Performance improvement, debugging, and monitoring are essential parts of the DBE(Database Engineering Team) role. The presentation present intriguing strategies, techniques, and tools that can be used to address or circumvent the majority of performance-related problems in this MongoDB Performance.

1. Use Performance Insights To
Enhance MongoDB
Performance
Manosh Malai
CTO, Mydbops LLP
12Th November 2022
Mydbops 13th OpenSource Database Meetup

2. Interested in Open Source technologies
Interested in MongoDB, DevOps & DevOpSec Practices
Tech Speaker/Blogger
CTO, Mydbops LLP
Manosh Malai
About Me

3. Consulting
Services
Managed
Services
Focuses on MySQL, MongoDB and PostgreSQL
Mydbops Services

4. 500 + Clients In 5+ Yrs. of Operations
Our Clients

5. MongoDB Performance Best Practices
MongoDB Performance Analysis Tool and Strategy
Introduction
Agenda

6. INTRODUCTION

7. Database Performance
Database Performance can be defined as the optimization of resource
use to increase throughput and minimize contention, enabling the
largest possible workload to be processed.

8. PERFORMANCE BEST PRACTICES

9. {
1. SCHEMA DESIGN
2. INDEXING
3. LINUX TUNING
{

10. Modelling Approach RDBMS
Develop Application and
Queries
Define/Re-Define Data
Model
Production
Denormalize/Poor
Performance
R
D
B
M
S
Design normalized Data Model/Schema
Develop Application
Data model dictates how to write queries for
application operation
Application evolve and data became denormalized
Re-structured the Data Model and normalized
This cause poor performance and required downtime

11. Modelling Approach MongoDB
Develop Application and
Queries
Define Data Model
Production
New Requirement
M
o
n
g
o
D
B
MQL
Develop the Application
Define the Data Model
Application evolve
Improve the Data Model
Application Evolve and improve data model will happen
recursively without any downtime and complication
Design is part of each phase of the application lifetime

12. Strategy of Modelling
Goal 1 Goal 2
Goal 3 Goal 4
Deep Knowledge about
Application behaviour
Predict C, U, R, D
Operation perform
on Database and
priorities
Based on Prediction,
map the relationship
between entities and
C, U, R, D
Finalize the Data model,
which suite to the
application

13. RDBMS MongoDB
Eid FName LName Email Mobile JobName
101 Manosh Malai
abc@myd
bops.com
xxxxxxxxxx xxx
102 Kabilesh P.R
def@mydb
ops.com
xxxxxxxxxx xxx
id Eid Skill
1 101 Linux
2 101 MongoDB
id Eid
CertNam
e
CertNO
1 101 RHCSS xxx
2 101 AWS xxx
3 101 MongoDB xxx
{
Eid: "101",
FName: "Manosh",
LName: "Malai",
Email: "abc@mydbops.com",
Mobile: xxxxxxxxxx,
JobName: "xxx",
Skills: ["Linux", "MongoDB"],
Certifications: [
{
CertName: "RHCSS",
CertNo: "xxx"
},
{
CertName: "AWS",
CertNo: "xxx"
},
{
CertName: "MongoDB",
CertNo: "xxx"
}
]
}

14. Data Model Type
Embedded Model Link/Reference/Normalized Model
Emp_Collection:
{
Eid: "101",
FName: "Manosh",
LName: "Malai",
Email: "abc@mydbops.com",
Mobile: xxxxxxxxxx,
JobName: "xxx",
Skills: ["Linux", "MongoDB"],
Certifications: [
{ CertName: "RHCSS", CertNo: "xxx" },
{ CertName: "AWS", CertNo: "xxx" },
{ CertName: "MongoDB", CertNo: "xxx" }
]
}
Emp_Collection:
{
Eid: "101",
FName: "Manosh",
LName: "Malai",
Email: "abc@mydbops.com",
Mobile: xxxxxxxxxx,
JobName: "xxx",
Skills: ["Linux", "MongoDB"]
}
Emp_Certification_Collection:
{
CertName: "RHCSS",
CertNo: "xxx",
Eid: "101",
}

15. Choose Embedded VS Reference
How frequently does the embedded data get
accessed?
Does the embedded information change/update
often?
Is the data queried using the embedded
information?

