pivot to the East
and engagement with China which has created tension and a potential trade partner ship which will
cut China out of the deal. Obviously this cannot work, it is political black mail.
What I would like everyone to understand is that ever power that has nuclear weapons and a large
standing army can play the influence game as did the pre–WWI powers. Then countries such as
Italy, Austria and

The Reagan Doctrine
Beginning with the creation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, up to the current Obama doctrine,
presidential doctrines have dominated United States foreign policy. A presidential doctrine
highlights the goals and positions for United States foreign affairs outlined by the sitting president.
Many of the country's major foreign policy successes or disasters can be explained by tracing the
doctrines of sitting or previous presidents and analyzing their evolution and eventual impact on
world events. After established, a presidential doctrine often takes on a life of its own. This can be
explained by the military resources and human capital involved in carrying out these doctrines.
Future presidents often feel compelled to abide by previous doctrines, or find the reality of change
can only be done with incremental changes over a period of years. For this reason, presidential
doctrines often outlive their creators and consequently effect American foreign policy for years to
come.
This essay will focus on the Reagan Administration which spanned from January 1981 to January
1989. When Reagan became President, he had only one clear, defined foreign policy goal –
containment of the Soviet Union, or the "evil empire" as he referred to it. He primarily wanted to
stop the USSR from growing larger and to keep other non–Communist countries from becoming
Communist. In the past, American presidents had used a theory called the "Domino Theory" to
justify the need for intervention around

Unilateralist Foreign Policy Analysis
Firstly, it's vital to be familiar with that U.S. pursues a unilateralist foreign policy since post WWII.
The U.S. has an interest of "maintaining geopolitical stability is predicated on its being a
superpower with global economic interests. The U.S. aims to act unilaterally by maintaining a force
structure that can conduct simultaneous expeditionary military operations in widely separated
theaters around the world against multiple adversaries who may not even be natural allies" (Liu).
The core of the foreign policy as Dobriansky describes it as the "pursuit of our goals, our first
imperative is to clarify what we stand for: the United States must defend liberty and justice because
these principles are right and true for all people everywhere"

Justin Trudeau's Influence On Canadian
It is inarguable that people are talking about Canada since Prime Minister Justin Trudeau assumed
office just a few months ago. In just over four months, the media–friendly, question–taking and
selfies–giving Trudeau has managed to seemingly make Canada cool on the world stage, using the
increased spotlight to highlight the merits of diplomacy and engagement, including on issues such
as climate change, respect for diversity and human rights and international peace. This outlook is
now known as Canada's foreign policy principle of "responsible conviction" and has the potential to
usher in a new era in Canadian foreign policy, one in which Ottawa is ready to lead by example.
Indeed, on his first day as the new prime minister, Mr. Trudeau explicitly

Unilateralism Essay
Merits of the Principles of Unilateralism versus Multilateralism
Unilateralism principle applies in countries where state policies are deemed autonomous. In
America, Unilateralism occurs when the state formulates policies without the mandate of bilateral
and multilateral treaties and the resulting actions have impacts on people from the other nations.
According to Crosseley (2008), American unilateralism started with the ideologies developed during
cold war and traces to Christian influence on US foreign policy over China after World War II. On
the other hand, multilateralism is a process of making agreements among the states. The principle
compromises self–gains of the countries and creates an environment whereby all the participants
have same rights. The principle is committed to ensuring mutual understanding among the states.
The system of dispute management advocated by multilateralism enforce particular mode of
behavior among member states.
America has embraced unilateralism in its leadership and the foreign policy. Even after the end of
soviet threats, the US did not stop using the principle. America is a superpower and the de facto
privilege the nation to use unilateralism. Both Clinton and Bush administrations promoted
unilateralism through their leadership styles. The decisions made by President Clinton to use
military forces on to suppress the Balkans relied on the notion that Americans are threatened under
different circumstances in various parts of the world.

