The document describes a process for purifying phosphoric acid involving three steps:
1) Cooling crude phosphoric acid to 100-130°F and mixing with a clay body feed agent to cause impurities to flocculate. Bentonite clay is preferred.
2) Adding powdered carbon from ground spent granular carbon to absorb remaining soluble impurities.
3) Adding a flocculating agent to cause the floccules to settle, separating the purified supernatant acid solution. The process efficiently removes impurities from phosphoric acid in a single operation.
The document discusses various chemical dosing systems used in a power plant. It describes the dosing of ammonia, TSP, carbohydrazide in the HRSG system to control pH, prevent scale and corrosion. It also discusses dosing of corrosion inhibitors, biocides, sulfuric acid and chlorine in the cooling tower and closed cooling water systems. Lime, alum and polyelectrolyte dosing in pretreatment is covered as well for coagulation and flocculation.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Ruslan Kh.Khamizov, Natalya S.Vlasovskikh, Lilya P.Moroshkina, Sultan Kh.Khamizov
Scientific and Technological Company “NewChem Technology” LLC
SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS AND PROSPECTS FOR CLOSED–CIRCUIT PROCESSING OF ALUMINA-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS WITH THE USE OF SALT-ACID METHOD
Ssac 353 lecture no. 18 19 p fertilizers_ classification_manufacturing_fate i...DrAnandJadhav
The document discusses different types of phosphatic fertilizers including their manufacturing processes and properties. It describes how phosphoric acid is produced through wet and furnace processes and used to manufacture superphosphates like single super phosphate (SSP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) by treating rock phosphate with sulfuric acid. Complex fertilizers like monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) are also produced by reacting phosphoric acid and ammonia. The document provides details on the specifications and production of various phosphatic fertilizers used in India.
Presentation by Application of UNFC in Egypt: lessons learned, experiences and proposals for harmonization and development of an AMREC by Mohammed Taha Helmy, Phospheric Acid Purification Pilot Plant, Nuclear Material Authority, Egypt
1) A US patent document describes a method for preparing water-soluble free amine chitosan.
2) The method involves reacting chitosan oligo sugar acid salt with trialkylamine to remove the acid salt at the C-2 position, then adding an inorganic acid to remove trialkylamine salt at the C-6 position.
3) The resulting free amine chitosan is then passed through an activated carbon/ion exchange resin to produce the final water-soluble free amine chitosan product.
The document describes a process for producing lithium carbonate from a saturated aqueous solution containing potassium and lithium sulfates. Key steps include adding potassium hydroxide to precipitate potassium sulfate and dissolve lithium hydroxide, removing the precipitated potassium sulfate, and then adding carbon dioxide to precipitate lithium carbonate, which is filtered off.
This document provides guidelines for the management and handling of phosphogypsum generated from phosphoric acid plants in India. It discusses the phosphoric acid manufacturing process, which produces phosphogypsum as a byproduct. It outlines the characteristics and environmental impacts of phosphogypsum. The guidelines cover best practices for the storage, management, handling, disposal, and beneficial use of phosphogypsum to minimize environmental impacts. It also provides a monitoring protocol for phosphogypsum storage areas.
The document discusses various chemical dosing systems used in a power plant. It describes the dosing of ammonia, TSP, carbohydrazide in the HRSG system to control pH, prevent scale and corrosion. It also discusses dosing of corrosion inhibitors, biocides, sulfuric acid and chlorine in the cooling tower and closed cooling water systems. Lime, alum and polyelectrolyte dosing in pretreatment is covered as well for coagulation and flocculation.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Ruslan Kh.Khamizov, Natalya S.Vlasovskikh, Lilya P.Moroshkina, Sultan Kh.Khamizov
Scientific and Technological Company “NewChem Technology” LLC
SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS AND PROSPECTS FOR CLOSED–CIRCUIT PROCESSING OF ALUMINA-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS WITH THE USE OF SALT-ACID METHOD
Ssac 353 lecture no. 18 19 p fertilizers_ classification_manufacturing_fate i...DrAnandJadhav
The document discusses different types of phosphatic fertilizers including their manufacturing processes and properties. It describes how phosphoric acid is produced through wet and furnace processes and used to manufacture superphosphates like single super phosphate (SSP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) by treating rock phosphate with sulfuric acid. Complex fertilizers like monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) are also produced by reacting phosphoric acid and ammonia. The document provides details on the specifications and production of various phosphatic fertilizers used in India.
Presentation by Application of UNFC in Egypt: lessons learned, experiences and proposals for harmonization and development of an AMREC by Mohammed Taha Helmy, Phospheric Acid Purification Pilot Plant, Nuclear Material Authority, Egypt
1) A US patent document describes a method for preparing water-soluble free amine chitosan.
2) The method involves reacting chitosan oligo sugar acid salt with trialkylamine to remove the acid salt at the C-2 position, then adding an inorganic acid to remove trialkylamine salt at the C-6 position.
3) The resulting free amine chitosan is then passed through an activated carbon/ion exchange resin to produce the final water-soluble free amine chitosan product.
The document describes a process for producing lithium carbonate from a saturated aqueous solution containing potassium and lithium sulfates. Key steps include adding potassium hydroxide to precipitate potassium sulfate and dissolve lithium hydroxide, removing the precipitated potassium sulfate, and then adding carbon dioxide to precipitate lithium carbonate, which is filtered off.
This document provides guidelines for the management and handling of phosphogypsum generated from phosphoric acid plants in India. It discusses the phosphoric acid manufacturing process, which produces phosphogypsum as a byproduct. It outlines the characteristics and environmental impacts of phosphogypsum. The guidelines cover best practices for the storage, management, handling, disposal, and beneficial use of phosphogypsum to minimize environmental impacts. It also provides a monitoring protocol for phosphogypsum storage areas.
This document summarizes a study that found benzene can be produced from the decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition metal catalyst. The reaction involves hydroxyl radicals generated by a Fenton-type reaction catalyzed by metals like copper and iron. Benzene production increased with ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide concentration up to a point, and was highest between pH 2-3. This suggests benzene could form in acidic foods and beverages containing ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate preservative.