16. Design Pattern

17. ▪ Understand your application’s query patterns, Design your data model, Select the appropriate
indexes.
▪ MongoDB has a flexible schema does not mean you can ignore schema design.
▪ Prioritize embedding, unless there is an unavoidable reason.
▪ Don't be afraid of application-level joins: If the index is built correctly and the returned results
are limited by projection conditions, then application-level joins will not be much more
expensive than joins in relational databases.
Key Consideration(RECAP TOO)

18. ▪ Array should not grow without bound
▪ When the array size growing outbound, index performance on the array will fall down
▪ Avoid lookup if they can avoided
▪ Avoid huge number of collection
▪ Avoid default _id Field: 12 bytes is too large and some computational cost
▪ Optimization for keys: Every Document had schema, so every document store keyname in document
and it consume more space.
Key Consideration(RECAP TOO)

19. In the Database world, index plays a vital role in a performance, that not an exception with MongoDB
Indexing
Single Field Indexes
Compound Indexes
Multikey Indexes
Text Indexes
Wildcard Indexes
2dsphere Indexes
2d Indexes
geoHaystack Indexes
Hashed Indexes
Index Type Index Properties
TTL Indexes
Unique Indexes
Partial Indexes
Case Insensitive Indexes
Hidden Indexes
Sparse Indexes

20. ▪ Follow ESR Rule in Compound Indexes
▪ Use Covered Queries as much possible
▪ How Prefix Compression improves query performance and Disk usage
Indexing Strategies
and so on.

21. Follow ESR Rule in Compound Indexes
EQUAL SORT
RANGE
In Single Field Index, the document can either be ascending or descending sort regardless of the physical
ordering of the index key
ESR is no strict rule. Its just a guideline, help to produce better query performance
If we put equality key first, we will limit the amount of data we looking
Avoid blocking/In-memory sorting
Fail to follow ESR guidelines in index creation drives us to unwanted totalKeysExamined, totalDocsExamined
traversal, and put stress on memory and CPU resource. finally, executionTimeMillis of the query too more than
the advised value.

22. ESR db.emp.find({role: "mongodb-dba", exp: {$gt: 5}}).sort({location: 1})
mongodb-dba
mysql-dba
ROLE:
LOCATION: Bangalore Bangalore
1
Hyderabad
3
Chennai
2
EXP: 10
7
5
5
BLOCKING SORT
Chennai
2
Bangalore
1
Hyderabad
3
RESULT
ROOT db.emp.createIndex({role:1, exp:1, location:1})
E
R
S
Doc Examined

23. ESR db.emp.find({role: "mongodb-dba", exp: {$gt: 5}}).sort({location: 1})
mongodb-dba
mysql-dba
ROLE:
6
LOCATION:
Chennai
2
Hyderabad
3
EXP: 5
7 5
10
ROOT db.emp.createIndex({role:1, location:1, exp:1})
Bangalore
1
E
S
R
Bangalore

24. Key Consideration
Index creation in foreground will do collection level locking.
Index creation in the background helps to overcome the locking bottleneck but decrease the efficiency of index
traversal.
In MongoDB 4.2 version index creation system was reconstructed. This new indexing method help to
overcome the above-specified incompetence or inefficiency.
Starting in MongoDB 4.4, the index builds on a replica set or sharded cluster build simultaneously across all
data-bearing replica set members.