China 's Engagement Into Multilateral Participation Essay
2 Literature Review
In spite of the fact that China 's engagement into multilateral participation in the South China Sea
dispute comes up with compositions on conflict management in this area by various researchers, so
far not very many endeavours have been made to clarify the explanations behind China 's changing
state of mind towards multilateralism (Desjardins 2014). The current level headed discussions
essentially take after three lines of contentions. The three systemic theories incorporated in it are
realism, liberalism, and constructivism (Chang 2014). Talking into consideration these three
theories, the China 's South China Sea approach from a particular point of view is projected below.
2.1 Realism
Since 1919, there is a common emphasis on the realism in world politics and this has caused the
Realist Theory to become prominent for mostly all the matters of international relations as perceived
from Carr (2014). The realism has been continued to be part of international relations since this time
and it has still been under consideration with high dominance. The dominance of this theory was
provided after the cold war and then it remained in power. The main focus of realism theory in the
proposed study would remain in the delivery of the background study of the dispute that is a South
China Sea dispute, in accordance with its evolution, conflict management, and resolution
(Morgenthau 2014). This would help in understanding the nature acquired by the claimant nations

Stakeholder Salience
Joy R. Kidd
GCU: ORG–807 Stakeholders Role in Organizations
December 24, 2014
Introduction
Developing a relationship between and across organizations and its stakeholders can be
counterproductive and interdependent to decision making. Globalization effects stakeholder's
coalition building and salience in organizations. It is known as an ongoing process or interrelated
events of increasing movement of services, goods, and capital across national borders (Lawrence &
Weber 2011). Stakeholders across organizations build coalitions as a means of increasing salience.
Globalization has affected stakeholder coalition building as well as stakeholder salience. Finding ...
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Implementing and integrating this action plan could lead to a social and economic benefit with their
mission, while collaborating and working together could potentially and successfully increase and
fulfill intended goals.
For example when a particular stakeholder group demand urgent attention to a specific issue, the
importance of the group creates managerial action and creates high salience, which takes a leading
role in decision making toward corporate goals and social responsibility (Mishra & Suar, 2010).
Furthermore, in order to achieve established corporate goals, best practice mitigation depends on the
understanding and decision making of the demand and supply chain as well as the interests of the
stakeholders. The success of corporate mitigation relies on the balancing of the wants and needs of
the salience groups.
Globalization affected stakeholder coalition building
Globalization can affect stakeholder coalition building either negatively or positively. Caughlin
noted that the level of communication from the overall result of a stakeholder or group of
stakeholder's significantly influence the relative power and conviction for a particular outcome
which will greatly affect the costs of the decision making process as well as time (Caughlan, 2002).
In building a stakeholder coalition one's abilities to attain own

Global Governance Is A Set Of Coercive Norms, Principles,...
Global governance is a set of coercive norms, principles, rules and decisions–making procedures
existing over and above the level of nations–states which have to comply with them. In the realm of
international migration in which individuals opt voluntarily to cross countries boundaries in order to
stay in the host state for a minimum of length of time, it appears that that the need of global
governance has become unavoidable by the mid twentieth century. Effectively, states struggle to
control international migration. Indeed, history demonstrated that migration has often been
uncontainable and unrestricted in most countries, at start of the twentieth century, despite the
rejection of foreigners due to national security concerns, racial discriminations, public health
considerations rather than economic objectives, as per S. Dajajié (2001: P. XV). Even if the border
control remain the permanent right of the sovereign states, the rapid increase of the globalisation
process, in the second half of the twentieth century, has majored and accelerated migration through
out the world. According to S. Djajié, the twentieth century witnessed a strong income differential
between workers of rich and poor nations. This was due to the fact that workers in the advanced
market economies witnessed enormous improvements in their economic, social and political status
(this workers were enjoying high labour standards, collective bargaining and welfare state).
However, the same level of