Phosphogypsum as replacement material for cementFARHANA SHAHIBU
The document discusses the use of phosphogypsum as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Phosphogypsum is a byproduct of phosphate fertilizer production. The study aims to determine the optimum amount of phosphogypsum replacement to achieve maximum concrete strength. Various materials used in concrete were tested according to appropriate standards. A mix design was developed for M25 grade concrete with water-cement ratio of 0.4 and 7.5-15% phosphogypsum replacement. The next phase will involve testing fresh and hardened concrete properties with phosphogypsum replacement to find the optimal percentage.
The present invention relates to zinc pyrithione containing personal care formulations. More particularly, the invention relates to aqueous transparent solution of zinc pyrithione at pH 5.5 - 8.5 having high anti-fungal activity.
Potassium sulfate is a white crystalline salt commonly used as a fertilizer. It can be manufactured through the Mannheim process, which involves reacting potassium chloride with sulfuric acid, or by recovering it from natural complex salts like kainite. It provides both potassium and sulfur to plants. Potassium sulfate's main use is as a fertilizer for chloride sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes, and potatoes. It is also used to reduce muzzle flash in artillery charges.
Choosing a cement for encapsulation of nuclear wastesTran Nam
(1) Cement formulations are commonly used to encapsulate nuclear wastes due to their low cost, ability to form hardened barriers, and compatibility with remote operations. (2) Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is often used but can lead to high temperatures, so blended cements with fly ash or blast furnace slag are preferred. (3) Alternative cement systems like alkali-activated materials, calcium sulfoaluminate cements, and geopolymers offer options for encapsulating reactive wastes while reducing issues like corrosion and leaching. (4) A "toolbox" approach using the appropriate cement system based on waste chemistry can provide durable solidification of nuclear wastes.
The document discusses zero liquid discharge systems for fertilizer production. It provides details on different types of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and their manufacturing processes. This can generate wastewater containing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as other pollutants. Zero liquid discharge systems aim to treat this wastewater on-site to allow water reuse and recover fertilizer products, minimizing liquid discharges.
The document discusses the production of citric acid through fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. It provides details on the demand and supply of citric acid, the production process which involves fermentation, separation and purification steps, and the design of equipment like bioreactors and separation columns. Environmental and safety considerations for the production process are also covered.
Three Pseudomonas strains (E39, E311, E313) were isolated from oil contaminated soil that were able to produce the biosurfactant syringafactin. Analysis showed the biosurfactant was a lipopeptide belonging to the syringafactin family. The biosurfactant produced by these strains showed high stability over a wide pH range and salinity levels. When tested in bioreactors, strains E311 and E39 were able to degrade up to 70% of diesel fuel within 28 days, demonstrating the potential of these syringafactin-producing strains for bioremediation of hydrocarbon contamination.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effect of ferrous ions on the performance of two calcium sulfate inhibitors (Inhibitor A and Inhibitor B). In the absence of ferrous ions, Inhibitor A performed better than Inhibitor B at inhibiting calcium sulfate scale formation. The performance of Inhibitor A improved as its concentration increased. When ferrous ions were present, Inhibitor A's performance decreased as ferrous ion concentration rose, while Inhibitor B's performance initially improved before decreasing at higher ferrous ion levels. Increasing Inhibitor A's concentration helped improve its performance in the presence of ferrous ions.
This document discusses the production of ammonium phosphate fertilizers. It describes that monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is produced with an ammonia to phosphoric acid ratio of 0.6, yielding a product with 11-12% nitrogen. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is produced with a ratio of 1.4, containing 16-18% nitrogen. The process involves neutralizing phosphoric acid with ammonia in continuous reactors, then granulating and drying the slurry to produce the final fertilizer products.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This presentation looks at the processes used to transform phosphate rock into Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
The document describes REMONDIS TetraPhos, a process developed by REMONDIS Aqua GmbH & Co. KG to recover phosphorus from sewage sludge ash. The process involves three steps: 1) phosphate recovery from the ash to produce a raw phosphoric acid, 2) purification of the raw acid to remove impurities, and 3) recycling of the purified phosphoric acid for use in fertilizers and other industries. Pilot testing demonstrated that the process can recover over 90% of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash while reducing heavy metal concentrations to levels suitable for industrial use.
This document describes the results of experiments testing a potassium hydroxide (KOH) and ViNUM-ACRE clay stabilization system. The system aims to permanently stabilize clays using KOH at a concentration of 15 parts per billion, adjusted to a pH of 9-10 with ViNUM-ACRE. Test results show the system inhibits swelling of bentonite clays even at high clay concentrations, and recovers over 90% of shale in a hot rolling test. Rheology measurements indicate the treated fluid has good viscosity and yield properties for drilling applications.
This document describes several British patents from 1957 related to cleaning devices, detergents, and fertilizers. It provides details of GB785643 (A) which describes a cleaning device for printing presses, GB785644 (A) which describes improvements to saponaceous detergents incorporating ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, and GB785645 (A) which describes a method for preventing caking of granulated fertilizers using a urea-formaldehyde condensation product coating.
Surface activation of Calcium bentonite clayS k Parida
Clay is a fine grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxide and organic matter found abundantly on earth’s crust. Chemically it consists essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum.
Generally clays are used as solid acid catalysts, which can function as both Bronsted and Lewis acids in their natural and ion-exchanged form and also known as radical catalyst. Using clay catalysts, environmentally benign green chemistry can be done both at industrial and laboratory scale.The objective of this work is to study the behavior of calcium bentonite clay treated with sulfuric acid of 3N concentration under mechanical stirring and refluxing condition separately.The XRF and SEM studies indicated clearly the leaching and disintegration of the clay sheet upon thermo-chemical treatment.
XRD studies of the acid treated clay indicated the structural transformation of the clay sheet upon acid treatment and became amorphous .
As the treatment of 3N sulfuric acid chemically and thermo-chemically occur, Al2O3, TiO2 and Na2O contents in the acid treated material decreased progressively simultaneously increasing the SiO2 content.
FTIR study of the acid treated clay shows that the acid treatment did not cause much variation in the peak pattern, however thermo-acid treatment in same acid strength the peak intensity was found to decrease progressively and indicating the dehydroxylation and successive leaching of the Al ions from the octahedral layer.
Again, the BET surface area analysis of the samples indicated that method can be useful for manufacturing a surface active and high surface area material which can be used for catalyst as well as an adsorbent.