25. Cont...
Recommend the developer to write the covered query. This kind of query will be entirely satisfied with an index.
So zero documents need to be inspected to satisfy the query, and this makes the query run lot faster. All the
projection keys need to be indexed.
Use Index to sort the result and avoid blocking sort.
Remove Duplicate and unused index, it also improve the disk throughput and memory optimization.
Operator name mislead between Equality and Range, use index bound to make sure operator your using is
Range or Equality
$ne and $nin(range)
$regex range
$in Alone: Equality Match
$in range with sort

26. B-Tree & Prefix Compression: Query performance & Disk usage
In B-Tree indexes, Low Cardinality value actually harm performance
In Low Cardinality value preference to use Partial Index
prefix Index compression- Repeated prefix value is not written
WITHOUT PREFIX COMPRESSION
MongoDB-DBA,Bangalore,10
MongoDB-DBA,Chennai,5
MySQL-DBA,Bangalore,7
MongoDB-DBA,Hyderabad,5
MongoDB-DBA,Bangalore,10
,Chennai,5
,Hyderabad,5
MySQL-DBA,Bangalore,7
Without Prefix Comp
With Prefix Comp

27. Linux Tuning
Swappiness sysctl -w vm.swappiness=1
Dirty Ratio
sysctl -w vm.dirty_ratio = 15
sysctl -w vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
zone_reclaim_mode sysctl -w vm.zone_reclaim_mode=0

28. Linux Tuning
# Edit the file
/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mongod.service
ExecStart=/usr/bin/mongod --config /etc/mongod.conf
To
ExecStart=/usr/bin/numactl --interleave=all /usr/bin/mongod --config /etc/mongod.conf
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl stop mongod
systemctl start mongod
NUMA

29. Linux Tuning
# Verifying
$ cat /sys/block/xvda/queue/scheduler
noop [deadline] cfq
# Adjusting the value dynamically
$ echo "noop" > /sys/block/xvda/queue/scheduler
$ vim /etc/sysconfig/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="console=tty0 crashkernel=auto console=ttyS0,115200 elevator=noop"
$ grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
IO Scheduler

30. Linux Tuning
$ echo "never" > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
$ echo "never" > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
$ vim /etc/sysconfig/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="console=tty0 crashkernel=auto console=ttyS0,115200 elevator=noop
transparent_hugepage=never"
$ grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Transparent Huge Pages

31. Linux Tuning
$ vi /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mongod.service
# (file size)
LimitFSIZE=infinity
# (cpu time) LimitCPU=infinity
# (virtual memory size)
LimitAS=infinity
# (locked-in-memory size)
LimitMEMLOCK=infinity
# (open files)
LimitNOFILE=64000
# (processes/threads)
LimitNPROC=64000
ulimit Settings

32. Linux Tuning
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
mongo hard cpu unlimited
mongo soft cpu unlimited
mongo hard memlock unlimited
mongo soft memlock unlimited
mongo hard nofile 64000
mongo soft nofile 64000
mongo hard nproc 192276
mongo soft nproc 192276
mongo hard fsize unlimited
mongo soft fsize unlimited
mongo hard as unlimited
mongo soft as unlimited
ulimit Settings

33. Linux Tuning
$ vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.core.somaxconn = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 6
Network Stack

34. MONGODB PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS TOOL

35. MongoDB Explain
queryPlanner
executionStats
allPlansExecution
db.<collection name>.find({}).explain()
Important Parameter
queryPlanner.winningPlan.inputStage.stage
executionStats.nReturned
executionStats.totalKeysExamined
executionStats.totalDocsExamined