Multilateralism In America
In my opinion, I believe the United States (U.S.) should deepen its commitment to multilateralism in
to strengthen its place as a worldwide leader. For close to a hundred years, the U.S. Senate has
opposed U.S. engagement in binding multinational covenants, threatening its influence in the global
arena. Once a champion of worldwide cooperation, the world view of the U.S. has recently
weakened. Stestonavich also agrees. In his book, Maximalist: America in the World from Truman to
Obama, he underscores America's willingness to form equal partnerships with other nations was
critical to its success in foreign policy. As stated in "Stealth Multilateralism: U.S. Foreign Policy
without Treaties––or the Senate," by David Kaye, Europe is increasing ... Show more content on
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ratification on the Kyoto Protocol with certain amendments would be necessary to it secure
America's role as world leader. The Kyoto Protocol and the evolving United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) are excellent ways to restore U.S. reputation and
showcase America's eagerness to flight a major global crisis – climate change. As outlined by Charli
Coon in his article, "Why President Bush Is Right to Abandon the Kyoto Protocol," the U.S. did not
spearhead the global warming agenda for many reasons. While, President Clinton signed the Kyoto
Protocol, requiring emission levels to fall below their 1990 benchmark by 2012, the State
Department rejected the protocol in 2001 because it would hurt the U.S. economy and it excused
developing countries from the reduction requirements. During the Bush administration, the U.S. was
withheld from ratifying the Kyoto Protocol because of the lack of participation from the developing
world. Although the U.S. has the highest carbon emission rate, developing countries are increasingly
burning up fossil fuels for energy and are expected to surpass U.S. emission level. The Bush
administration argued signing the Kyoto Protocol would threaten the U.S. economy and at that time.
Also, the U.S. did not possess any technologies for removing or storing carbon dioxide. They also
refuted that there was any scientific evidence for global warming. The conversation on climate
change has since progressed among members of the international community. With the topic
becoming more urgent, U.S. participation in a successor agreement is possible under certain
conditions. Firstly, the successor agreement should allow states to individually strategize initiatives
to mitigate climate change that best meets their needs and are within their capabilities. Secondly,
there should be "anti–dumping" clauses within any new agreement to protect American green
industries, thus incentivizing U.S.

Robert Kagan Research Paper
1. Robert Kagan propounds the views of realism in how he sees the world largely in terms of a
struggle for power. In the summation of it all, Kagan outlines how basically the US is strong and
Europe is weak due to their different views of the world. The different positions of Americans and
Europeans that he talks about are based on the difference between the American dream of Life,
Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness and the European vision of rule of law and peace. Europeans have
built a more "Kantian" utopia while Americans inclined to a "Hobbesian" view of the world.
Moreover Kagan suggests that the only reason that Europe is secure is that America would answer
to any aggressors. I disagree with his ideology because Kagans fails to ever attribute ... Show more
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He expresses the idea that as the world becomes a smaller place with more cross–culture interaction,
the world was inevitably returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would
originate from clashes between civilizations. (Huntington.) . Huntington goes on to suggest that
along with this umbrella idea of conflict between civilizations; through economic, social, and
cultural separations; there will be a divide in which countries with similar beliefs or 'civilizations'
will stick together in war and conflict against other civilizations. Another key point to highlight is
that he believed that in the post–cold war world, religion would become something that separates
civilizations. In connection to Krauthamer's viewpoint, Huntington's explores the idea that with the
West viewed as an enemy due to economic, military, and political strength, many civilizations who
don't want to or cant join the west will compete with it. Huntington then suggests that the west learn
to co–exist with other civilizations in order for it to remain the strongest and that it needs to accept
religious and philysophical differences of other

Free Trade Agreements in East Asia: A Forerunner to...
The Rise of Asian Free Trade Agreements
On November 4th 2001, one year after the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and
China announced their intent to form the largest free trade area in the world, Chinese Premier Zhu
Rongji and his ASEAN counterparts signed the deal that became effective on the first of January
2010. This event marked a paradigm shift in thinking among the nations of ASEAN, the original
intent of which was to keep an eye on communist aims, specifically Chinese aims in the region
during the Cold War. As a result of the new trade deal, Japan and the Republic of Korea (RoK)
quickly followed suit to form free trade agreements (FTAs) of their own with ASEAN. Although
China, Japan and the RoK are part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the years, ASEAN role and function continued to morph and gradually included more
emphasis on economic and trade issues, particularly following two important regional events;
opening of the Chinese economy in late 1978 and the Asian economic crisis of 1997. The Chiang–
Mai Initiative in May 2000 was but one response to the financial crisis that led ASEAN to partner
with China, Japan and the RoK to increase financial stability, and through the economic ties brought
about by the Chiang–Mai Initiative, ACFTA was born. The ACFTA was initiated in December of
2001 with the intent to create the world's largest free trade area; however it now ranks as the world's
third largest behind the European Economic Area and the North American Free Trade Area
(NAFTA). Regardless, the ACFTA presents great opportunity for the ASEAN nations by allowing
access to Chinese production and consumers and may prove to be the impetus needed to help them
dig out of the current economic crisis. In fact, ASEAN exports to China have helped propel China
past the United States as a trading partner. However, China stands to gain much more than the
ASEAN nations, both economically and strategically. The ACFTA helps ensure Chinese access to
raw materials and energy resources critical to China's continued rise and by extension, provides a
mechanism to counter U.S. influence in the region by