This article is about salt chemical treatment and hot acid treatment of wells. In this case, research has covered different points of theoretical and methodological the hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. Finally, research has pinpointed on various views of outcomes and shortcomings at all. by Shukurov Abror Sharipovich 2020. Hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 77-79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.592. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592/566 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592
Soap and detergent ( chemistry folio form 5 )Amira Saleh
Here is a mind map showing the purposes of using food additives:
Food Additives
Purposes
Preservation
Prevent spoilage by microorganisms
Extend shelf life
Color
Enhance appearance
Make food more appealing
Flavor
Enhance existing flavors
Add new flavors
Texture
Improve texture
Modify consistency
Nutrition
Fortify nutrients
Replace lost nutrients during processing
Safety
Prevent foodborne illness
The patent document describes novel metal oxide-cerium dioxide (CeO2)-based adsorbents for removing sulfur and sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon fuels. The adsorbents have the general formula MOiCeO2, where M is a metal such as titanium. They are manufactured by mixing aqueous solutions of a cerium oxide precursor and a metal salt. The adsorbents can be used to remove sulfur from hydrocarbon fuels like gasoline without hydrogen, producing clean fuels with less than 1 ppm sulfur.
Patent US 7854836 B2 Process for improving and recuperating waste, heavy and ...Carlos R. Conde
This patent describes a process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons from waste drilling fluids. The process involves obtaining waste drilling fluid containing heavy hydrocarbons, contacting the fluid with a solvent like propane or LPG under upgrading conditions to produce an upgraded hydrocarbon product and asphaltene waste, and separating the upgraded hydrocarbon from the solvent. The upgrading improves properties of the heavy hydrocarbon like API gravity, sulfur content, and fluidity. The process aims to efficiently recover and improve heavy hydrocarbons from waste sources like drilling pits in a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly manner.
This document summarizes a study that found benzene can be produced from the decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition metal catalyst. The reaction involves hydroxyl radicals generated by a Fenton-type reaction catalyzed by metals like copper and iron. Benzene production increased with ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide concentration up to a point, and was highest between pH 2-3. This suggests benzene could form in acidic foods and beverages containing ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate preservative.
Phosphogypsum as replacement material for cementFARHANA SHAHIBU
The document discusses the use of phosphogypsum as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Phosphogypsum is a byproduct of phosphate fertilizer production. The study aims to determine the optimum amount of phosphogypsum replacement to achieve maximum concrete strength. Various materials used in concrete were tested according to appropriate standards. A mix design was developed for M25 grade concrete with water-cement ratio of 0.4 and 7.5-15% phosphogypsum replacement. The next phase will involve testing fresh and hardened concrete properties with phosphogypsum replacement to find the optimal percentage.
The present invention relates to zinc pyrithione containing personal care formulations. More particularly, the invention relates to aqueous transparent solution of zinc pyrithione at pH 5.5 - 8.5 having high anti-fungal activity.
Potassium sulfate is a white crystalline salt commonly used as a fertilizer. It can be manufactured through the Mannheim process, which involves reacting potassium chloride with sulfuric acid, or by recovering it from natural complex salts like kainite. It provides both potassium and sulfur to plants. Potassium sulfate's main use is as a fertilizer for chloride sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes, and potatoes. It is also used to reduce muzzle flash in artillery charges.
Choosing a cement for encapsulation of nuclear wastesTran Nam
(1) Cement formulations are commonly used to encapsulate nuclear wastes due to their low cost, ability to form hardened barriers, and compatibility with remote operations. (2) Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is often used but can lead to high temperatures, so blended cements with fly ash or blast furnace slag are preferred. (3) Alternative cement systems like alkali-activated materials, calcium sulfoaluminate cements, and geopolymers offer options for encapsulating reactive wastes while reducing issues like corrosion and leaching. (4) A "toolbox" approach using the appropriate cement system based on waste chemistry can provide durable solidification of nuclear wastes.
The document discusses zero liquid discharge systems for fertilizer production. It provides details on different types of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and their manufacturing processes. This can generate wastewater containing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as other pollutants. Zero liquid discharge systems aim to treat this wastewater on-site to allow water reuse and recover fertilizer products, minimizing liquid discharges.
The document discusses the production of citric acid through fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. It provides details on the demand and supply of citric acid, the production process which involves fermentation, separation and purification steps, and the design of equipment like bioreactors and separation columns. Environmental and safety considerations for the production process are also covered.
Three Pseudomonas strains (E39, E311, E313) were isolated from oil contaminated soil that were able to produce the biosurfactant syringafactin. Analysis showed the biosurfactant was a lipopeptide belonging to the syringafactin family. The biosurfactant produced by these strains showed high stability over a wide pH range and salinity levels. When tested in bioreactors, strains E311 and E39 were able to degrade up to 70% of diesel fuel within 28 days, demonstrating the potential of these syringafactin-producing strains for bioremediation of hydrocarbon contamination.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effect of ferrous ions on the performance of two calcium sulfate inhibitors (Inhibitor A and Inhibitor B). In the absence of ferrous ions, Inhibitor A performed better than Inhibitor B at inhibiting calcium sulfate scale formation. The performance of Inhibitor A improved as its concentration increased. When ferrous ions were present, Inhibitor A's performance decreased as ferrous ion concentration rose, while Inhibitor B's performance initially improved before decreasing at higher ferrous ion levels. Increasing Inhibitor A's concentration helped improve its performance in the presence of ferrous ions.
This document discusses the production of ammonium phosphate fertilizers. It describes that monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is produced with an ammonia to phosphoric acid ratio of 0.6, yielding a product with 11-12% nitrogen. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is produced with a ratio of 1.4, containing 16-18% nitrogen. The process involves neutralizing phosphoric acid with ammonia in continuous reactors, then granulating and drying the slurry to produce the final fertilizer products.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This presentation looks at the processes used to transform phosphate rock into Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
The document describes REMONDIS TetraPhos, a process developed by REMONDIS Aqua GmbH & Co. KG to recover phosphorus from sewage sludge ash. The process involves three steps: 1) phosphate recovery from the ash to produce a raw phosphoric acid, 2) purification of the raw acid to remove impurities, and 3) recycling of the purified phosphoric acid for use in fertilizers and other industries. Pilot testing demonstrated that the process can recover over 90% of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash while reducing heavy metal concentrations to levels suitable for industrial use.