36. mydbExplainPlan
Stage1: queryInfo
_________________
plannerVersion: 1
namespace: "test.app_logs"
indexFilterSet: false
Stage2: explainPlan
___________________
1 IXSCAN ( index: "name_1" ms: 0 returned: 437 keys: 437 )
2 FETCH ( ms: 0 returned: 437 docs: 437 )
3 SORT_KEY_GENERATOR ( ms: 0 returned: 0 )
4 SORT ( ms: 20 returned: 437 )
Totals: ms: 21 keysExamined: 437 docsExamined: 437
Stage3: winningPlan
___________________
{
"stage" : "SORT",
"sortPattern" : {
"requestMethod" : 1
},
"inputStage" : {
"stage" : "SORT_KEY_GENERATOR",
"inputStage" : {
"stage" : "FETCH",
"inputStage" : {
"stage" : "IXSCAN",
"keyPattern" : {
"name" : 1
},
"indexName" : "name_1",
"isMultiKey" : false,
"isUnique" : false,
"isSparse" : false,
"isPartial" : false,
"indexVersion" : 1,
"direction" : "forward",
"indexBounds" : {
"name" : [
"["Rajnish Kumar", "Rajnish Kumar"]"
]
}
}
}
}
}

37. mydbExplainPlan
"inputStage" : {
"stage" : "FETCH",
"nReturned" : 437,
"executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 0,
"works" : 438,
"advanced" : 437,
"needTime" : 0,
"needYield" : 0,
"saveState" : 6,
"restoreState" : 6,
"isEOF" : 1,
"invalidates" : 0,
"docsExamined" : 437,
"alreadyHasObj" : 0,
"inputStage" : {
"stage" : "IXSCAN",
"nReturned" : 437,
"executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 0,
"works" : 438,
"advanced" : 437,
"needTime" : 0,
"needYield" : 0,
"saveState" : 6,
"restoreState" : 6,
"isEOF" : 1,
"invalidates" : 0,
"keyPattern" : {
"name" : 1
},
"indexName" : "name_1",
"isMultiKey" : false,
"isUnique" : false,
"isSparse" : false,
"isPartial" : false,
"indexVersion" : 1,
"direction" : "forward",
"indexBounds" : {
"name" : [
"["Rajnish Kumar", "Rajnish Kumar"]"
]
},
"keysExamined" : 437,
"dupsTested" : 0,
"dupsDropped" : 0,
"seenInvalidated" : 0
}
}
}
}
}
Stage4: executionStats
______________________
{
"executionSuccess" : true,
"nReturned" : 437,
"executionTimeMillis" : 21,
"totalKeysExamined" : 437,
"totalDocsExamined" : 437,
"executionStages" : {
"stage" : "SORT",
"nReturned" : 437,
"executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 20,
"works" : 877,
"advanced" : 437,
"needTime" : 439,
"needYield" : 0,
"saveState" : 6,
"restoreState" : 6,
"isEOF" : 1,
"invalidates" : 0,
"sortPattern" : {
"requestMethod" : 1
},
"memUsage" : 513569,
"memLimit" : 33554432,
"inputStage" : {
"stage" : "SORT_KEY_GENERATOR",
"nReturned" : 0,
"executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 0,
"works" : 439,
"advanced" : 0,
"needTime" : 1,
"needYield" : 0,
"saveState" : 6,
"restoreState" : 6,
"isEOF" : 1,
"invalidates" : 0,
Stage5: rejectedPlans
_____________________
Info: 'No Rejected Plans'

38. planCache
db.runCommand(
{
planCacheSetFilter: <collection>,
query: <query>,
sort: <sort>,
projection: <projection>,
collation: { <collation> },
indexes: [ <index1>, <index2>, ...],
comment: <any>
}
planCacheSetFilter planCacheClearFilter
db.runCommand(
{
planCacheCleearFilter: <collection>,
query: <query>,
sort: <sort>,
projection: <projection>,
collation: { <collation> },
indexes: [ <index1>, <index2>, ...],
comment: <any>
}
planCacheListFilter
db.runCommand(
{
planCacheListFilters: <collection>
}
)

39. MongoDB Mtools
mtools is a collection of helper scripts to parse, filter, and visualize MongoDB log files. For every DBA this is a
Swiss army knives tools.
mlogfilter
mloginfo
mlaunch