Mendoza's Argument In 'Austerity'
In politics, I enjoyed Mendoza's argument in "Austerity" that corporatization in the UK has led to
lower efficiency and rising costs in the NHS. Her view that trade deals, such as the TTIP, increase
the power yielded by multi–nationals over sovereign nations, whilst there is no democratic scrutiny,
was also striking. I would like to explore the limitations and exploitation, particularly in LEDCs,
that has occurred due to trade liberalism and globalization. (The Prince Macieveilli (then link to
specific history) Through the study of history, I have gained an appreciation of the origins and
development of ideologies and events so can draw parallels between past and present.)
Woodward's "Bush at War" provided an unfamiliar insight into Bush's

Kant And Perpetual Peace
Kant is considered a Liberal because he applies domestic liberal policies that emphasize "freedom
of the members of the society" to the international system (Perpetual Peace pg. 4). By stressing the
need to respect each country's sovereignty, Kant demonstrates a tenet of Liberalism. Also, he
proposes a "federation of nations" that would work together and multilateralism is another facet of
Liberalism (Perpetual Peace pg 5). Kant argues for nations to adopt a "republican constitution" in
the hopes of becoming the "foundation" for a "perpetual peace." (Perpetual Peace pg. 4) His
reasoning is that if all nations were republics, citizens would have the power to "determine whether
or not there will be war" and would be much more analytical before

American Isolationism Essay
According to Cox and Stokes (2012), early on, Americans maintained a position of isolationism
largely due to the separation of powers at the time between the United States (U.S.) and Europe (p.
23). Basically, since the U.S. was developing itself as a powerful and independent state, it was not
yet powerful enough to have influence over other states. During that period of time where the U.S.
was relatively weak, its policies and agendas focused primarily on activities within the state itself,
and on as little involvement as possible from outside states and organizations. Furthermore, in fear
of being involved in war and conflict due to events that took place early in American history, had
also motivated the U.S. to pursue an isolationist–based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
entered a relatively short period of imperialism, and expanded its interests into the Pacific Ocean
and East Asia when it occupied the Philippines and commandeered Hawaii in 1898 (Cox & Stokes,
2012, p. 33). As the U.S. continued to grow in strength and influence within the global community,
it was evident that its isolationist based foreign policy was no longer practical. This realization was
made further apparent by the consequences of the industrial revolution, wherein the U.S. was no
longer completely isolated between European powers. As a result, the U.S. pursued an approach to
spread democracy within the global community including, but not limited to, the various states,
international organizations, and international law – this concept is known as the U.S.' open–minded,
or liberal, internationalist agenda (p. 23). Whereas isolationists resist the idea of the U.S. becoming
actively involved in international relations, internationalists support that notion, as well as the U.S.'
participation in various global issues and organizations, such as the United Nations (Cox & Stokes,
2012, p. 162). Furthermore, the characteristic and ideology of internationalism is fundamentally the
historical nature of the U.S.' foreign

Bush Administration's Foreign Policy Analysis
Three of bushes assumptions changed as a result of 9/11, his administration moved to a more
universal approach. It moved from narrowing American national interests to broadening to combat
international terrorism. Second, it moved away from narrow defined unilateralism to a greater
multilateralism. President Bush threatened to act unilaterally, if multilateral support did not come,
much as the war against Iraq would demonstrate. Third, the administration moved from its reliance
on a stark realism in foreign policy to a version of idealism that was clearly concerned with the
internal dynamics of some states. The Bush administration's foreign policy identified its emphasis
by three focuses. First it would defend the peace against terrorists. Second,