This document describes the results of experiments testing a potassium hydroxide (KOH) and ViNUM-ACRE clay stabilization system. The system aims to permanently stabilize clays using KOH at a concentration of 15 parts per billion, adjusted to a pH of 9-10 with ViNUM-ACRE. Test results show the system inhibits swelling of bentonite clays even at high clay concentrations, and recovers over 90% of shale in a hot rolling test. Rheology measurements indicate the treated fluid has good viscosity and yield properties for drilling applications.
This document describes several British patents from 1957 related to cleaning devices, detergents, and fertilizers. It provides details of GB785643 (A) which describes a cleaning device for printing presses, GB785644 (A) which describes improvements to saponaceous detergents incorporating ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, and GB785645 (A) which describes a method for preventing caking of granulated fertilizers using a urea-formaldehyde condensation product coating.
Surface activation of Calcium bentonite clayS k Parida
Clay is a fine grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxide and organic matter found abundantly on earth’s crust. Chemically it consists essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum.
Generally clays are used as solid acid catalysts, which can function as both Bronsted and Lewis acids in their natural and ion-exchanged form and also known as radical catalyst. Using clay catalysts, environmentally benign green chemistry can be done both at industrial and laboratory scale.The objective of this work is to study the behavior of calcium bentonite clay treated with sulfuric acid of 3N concentration under mechanical stirring and refluxing condition separately.The XRF and SEM studies indicated clearly the leaching and disintegration of the clay sheet upon thermo-chemical treatment.
XRD studies of the acid treated clay indicated the structural transformation of the clay sheet upon acid treatment and became amorphous .
As the treatment of 3N sulfuric acid chemically and thermo-chemically occur, Al2O3, TiO2 and Na2O contents in the acid treated material decreased progressively simultaneously increasing the SiO2 content.
FTIR study of the acid treated clay shows that the acid treatment did not cause much variation in the peak pattern, however thermo-acid treatment in same acid strength the peak intensity was found to decrease progressively and indicating the dehydroxylation and successive leaching of the Al ions from the octahedral layer.
Again, the BET surface area analysis of the samples indicated that method can be useful for manufacturing a surface active and high surface area material which can be used for catalyst as well as an adsorbent.
This article is about salt chemical treatment and hot acid treatment of wells. In this case, research has covered different points of theoretical and methodological the hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. Finally, research has pinpointed on various views of outcomes and shortcomings at all. by Shukurov Abror Sharipovich 2020. Hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 77-79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.592. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592/566 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592
Soap and detergent ( chemistry folio form 5 )Amira Saleh
Here is a mind map showing the purposes of using food additives:
Food Additives
Purposes
Preservation
Prevent spoilage by microorganisms
Extend shelf life
Color
Enhance appearance
Make food more appealing
Flavor
Enhance existing flavors
Add new flavors
Texture
Improve texture
Modify consistency
Nutrition
Fortify nutrients
Replace lost nutrients during processing
Safety
Prevent foodborne illness
The patent document describes novel metal oxide-cerium dioxide (CeO2)-based adsorbents for removing sulfur and sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon fuels. The adsorbents have the general formula MOiCeO2, where M is a metal such as titanium. They are manufactured by mixing aqueous solutions of a cerium oxide precursor and a metal salt. The adsorbents can be used to remove sulfur from hydrocarbon fuels like gasoline without hydrogen, producing clean fuels with less than 1 ppm sulfur.
Patent US 7854836 B2 Process for improving and recuperating waste, heavy and ...Carlos R. Conde
This patent describes a process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons from waste drilling fluids. The process involves obtaining waste drilling fluid containing heavy hydrocarbons, contacting the fluid with a solvent like propane or LPG under upgrading conditions to produce an upgraded hydrocarbon product and asphaltene waste, and separating the upgraded hydrocarbon from the solvent. The upgrading improves properties of the heavy hydrocarbon like API gravity, sulfur content, and fluidity. The process aims to efficiently recover and improve heavy hydrocarbons from waste sources like drilling pits in a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly manner.
This document describes concentrated solutions of oxime metal extractants that can be formulated into extraction compositions for extracting metals from aqueous solutions. Specifically, it discloses stable concentrates containing over 55% hydroxy aryl oximes (aldoximes or ketoximes) in water-immiscible solvents. These concentrated solutions overcome issues with prior less concentrated solutions, such as poor flow properties and decomposition risks. The concentrates allow for easy formulation of extraction compositions with varying ratios of aldoximes and ketoximes.
1. The study investigated the effects of silicon nutrition on the growth of Puccinellia distans (a monocotyledon) and Brassica napus (a dicotyledon) under salinity stress.
2. The results showed that silicon nutrition led to higher dry mass and lower sodium concentration in both plants under salinity treatments. Silicon also increased silicon concentration in P. distans tissues.
3. In B. napus, silicon nutrition recovered the activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and cell wall peroxidase under salinity, decreasing lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. This suggests silicon helps plants tolerate salt stress.
Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
The document discusses wastewater treatment in the sugar industry. It provides background on sugar production from sugar cane and sugar beet. The sources and characteristics of sugar industry wastewater are described. Both aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment methods are discussed as the primary treatment approaches. Specific technologies mentioned include activated sludge, trickling filters, lagoons, anaerobic digestion, and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactors. Other treatment methods like coagulation, flocculation, and electrochemical processes are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
El rendimiento comparativo del ferrato de potasio (VI), sulfato férrico y sulfato de aluminio para la eliminación de turbidez, química
Se evaluó la demanda de oxígeno (DQO), el color (como Vis400-abs) y las bacterias en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Para la coagulación y desinfección de aguas residuales,
This document describes a method for controlling dust and preventing caking of solid granular materials such as fertilizers, aggregates, minerals, and ores. It involves applying a composition made by allowing glycerol to react with a polybasic acid, such as citric acid, to form a polymeric derivative. Test results show that this glycerol-polyacid composition significantly reduces dust levels in various granular materials, including borax, calcium phosphates, and ammonium phosphates, both initially and after aging, and performs better than other coatings like oils. The composition is biodegradable and non-toxic.
Sulfuric acid is a strong acid produced industrially through the contact process. It is the largest volume chemical produced worldwide at around 200 million tons per year. Sulfuric acid is used to manufacture fertilizers, detergents, dyes, drugs, and other chemicals. The contact process involves burning sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide, then catalytically oxidizing the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and absorbing it in concentrated sulfuric acid. Modern contact processes achieve high conversion rates through double contact and double absorption designs. Sulfuric acid is a dangerous and corrosive substance that requires careful handling and protective equipment in industrial and laboratory settings.