40. mlogfilter
mlogfilter mongod.log --slow --json | mongoimport -d test -c mycoll
mlogfilter mongod.log --namespace admin.$cmd --slow 1000
mlogfilter mongod.log --operation <query, insert, update, delete, command, getmore>
mlogfilter mongod.log --pattern '{"_id": 1, "host": 1, "ns": 1}'
mlogfilter mongod.log --from FROM [FROM ...], --to TO [TO ...]
mlogfilter mongod.log --from Aug --to Sep

41. mloginfo
mloginfo mongod.log --queries
mloginfo mongod.log --restarts
mloginfo mongod.log --connections
mloginfo mongod.log --rsstate

42. mydbloganalyzer
namespace queryHash operation planSummary count min max mean
mydbops.test_agency_calendar_items 23f7c966a91c577b08484df5d2966921 find IXSCAN 2 257 311 284
mydbops.test_institutional_customdatas 36a1a0a95644bbb338aad9d60fd1d664 update -None- 1 11088 11088 11088
mydbops.test_institutional_calendar_items ad09e16227eca0c09bc5a5a4a5366879 count IXSCAN 1 338 338 338
mydbops.test_institutional_calendar_items 75b56caee221c631de8e6bdcdd6ea861 getMore IXSCAN 1 589 589 589
mydbops.test_agency_leads b6aafc97910c571e16e08d7d0a5d0552 aggregate -None- 1 338 338 338
mydbops.test_agency_deviceevents 9c81413804374a82269516f71824a02e insert -None- 1 297 297 297
queryHash:ad09e16227eca0c09bc5a5a4a5366879 2022-08-31T17:52:05.670+0000 I COMMAND [conn55991305]
command mydbops.test command: count { count: "sbil_institutional_calendar_items", query: { state: { $in: [ "COMPLETED",
"OPEN" ] }, data.test.code: { $in: [ "xxxx" ] }, mode: "sh", data.task.code: { $nin: [ "lm", "email", "lc", "lcd", "clb" ] }, schedule.date: {
$gte: new Date(1661797800000), $lt: new Date(1662402599999) }, category: { $in: [ "VO_CALENDAR_ITEM",
"USER_CALENDAR_ITEM" ] }, $or: [ { detect_status.current.code: { $ne: "REJECTED" } }, { detect_status: { $exists: false } } ], $and:
[ { $or: [ { status.current_status.final: true }, { status: { $exists: false } } ] } ] } } planSummary: IXSCAN { data.participants.code: 1,
category: 1 } keyUpdates:0 writeConflicts:0 numYields:25 reslen:62 locks:{ Global: { acquireCount: { r: 52 } }, Database: {
acquireCount: { r: 26 } }, Collection: { acquireCount: { r: 26 } } } protocol:op_query 338ms

43. Log Heatmap

44. Heatmap

45. Heatmap

46. Keyhole
Keyhole help to produce performance analytics summaries. The information includes MongoDB
configurations, cluster statistics, database schema, indexes, and index usages.
Analyzing mongo logs and Full-Time Diagnostic data Capture (FTDC),
Cluster Info:
keyhole --allinfo "mongodb://user:secret@host.local/test?replicaSet=rs"
FTDC Data and Grafana Integration:
keyhole --web --diag /data/db/diagnostic.data
Logs Analytics:
keyhole --loginfo -v /var/log/mongodb/mongod.log.2018-06-07T11-08-32.gz

47. Reach Us : Info@mydbops.com
Thank You

48. Reference
https://medium.com/swlh/mongodb-indexes-deep-dive-understanding-indexes-9bcec6ed7aa6
https://www.mongodb.com/blog/post/performance-best-practices-hardware-and-os-configuration
https://www.slideshare.net/mongodb/mongodb-local-toronto-2019-tips-and-tricks-for-effective-indexing
https://www.mongodb.com/blog/post/performance-best-practices-indexing
https://github.com/rueckstiess/mtools
https://github.com/simagix/keyhole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj2YM8t2G2w
https://mydbops.wordpress.com/category/mongodb/
https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/administration/production-notes/#production-notes