What is the WTO and its Doha Round supposed to achieve? Essay
Out of the ashes of a global economy torn by war and depression when protectionism was prevalent
as a security measure, the General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in 1947. It
was designed to lower tariffs and other trade barriers, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous
basis so as to help in economic recovery. Several rules were present in GATT, and were later on
carried onto WTO, including:
Most Favored Nation: With some exceptions under strict conditions, countries cannot discriminate
against their trading partners. When a trade barrier is lowered or a market is opened for a particular
good or service, this has to apply to all other trading partners.
National Treatment: After foreign goods, services or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This round therefore led to the formation of the WTO, a formally constituted institutional
organization.
The formation of the WTO by the Uruguay round agreements was significant in various ways:
The establishment of a formal Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) took international trade a
step away from being a system based on power politics to one that was based on rules. As only one
party as compared to two in GATT could now establish a panel, and countries in dispute were
obligated not to settle it themselves unilaterally, countries were treated equally under WTO
regardless of size and power.
It was in this round that another principle arose– Single undertaking. All issues negotiated were
treated as a single package without exceptions. Together with the principle of Consensus, this gave
small and middle powers greater influence over negotiation and more interest in supporting the
round.
The two majors, the EU and US, were highly resistant to liberalization when it came to issues of
agriculture and textiles. Long avoided in GATT, these sectors were brought back into the picture
with the formation of WTO. Agreements were made to allow full access for textiles and clothing
from developing countries, as well as major reductions in tariffs and agricultural subsidies.
All these in totality meant greater inclusion of the developing countries in international trade, and a
turnabout in their

The End Of The Second World War Essay
After the end of the Second World War Canada was not a major power but enjoyed international
recognition and influence on international issues. Due to this position, it was classified as a middle
power whose influence could be leveraged in solving international disputes (Paris, 1997). The
approach adopted by the country was that of liberal internationalism which promotes the use of
multilateralism, diplomacy and peaceful methods in solving conflicts. Its traditional values in
foreign policy are neutrality and mediation. The country has also been instrumental in peacekeeping
missions and committed to multilateral organizations (Potter, 1996). However, since the
establishment of the Harper regime, there has been a considerable change in the country's foreign
policy. These changes include a more active participation in the war against terror, its alignment
with the western ideologies especially regarding the Middle East and its reduced involvement in
multilateralism (Boucher, 2009).
A middle power in international relations is a sovereign state that is neither a superpower nor a great
power but nevertheless enjoys international recognition and has influence on international issues.
The concept of middle powers arises from the division of the world into classes according to their
military and economic capabilities. This division provides a state's relative power in international
relations and includes division into great power, major power, middle power and minor power

Essay on Foreign Policy Recommendations for the Obama...
After December 26 1991, when the Soviet Union fell, the bipolarity of the international system was
effaced. In the post– Cold War era, the United States faced the problem, without a defined enemy, to
adopt a new foreign policy. To begin to analyze the political foreign policy of the United States, one
must first understand the international system. According to Political Realism, a theory of
international thought, the state is the key unit within the acts within the system. These states act
according to their key norms, which are allowed by the system. However, these sates are also
affected the domestic and external factors which control how they act. The domestic factors include
political culture, their economic system, the leadership ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States was the unquestioned hegemon of the
western world acting in a unipolar world. However, recently the United States has fallen into a
series of deprival causing its reputation to fall as a state. Despite this, under the Bush Doctrine, the
United States currently has a preemptive hegemonic imperative policy. Under this policy, the United
States takes into account that the world is a perilous environment in need of a leader to guide and to
control the various rebel states unipolarly. Under this policy though, the United States acts alone
with no assistance from other states or institutions. Global intuitions that would assist under other
types of policies are flagrantly disregarded in this policy in spite of its emphasis on the international
level. As well as not participating in international institutions, this policy states that the United
States should act entirely in its own wisdom. The UN (the United Nations), GATT (General
Agreement of Tariffs and Trade), along with other institutions advice is not heeded within this self–
made policy. Though the United States currently acknowledges these global organizations, it no
longer takes them into account with severity. Instead of acting under the international system, the
United States currently acts through its military, and large economy to instill fear within the various
actors in the intercontinental system. According to this philosophy the