Synthesis And Evaluation of Different Numbers of Phosphonate Group Containing...inventionjournals
Oil fields were seriously affected by the mineral scale formation, mainly calcium deposition. This paper focused on the synthesis and scale prevention of oilfield scaling, especially carbonates scale and sulfate scale. Scale can cause loss of production due to blockages in the near-well formation, in the tubing or in the surface facilities. Phosphonates are widely accepted as the most effective inhibitors for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, also are widely used in many water treatment applications. Most good scale inhibitors should work at dosage levels between 5 and 25 ppm on most production systems depending on calcium concentration. The treatment rates can be affected by contaminants which take the scale inhibitor out of solution. Six different compounds of phosphonate containing groups have been synthesized and evaluated for scale inhibition property. Evaluation of synthetic phosphonate compounds as scale inhibitors has been done by using NACE Standard TM-0374-2001. From the results clear that one and two phosphonate group containing compounds do not show any characteristic of prevention of scales of either calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate. The compounds which have phosphonate group three or more show characteristics of prevention of both types of scales.
C-terminal Sequencing of Protein : Novel Partial Acid Hydrolysis & Analysis b...Keiji Takamoto
The document describes a novel method for C-terminal sequencing of proteins using partial acid hydrolysis and mass spectrometry analysis. Peptides or proteins are hydrolyzed with vapors of strong organic acids like trifluoroacetic acid or hepta-fluorobutyric acid at high temperatures. This results in successive degradation of the C-terminal residues as seen by mass spectrometry. The degradation is believed to occur via formation of an oxazolone ring at the C-terminal amino acid, followed by removal of the C-terminal residue. Specific cleavages also occur at the peptide bonds preceding aspartic acid and serine residues. This method allows efficient C-terminal sequencing of proteins in small quantities directly from mass
The document discusses granular ferric hydroxide media called FILTERSORB HSR that can remove hydrogen sulfide, arsenic, phosphates, chromium, copper, and selenium from water. It is produced from ferric hydroxide in a granular form and works by binding these contaminants through adsorption and precipitation reactions. The media is suitable for use in various water treatment processes and systems to purify groundwater, surface water, and remove contaminants from drinking water.
This document outlines a proposal for using iron-enhanced sand filters to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Small-scale testing showed that filters with 2% iron by mass removed over 90% of phosphorus. Full-scale filters would be installed in existing sand filters at wastewater treatment plants. Annual operating costs of $21,000 for the iron-enhanced filters are significantly lower than standard lime treatment costs of $127,000. The filters provide effective, low-cost phosphorus removal while generating less sludge waste than chemical precipitation methods.
Sulfuric acid is a colorless, oily and corrosive liquid produced through a reaction between sulfur trioxide and water. It is used to manufacture fertilizers and other chemicals. There are three main processes to produce sulfuric acid - the contact process, lead chamber process and wet sulfuric acid process. The contact process is the most widely used as it produces higher concentrations of sulfuric acid. Strict safety precautions must be followed when handling sulfuric acid due to its highly corrosive nature.
The document describes a patent for a method of preparing hydrofining catalysts. The method involves reacting sodium aluminate, aluminum sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous solution at pH 9-10 to form an alumina-silica precipitate. This precipitate is then dried, heated, and impregnated with an active hydrofining catalyst like cobalt molybdate. Experiments show this catalyst is very effective at hydrofining heating oil fractions, significantly reducing carbon residue and sulfur levels. It performs particularly well by further reducing carbon residue levels when the hydrofined oils are blended with untreated oils.
Urea Dust & Ammonia Emission Control Prill Tower Project at Al BayroniAli Akbar
This document summarizes a presentation given about a project to control urea dust and ammonia emissions from a prilling tower at an urea plant in Saudi Arabia. The project involved installing an air cleaning unit with acid wash scrubbers to absorb urea dust and ammonia from the exit air stream. The absorbed materials were then sent to a crystallization unit to produce ammonium sulfate as the final product. The project successfully reduced urea dust and ammonia emissions below international standards and produced a new fertilizer product. It provided lessons learned for other plants seeking to control emissions from prilling towers.
This document discusses methods for reducing copper levels in distillery effluent discharge to meet tightening regulations. Initial tests found that adjusting pH to 8-8.5 and using aluminum-based coagulants and polymers could remove over 90% of copper. Additional dissolved air flotation and biological treatment could further reduce copper levels. Trials at several distilleries successfully reduced copper discharge by 30-70% using this chemical and physical treatment before existing biological systems. The treatment may help distilleries meet lower discharge limits but future technologies may be needed for further reductions.
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
The Solvay process is the major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate. It involves purifying salt brine, dissolving ammonia in the brine, absorbing carbon dioxide in a reactor tower to form sodium bicarbonate, and heating the bicarbonate to produce sodium carbonate. The key reactions are: 1) NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3, 2) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2. The process recovers and recycles the ammonia.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
1. United States Patent (19)
Berry et al.
54
(75)
(73)
*
21
(22)
(51)
52
58
56)
PURIFICATION OF PHOSPHORICACID
Inventors: William W. Berry, Lakeland;
Hanceford L. Allen, Bartow, both of
Fla.
Assignee: International Minerals & Chemical
Corp., Terre Haute, Ind.
Notice: Theportion ofthe termofthis patent
subsequent toMar. 17, 1998, hasbeen
disclaimed.