US and Europe’s Attitudes Towards Global Governance: The...
Our planet is currently in the process of transforming into a "global village" where everyone and
everything seems to be interconnected physically, as well as virtually. Thus, the occurrence of an
idea and a phenomenon of global governance in the modern world is rather commonsensical than
striking. Despite the overwhelming power of globalization that, as it had been believed in its
incipient phase, had been expected to introduce the same standards and values everywhere, it caused
reappearance of nationalistic ideas and manifestations of sovereignty in the number of countries.
This undoubtedly is an act of willingness to maintain the identity and dissimilarity. However, global
governance is not intended to take away the sovereignty of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It has to be remembered that the United States of America's approach towards multilateralism
undergoes changes depending on the fact if the administration was democratic or republican. Very
much in the 1990s, but already in the 1970s, American government supported multinational
corporations in the promotion of free trade regimes. However so called "corporate globalization"
seemed to be unable to solve the problems of purity and developing countries. 1999 is frequently
perceived as the breakthrough point of the unilateral trend in the post–Cold War era when the US
Senate did not ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996.
Under the Bush administration the United States refused to sign among others the Kyoto Protocol .
Thus, it is noticeable that the era of the Cold War and the Bush administration's foreign policy
unilateralism did not bring the nations together, but barely divided them, also in case of Euro–
American cooperation. Barack Obama's administration is aware of the fact that America has lost its
hegemonic status and is actually trying to enter the path of sincere cooperation with its restoration of
the Global Poverty Act of 2007 and Obama–Biden foreign policy priorities: non–proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction (WMD), global denuclearization, increasing global funds for AIDS
and for education, reduction of greenhouse gasses emission etc. clearly intended for global

U.s. Bilateral Trade Agreements
As discussed before, the recent decades has seen proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements
(PTAs), of which bilateral and regional trade agreements are a part. Of the 162 member countries,
Mongolia was the only WTO member without PFA by 2005 (WTO, 2016). There are several
motivations behind bilateral trade negotiations, originating from the state of the economic and
political situation of participating nations (McMahon, 2006). In the absence of broader trade
agreements, bilateral trade agreements accomplish the objectives of market expansion and trade
liberalisation of nations. Such agreements also affect the domestic front positively by decreasing
cost of imported goods, resulting in lower prices of consumer goods and spurring ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recently signed Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) (signed on 4th February, 2016) by US and 12
Pacific Rim nations has be seen as one such agreement (Feldman, 2015). The intent of TTP,
according to Feldman (2015), is to pursue the strategy of competitive liberalisation, it was first
pursued by the US President Bush in 2003, in which bilateral, regional and global trade negotiations
would complement and reinstate each another (Sbragia, 2010). The US strategy aimed to create a
competition for liberalisation among its trading partners so that trade reforms in one market led to
similar reforms and tariff reduction in other markets (Chan, 2005). The period witnessed many
trading partners re–negotiate their trade pacts with the US, thereby fulfilling the US objective to
increase its sphere of influence and hegemony (Sbargia, 2010). Through TTP, the US now seeks to
increase its sphere of influence in the Pacific Rim along with gaining economic benefits. Since the
participating nations account for 40% of the world's GDP, any rules set by these will have global
repercussions (Cao, 2015). The estimates of economic gains from the treaty, however, currently
account for only 0.5% of US GDP (Rines, 2015). This strengthens the argument that the TTP is less
about economic benefits and more about putting down a legal