Appl. No.: 85,677
Filed: Oct. 17, 1979
Int. Cl.......................... C02F1/56; C01B 25/16;
B03B 1/00; B03D 3/06
U.S. Cl. ................................ 210/666; 423/321 R;
23/293 R; 209/5; 210/726; 252/411 R
Field of Search ........................ 423/321 R, 321 S;
23/293 R; 252/411 R; 209/5; 210/666, 726
References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
T971,006 6/1978 Smith ... ... 423/321
1,981,145 11/1934 Keller .................................... 23/165
2,936,688 5/1960 Williams ....... ... 210/71
2,998,504 6/1961 Mazurek et al. ...................... 210/53
3,099,622 7/1963 Woerther .............................. 210/49
3,160,998 12/1964 Payne ............ ... 252/411 RX
3,186,793 6/1965 Gillis et al. ..................... 423/321 R
3,306,714 2/1967 Goren ................................... 23/321
3,697,233 10/1972 Peck ...... ... 423/308
3,711,591 1/1973 Hurst..................................... 423/0
3,720,626 3/1973 Benzaria et al. ................ 252/412 X
3,773,852 11/1973 Goyette et al. ... ... 252/411 RX
3,907,680 9/1975 Hill ........................................ 210/71
3,993,733 11/1976 Irani.................................... 423/313
3,993,735 1 1/1976 Irani ................................ 423/321 R
11) 4,341,638
(45) "Jul. 27, 1982
3,993,736 1 1/1976 Irani ................................. 423/321 S
4,064,220 12/1977 Alon ................................ 423/321 R
4,087,512 5/1978 Reese et al. ..................... 423/321 R
4,256,710 3/1981 Allen et al. ..................... 423/321 R
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
7605359 8/1978 France ................................ 423/321
1103224 2/1968 United Kingdom ................ 423/32
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Hurst, "Recovering Uranium from Wet Process Phos
phoric Acid" Chemical Engineering, 1-3, 1977 pp.
56-57.
"P2O5-The Production of Green Phosphoric Acid
with Pittsburgh Activated Carbon” Calgon Technical
Bulletin 1968.
Michel-"Laboratory Procedure for the Production of
Green Wet Process P2O5..." CalgonTechnical Paper
1970.
Blumberg"Newer Developments in CleaningWet Pro
cess Phosphoric' (1975).
Primary Examiner-Helen M. McCarthy
Assistant Examiner-Gregory A. Heller
Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Robert H. Dewey
57) ABSTRACT
Phosphoric acid is purified by a process which com
prises treating the crude acid solution with a body feed
agent, powdered carbon and a flocculating agent to
causea majorportion ofthesolubleandinsolubleimpu
rities to be removed in a single operation. In the pre
ferred process, hot wet process phosphoric acid from
the plant filter is first cooled to a temperature of from
about 100 F. to about 130 F. and then treated in the
above-described manner.
6 Claims, No Drawings
2. 4,341,638
PURIFICATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID
The present invention relates to a process for remov
ing impurities from crude phosphoric acid solutions.
More particularly, the present invention relates to a
process for removing humates and inorganic salt form
ing compounds from wet process phosphoric acid.
"Wet Process' phosphoric acid is conventionally
prepared by acidulating phosphate rock (which con
tains calcium phosphate) with sulfuric acid to produce
phosphoricacidand insoluble calcium sulfate (gypsum).
Phosphate rock, such as that mined in Florida and in
many countries ofthe worldsuch as Morocco, contains
many impurities including carbonaceous matter, SiO2
and othermetallic contaminants. During the acidulation
step, some ofthe carbonaceous material is converted to
humic acids and related organic compounds generally
referred to as humates. These humates are generally
responsible for the black color of crude wet process
phosphoric acid. This black acid product is normally
filtered to remove gypsum, silica and other miscella
neous impurities. Filter-grade acid produced at this
stage of the conventional process, however, still con
tains many metallic impurities, traces of unreacted sil
ica, gypsum solids that crystallize after filtration and
suspended humates ofvarious particle sizes.
While filter-grade acid containing these impurities is
not objectionable for fertilizer manufacture, for other
applications filtered acid must be further purified. For
example, wet process phosphoric acid contains signifi
cant amounts of uranium which can be separated for
recoverybysolventextraction.Thepresenceofimpuri
ties, especially the humates, tend to cause the formation
ofstable emulsions with the organic solvents used in the
uranium extraction process. The buildup ofthese emul
sion products in a countercurrent extraction system can
seriously interfere with the extraction of uranium.
Those concerned with the recovery ofuranium from
wet processphosphoric acid have generally recognized
that pretreatment ofblack phosphoric acid to remove
humates is desirable. Among the techniques suggested
for this clean-up step are oxidation, flocculation-clarifi
cation, treatment with activated carbon, and calcina
tion. See Hurst, "Recovering Uranium From Wet Pro
cess Phosphoric Acid,” Chemical Engineering, Jan. 3,
1977, pp. 56-57.
Smith, Defensive Publication No. T971,006 describes
a sedimentation process forpurifying wet processphos
phoric acid in which a finely divided silica orsilicate is
employed as a settling aid. Among the silicates de
scribed in the Smith specification are clay, such as ben
tonite. Smith also describes the use ofpolymeric floccu
lating agents.
For prior art descriptions of activated carbon treat
ments to clarify phosphoric acid solutions, see e.g.,
Gillis, U.S. Pat. No. 3,186,793; Irani, U.S. Pat. No.
3,993,735, and “P2O5-The Production of Green Phos
phoric Acid with Pittsburgh Granular Activated.Car
bon,” Calgon Technical Bulletin (1968).
Reese, U.S. Pat. No. 4,087,512 describes a method for
removingsolid organic material from wet processphos
phoric acid by mixing the acid with an organic hydro
carbon such as kerosene to form an emulsion which
contains the organic impurities. This emulsion layer
then isdrawnoffto leaveapurifiedaqueousacidphase.
Hill, U.S. Pat. No. 3,907,680 describes a process for
purifying crude aqueous phosphoric solutions which
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
2
comprises passing the crude solution through a layer of
specially prepared perlite filter aid. Alon, U.S. Pat. No.
4,064,220 describes a method for removing dissolved
organic matter from an aqueous acidic solution which
comprises adding to the solution an aldehyde or alde
hyde oligomer and a compound copolymerizable with
an aldehyde followed by allowing the polymerization
reaction to occur and separating the resulting polymer.
For other methods of clarifying phosphoric acid solu
tions, see Koren, U.S. Pat. No. 3,306,714; Williams, U.S.
Pat. No. 2,936,888; Mazurek, U.S. Pat. No. 2,988,504
and Woerther, U.S. Pat. No. 3,099,622.
As demonstrated by the foregoing, the art describes
numerous attempts to solve the problem ofcrude phos
phoric acid clarification. In view ofthecontinued dwin
dling supply of conventional energy sources, any pro
cess which would materially enhance the development
ofalternative energy sources such as uranium would be
a most welcome advance.
It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to
provide a process for the purification of phosphoric
acid and in particularfor thepurification ofwet process
phosphoric acid useful in uranium solvent extraction
processes which avoids the problems of the prior art.
More specifically, it is an object ofthe present inven
tion to provide a process for the efficient and economic
removal ofimpurities from crudephosphoric acid solu
tions.
In accordance with these and other objectives the
present invention provides a process for purifyingphos
phoric acid comprisingthesteps of: (a) mixing said acid
with a body feed agent to cause floccules of suspended
impurities to form; (b) adding powdered carbon to the
mixture of step (a) in an amount sufficient to absorb
remaining impurities in the acid; (c) adding a flocculat
ing agent to the mixture ofstep (b) in an amount suffi
cient to cause said floccules to settle; and (d) separating
the supernatant acid solution from the settled sludge.
While the purification process of the present inven
tion is broadly applicable to removal of organic and
inorganic impurities from phosphoric acid solutions of
any source, it is particularly well suited to the removal
of impurities found in filter grade wet process phos
phoricacidproduced asdescribedabove.The invention
will, therefore, be described with reference to purifica
tion of wet process phosphoric acid.
The process ofthe present invention finds particular
utility in smaller phosphoric acid facilities. In large
phosphoric acid facilities purification economics favor
the use of granular carbon absorbents. A process em
ploying such granular absorbents is described in com
monly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 22,083 entitled
“Purification of Phosphoric Acid', filed Mar. 19, 1979
in the names ofAllen and Berry. The process described
in that application results in extended carbon life and
facilitates more efficient regeneration in accordance
with the regeneration process described in commonly
assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 22,082 entitled "Re
generation ofActivated Carbon' filed on Mar. 19, 1979
in the names of Allen, Berry and Leibfried. Even with
the extended carbon life attainable under the aforemen
tioned processes, however, the granular carbon absor
bents eventually become spent. The present invention is
based in part on the discovery that ground spent granu
lar carbon provides an effective and economically at
tractive source ofpowdered carbon for the purification
of phosphoric acid-especially in smaller phosphoric
acid facilities.
3. 4,341,638
3
In the first step of one embodiment of the process of
thepresentinvention, wetprocessphosphoric acidfrom
the gypsum filter (at a temperature ofabout 140-150
F.) is subjected to a cooling step. In general, cooling to
a temperature in the range of from about 100 F. to
about 130 F. is suitable. The lower limit ofthe cooling
temperature range is dictated primarily by economic
considerations. It has been found that cooling filter
grade phosphoric acid much below 100 F. requires
considerable additional equipment, resulting in addi
tional capital cost. Cooling to a temperature in the
range ofabout 115-125 F. ispreferred. Mostpreferred
is cooling to about 120 F. The cooling preferably
should take place over a relatively short period oftime.
The acid cooling step may be accomplished in suitable
equipment ofany conventional design. In practice, spi
ral coolers ofthe type normallyused in phosphoric acid
processing are well suited to this application and effect
very rapid cooling.
As would be expected, the cooling ofthe crude acid
reduces the supersaturation ofthe solution with respect
to inorganic solidssuch as gypsum and the like. Despite
this fact it is known in the art that cooling makes phos
phoric acid more viscous and therefore reduces the rate
of settling of precipitated solids. See, Woerther, U.S.
Pat. No. 3,099,622. For this reason the prior art teaches
away from employing cooling in conjunction with a
settling process. The prior art practice of cooling the
phosphoric acid prior to solvent extraction is directed
to improving extraction coefficients and does not pro
vide any teaching with respect to the advantages
achieved by the combined purification process of the
present invention.
In the case ofimpure phosphoric acid solutions from
sources other than the hotplant filter stream, it may not
be necessary to cool the acid as the first step of this
process.
The next step ofthe process ofthe present invention
comprises mixing the cooled crude acid solution with a
body feed material. The purpose of this additive is to
build up floccules ofthe suspended insoluble impurities,
e.g., insoluble humates, and, if possible, to absorb a
portion of the soluble humates. Among the suitable
body feed materials are clays and similar substances as
described in Smith, Defense Publication No. T971,006
and in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 972,842 filed
Dec. 26, 1978 (commonly assigned with the present
application). Most preferred as a body feed material in
the purification ofwet process phosphoric acid are the
bentonite clays, especially activated bentonite of the
type found in Mississippi. The activated clay body feed
is preferably added at a particle size ofabout 200 mesh
although larger and smaller particle sizes will be gener
ally equally effective. In general, the clay body feed
material canbeadded to thephosphoric acidsolution in
an amount offrom about 0.05% to 1% by weight ofthe
solution. In actual practice, amounts of about 0.3% to
0.35% have proven most preferred.
In the next step of the perferred process a powdered
carbon absorbent is added to the clay body feed-con
taining mixture, after the clay has been completely
mixed with the acid. The addition ofpowdered carbon
serves to absorb remaining soluble humates and other
impurities in the acid. Surprisingly the powdered car
bon, which hasa strongeraffinity than clay for some of
these impurities does not cause any impurities desorp
tion from the clay floccules. Powdered carbon useful in
this process can come from any suitable source. Virgin
O
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
4
activated carbon powder is suitable but the preferred
absorbent is obtained by grinding spent granular car
bon. Spent carbon granules from an absorption column
used in the purification of phosphoric acid are a very
convenient, economical, and therefore, preferred
source ofraw materials for the carbon grindingprocess.
Spent carbon granules can be ground in any conven
tional size reduction apparatus, such as a ball mill or
roller mill. Particles ranging in up to about -60 mesh
may be employed. It is preferred to grind the granules
to about -100 mesh. In general particle sizes less than
about 200 mesh are not preferred.
Powdered carbon addition should be in an amount
effective to absorb sufficient remaining impuritiesin the
mixture to give the desired final acid color. Thisamount
will ofcoursevary with thenature and content ofimpu
rities in the feed acid and the final acid color desired. In
practice when used in conjunction with a clay body
feed, amounts ofpowdered carbon in the rangeofabout
5 to 20 lbs per ton of P2O5 have proven suitable. The
sequential mixing ofcooled phosphoric acid, body feed
and powdered carbon should be effected by vigorous
agitation, e.g., in a stirred reactor. Retention time in the
body feed addition stage should begenerally fromabout
5 to 10 minutes or less. A retention time of from about
10 to 15 minutes is generally sufficient for the carbon
addition stage. Extended agitation can result in mechan
ical attrition ofthe flocculesbuilt up in the system. The
combination ofa body fed additive and powdered car
bonservesto remove a substantial portion ofthesoluble
and insoluble inorganic and humate impurities present
in crude acid solution.