Pros And Cons Of Nsc-68
The Patriot Act was passed to additionally keep any terrorist invasion by gathering all data that
could prompt the aversion of these attacks. It also expands the government's reconnaissance. It
increases the government's capacity to take a gander at records on an individual's movement being
held by outsiders. It extends the government's ability to hunt private property without notice to the
proprietor. Intelligence searches. It grows a limited exemption to the Fourth Amendment that had
been made for the accumulation of foreign intelligence information. It extends another Fourth
Amendment exemption for seeing that gathers addressing data about the starting point and goal of
interchanges, instead of the substance. The Bush organizations foreign policy has been influenced
by the Truman administration. I think there is much motivation to recommend, outside arrangement
has been extremely impacted by Truman. Both Bush and Truman understood the fight they
confronted in ideological terms, against an enemy that was trying to supplant the American lifestyle,
with all its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Branch of State's Policy Planning.NSC–68 pushed to seek after an arrangement of containing
communism. It would call for fast military development, develop nuclear weapons, and also
increase military aid to allies. NSC–68 was used as a part of the Korean and Cold war conflicts and
built up the foreign policy of containment for many years to come. The National Security Act
commanded a noteworthy rearrangement of the foreign policy and military establishments remote
strategies of the US Government and its main role was to unify together the equipped
administrations under a solitary Department of Defense and a solitary Secretary of Defense and it
also created the Air Force as a different military administration, and set up another National Security
Council, and gave formal approval to the Central Intelligence

Unilateralism To The US Foreign Policy
According to Ruggie, unilateralism refers to specific important and large country, alone or take the
lead to exit or to challenge developed or negotiated rules and systems that maintain the peace and
progress of the international community without consideration of the majority of countries.
Unilateralism is also a behavioral tendency that has devastating effect and consequence on global
and local peace, development and progress. The nature of Unilateralism is to ignore or even destroy
the existing collective rules and institutions, the core is moving against the tide. Some narrow
definitions of unilateralism confine unilateralism to the US foreign policy, which is clearly
inappropriate. In a sense, all countries have to take more or less unilateral

Statement Essay: What Is The Bush Doctrine?
Paper #2: "What is The Bush Doctrine?"
The Bush Doctrine is an ideology developed by think tanks of neo–liberal and neo–conservative
political scientists in the United States much earlier than when President George W. Bush assumed
power. Nevertheless, Bush was the first to openly declare it as the landmark of his foreign policy
while the aftermath of the tragic events of 9/11 provided a fertile ground for its practical
advancement. These events did not spark the ideas encompassing the doctrine; rather, they
expedited its process and justified its actions to the people of the United States and its allies. This
ideology has its roots in the Wilsonian tradition of political thought, which advocates the importance
of self–determination, the advancement of democracy. It also promotes the free market economy
model as well as a global, sustainable and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bush sought to reveal his administrations' ambitions for the creation of a new world order
dominated by a global union of liberal democratic states with open market economies in a golden
era of perpetual world peace, prosperity, and freedom. Thus the US, in its attempt to accomplish this
vision, is willing to work collaboratively with other friendly nations in a multilateral basis through
the use of independent institutions. Moreover, this administration is prepared to act unilaterally with
the use of force if necessary, to counter and contain threats to the American sovereignty and that of
its allies. As the scholar Tony Smith describes, "there would be American Hegemony over the
international system, with progressive imperialism against those who thwarted America's grand

U.s. Policies Towards Climate Change
U.S. policies towards climate change has continued to develop throughout the administrations of
Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and currently Barack Obama. In this paper I will
focus specifically on Clinton. One of the Clinton administration's main goals was to make the
United States the global leader in protecting the environment. Throughout Clinton's administration
from 1993 to 2001, the ambitious goals of environmental protection had many highs and lows. The
United States had to make decisions about how it would go about tackling climate change and what
roles of other countries would play. There was opposition in congress about how the U.S. economy
would fare with many of the ideas the Clinton administration was coming ... Show more content on
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As, arguably, the only global power at the time, the United States spearheaded the dialogue on
climate change. At some points the United States has trouble convincing other nations to come on
board. This can be seen in documents three and four, where Japan is having some trepidations over
industrialized nations involvement in climate change versus developing nations. It can especially be
seen in document three where they clearly have different perspectives on where they see climate
change in the long term. Japan is also skeptical of many of the emission trading 's the United States
takes part in because they are not quite sure how it would work and what position they would play.
The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was particularly worried about China 's role in this
agreement also, they did not want to carry out strict reductions while China continued to pollute the
air around them. In comparison, document nine also centers around the United States as it tries to
get the most out of the present climate change agreement, by working with Ambassador Raul A
Estrada–Oyuela. Documents three and four are more focused on the beginning of various climate
change treaties the United States was trying to conceive. While document 4 focuses on a climate
agreement after Kyoto that would be in the United States ' best interest.
Furthermore, Document one discusses the United States ' goals in reducing greenhouse emissions. It
lays out how to achieve success in