After a suitable retention time in the stirred reactors,
phosphoric acid solution containing clay andpowdered
carbon is mixed with a flocculating agent to promote
sedimentation ofthe suspended solids. The flocculating
agent should be chosen so as to be compatible with the
body feed additive employed. Observation of the sur
face charge properties (i.e., zeta potentials) ofthe con
ponents and selection of compatible mixtures is well
known in the art and does not constitute part of this
invention. See, for example, Smith Defensive Publica
tion No. T971,006. Among the suitable flocculating
agents for thepracticeofthepresent invention are vari
ous commercially available polyelectrolytes. One such
flocculating agent is Nalco 7873 produced by Nalco
Chemical Company.
Flocculating agent is generally added in a clarifying
amount, i.e., an amount sufficient to produce rapid set
tling over a reasonable period of time. In general,
amountsfrom about 5 toabout 15 ppm basedontheacid
solution are effective. Typically, amounts of about 10
ppm are suitable when employing the flocculating
agents described above.
In operation, the flocculating agent is added to the
acid solution containing body feed and carbon and agi
tated gently for about 1 to about 2 minutes. After a
suitable mixing time the suspension is allowed to settle.
In practice, thesettling is achieved by continuous over
flow to a clarifier in which typical area flow rates are
between about 0.03 and 0.07 gallons per minute per
square foot. Flow rates through the clarifier, will, of
course, vary with the particular design of the equip
ment. The clarified acid may be subjected to a polish
filtration step if desired to ensure complete carbon re
moval. The sludge from the clarifiercan besent back to
the phosphoric plant filter or to an underflow filter
specifically designedforthisapplication. This mixtureis
4. 4,341,638
5
more easily processed through conventional filtering
equipment than regular phosphoric acid sludge.
The present invention also relates to the use ofpow
dered carbon obtained by grinding spent granular car
bon absorbents as an agent for purifying phosphoric
acid. In addition to the use of this material described
above (i.e., in conjunction with a body feed), applicants
have surprisingly discovered that thisspecial powdered
carbon is generally useful in phosphoric acid purifica
tion. In this more general process powdered carbon of 10
the type described above is contacted in any suitable
mixing vessel with a crude phosphoric acid solution.
Amounts ofup to about 20 to 25 lbs or more of carbon
perton ofP2O5may be employed depending on the feed
acid and desired acid color. After a suitable contact
period, e.g., up to about 10 to 30 minutes, the carbon is
then separated from the clarified acid by any known
means such as filtration.
The following specific example is intended to illus
trate more fully the nature of the present invention
without acting as a limitation on its scope.
EXAMPLE
Brown phosphoric acid from a conventional wet
process phosphoricacid plant containingapproximately
27.9% P2O5and 0.129grams perliterofU, ata tempera
ture ofabout 140 F., was introduced to a purification
unit at the rate ofabout 5 gallons per minute. The acid
was cooled in a heat exchanger to 119 F. A bentonite
clay was added to the cooled acid in a stirred-tank
mixer at the rate of about 0.3% by weight of the acid.
This mixture overflowed to a second mixing vessel
whereabout 10 lbs ofpowdered carbon perton of P2O5
wasadded. Fresh lignitebased carbon, essentially -200
mesh, was used for this test, though other types e.g.,
bituminous, etc. are acceptable. Flocculant, specifically
Nalco 7873, wasaddedat the rate ofabout 10to 15 ppm
by weight in a flocculation tank. This material was
overflowed from the flocculation tank to a clarifier
where the solids were permitted to settle. In this clarifi
cation step a major portion ofthe suspended solids and
acid color were removed. In this example the solids in
the feed acid were 2% by volume and the acid was a
dark brown color. The clarified acid contained less than
0.12 solids by volume and over 70% ofthe color bodies
had been removed, as measured on a spectrophotome
ter.
15
20
25
30
35
45
50
55
60
65
6
While certain specific embodiments of the invention
have been described with particularity herein, it will be
recognized that various modifications thereof will
occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of
the invention is to be limited solely by the scope ofthe
appended claims.
We claim:
1. A process for purifying phosphoric acid compris
ing the steps of:
(a) cooling the phosphoric acid;
(b) mixing said phosphoric acid with a body feed
agent to cause floccules ofsuspended impurities to
form;
(c)addingpowdered carbontothemixture ofstep (b)
in an amountsufficient to absorb remaining impuri
ties in the acid;
(d) adding a flocculating agent to the mixture ofstep
(c) in an amount sufficient to cause said floccules to
settle; and
(e) separating the supernatant acid solution from the
settled sludge.
2. A process for purifying filter-grade wet process
phosphoric acid comprising the steps of:
(a) cooling said phosphoric acid to a temperature of
from about 100" F. to about 130 F.;
(b) mixingthecooledacid ofstep(a)with abodyfeed
agent to cause floccules ofsuspended impurities to
form;
(c) addingpowdered carbon to themixtureofstep (b)
inan amountsufficienttoabsorb remaining impuri
ties in the acid;
(d) adding a flocculating agent to the mixture ofstep
(c) in an amount sufficient to cause said floccules to
settle; and
(e) separating the supernatant acid solution from the
settled sludge.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein said filter-grade
acid is cooled to a temperature in the range of from
about 115 F. to 125 F.
4. The processofclaim 1 or2whereinsaidbody feed
agent comprises an activated clay.
5. The process ofclaim 4 wherein said clay is a ben
tonite.
6. The process of claims 1 or 2 wherein said pow
dered carbon is obtained by grinding spent granular
carbon.
ck k xk sk s
5. UNITED STATESPATENT ANDTRADEMARKOFFICE
CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
PATENT NO. : 4,341,638
DATED : July 27, 1982
INVENTOR(S) : William W. Berry and Hanceford L. Allen
It is Certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent
are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 4, line 29, "fed" should read -- feed --
eigned and sealed this
Fourteenth Oay of December 1982
SEAL
Attest:
GERALD . MOSSINGHOFF
Attesting Officer CommissionerofPatentsandTrademarks