The Pros And Cons Of Multilateralism
Two pillars of multilateralism–the United States and Canada–are currently engaged in bilateral
negotiations that, in the words of Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulrony, should produce the
"broadest possible package of mutually beneficial reductions in barriers to trade in goods and
services." Why do two countries which profess to prefer multilateralism over bilateralism or
plurilateralism appear so eager to simply bypass the multilateral negotiating process? Can the
world's two largest trading partners actually conclude an accord that provides a model of trade
liberalization for other members of GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)? The
agenda of issues shaping Canada–U.S. talks encompasses most of the questions to be debated within
the multilateral framework. Since negotiations of GATT in the late 1980s will be more complex and
protracted than in previous negotiations, it is believed that a Canadian U.S. agreement could provide
momentum for the consensus–building process that must underlie any multilateral agreement; yet,
there is always the danger that a bilateral arrangement will be accompanied by provisions for
exclusions and trade management in sensitive sectors that could weaken GATT and undermine its
decision–making process. The challenge facing Canada and the U.S. is one of bridging the gap
between the bilateral and mutilateral objectives in an attempt to outline the foundations of' a
framework for multilateral trade liberalization. There is no doubt

U.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay
Unimaginable five years earlier, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1991 was, as
historian George Herring asserted, "an event as momentous in its ramifications as it was
anticlimactic in its occurrence." Soviet Premier Gorbachev's dual policies of glasnost and
perestroika had relaxed central control and encouraged self–sufficiency among the republics of
Eastern Europe, but it also revealed the underlying economic weakness of the Soviet system. The
collapse of the Soviet Union sent shockwaves through a U.S. foreign policy establishment that had,
for decades, overwhelmingly focused on the containment of the Soviet Union. Lacking the
fundamental organizing principle that the Cold War provided, both the Bush and Clinton
administrations struggled to put forth a consistent foreign policy strategy. Each administration
reacted differently to the reality of a world without a central adversary, and each made critical
missteps. U.S. foreign policy during the first post–Cold War decade was at times tentative and
inconsistent as foreign policy authorities sought a dominant organizing principle to shape its
strategy. The Bush administration's reaction to the events leading up the Soviet collapse was one of
caution and restraint. Former Vice–President Bush saw policies targeting Russia as overly
aggressive in Reagan's early presidency, and later, as Gorbachev relaxed the control Moscow
exercised over Eastern European states, Bush thought Reagan's relationship with

The Benefits Of Globalization
While some countries have managed to reap the benefits of globalisation, other countries are facing
major challenges of income inequality, high levels of unemployment and poverty and the
vulnerability of economies to externals shocks. The path of globalisation in its current stage must
change to allow more countries to reap the benefits. There is a clear imbalance in the existing
workings of the global economy, which has derived from an inequality between the economy,
society and political contexts. (Rodrik 1997) The proposed recommendations in creating a fairer
globalisation and another globalised world will be a series of coordinated changes in the context of
open economies and open societies. Through an incorporation of these standards in a policy guided
framework, the path of globalisation can be directed into another globalised world where the
benefits are shared more equitably by people and countries.
The making of multilateralism is becoming inevitable due to globalisation. The WTO and its rules
advocate an open multilateral trading system as it allows trade to be expanding and managing
(Cavangnah & Mander 2004). The multilateral system of the United Nations and its related
organisations provides the foundation of global policies regarding the areas of development,
finance, trade and internal peace and security, as well as in a variety of social and technical fields.
Its declarations reflect universally shared values, and universal participation provides the

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