Urban Tree Selection in a Changing Climate
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The document discusses strategies for selecting urban tree species that are resilient to climate change, including adaptation, migration, and acclimation. It summarizes a study by Michigan State University on physiological acclimation responses of tree species to increased temperatures. Various tree cultivars are presented that have demonstrated heat and drought tolerance as well as ability to acclimatize to changing conditions. The importance of diversity in urban forests is stressed to increase resilience against climate change impacts and extreme weather events. Fact sheets on featured tree species are provided with details on characteristics and proven performance.
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Urban Tree Selection in a Changing Climate
- 1. Urban Tree Selection In a Changing Climate Partners in Community Forestry November 17, 2015 | Denver, CO
- 2. Greetings from Michigan Dr. Bert Cregg, PhD, Michigan State University, Dept. of Horticulture and Dept. of Forestry
- 3. Greetings from Oregon Nancy Buley, Communications Director
- 4. Projected global temperatures: Best-case and worst-case scenarios IPCC 2014
- 5. Climate change projections for central United States Hayhoe et al., 2010
- 7. Urban trees - Canary in the coalmine? austintexas.gov
- 9. Organisms have three principal means of responding to changes in their environment. Adaptation Migration Acclimation
- 11. BC Forest Service Migration Adaptation Trial
- 12. Physiological acclimation Ghannoum and Way, 2011
- 13. MSU Shade Tree Acclimation Study
- 14. Street tree cultivars Redpointe® Maple (Acer rubrum ‘Frank Jr.’) •Acer saccharum ‘Green Mountain’ •Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ •Gleditsia triacanthos ‘Skycole’ •Pyrus calleryana ‘Glen’s form’ •Quercus bicolor
- 15. MSU Shade Tree Acclimation Study
- 16. Temperature acclimation •Three temperature regimes • Ambient (based on average day/night temps for local area) • Ambient + 5oC • Ambient +10oC • June - October • Natural photoperiod
- 17. Physiological/morphological acclimation •Net photosynthesis •Dark respiration •Leaf thickness •Stomatal density biology.duke.edu
- 18. MSU Shade Tree Acclimation Study
- 22. Acclimation responses to increased temperature •Quercus bicolor • Increased optimum temperature for photosynthesis •Acer rubrum and Gleditsia triacanthos • Increased stomatal density •Pyrus calleryana and Quercus bicolor • Decreased leaf thickness
- 23. Out-planting during the spring of 2013 Our non-profit tree planting partners
- 24. Tying it all together Trees in urban and community forests will be subject to combined effects of climate change and urban heat islands.
- 25. Great trees for Kansas City Great trees for Michigan’s future?
- 26. Espresso™ Kentucky Coffee Tree Pacific Sunset® Maple Bur Oak Kansas tough – climate resilient
- 27. It’s not that simple. Selecting trees simply on projected warming may leave urban forests at risk to extreme events.
- 28. Tying it all together Identifying genotypes that are broadly adaptable will be key to increasing the resilience of urban forests.
- 29. Tying it all together Diversity remains the most viable risk management tool.
- 30. Trees for a Changing Climate
- 31. 31 43 We face a hotter, drier future
- 32. Futurescape “Increased heat and sustained drought will stress water sources and redefine urban landscapes.” Dr. Greg McPherson Fall, 2014, Western Arborist Of 7 species, only Chinkapin & Texas Red Oaks suffered no mortality
- 33. Evaluating climate ready trees for Central Valley cities of California 20 year trial Four sites 96 trees 12 species ---- Osage Orange Emerald Sunshine® Elm
- 34. Maclura pomifera ‘White Shield’ White Shield Osage Orange Zone: 5 Height: 35' Spread: 35' Shape: Upright spreading, rounded Foliage: Glossy dark green Fall Color: Yellow Fruit: Fruitless Thorns: Thornless Origin: Western Oklahoma
- 35. Ulmus propinqua ‘JFS-Bieberich’ Emerald Sunshine® Elm Zone: 5 Height: 35' Spread: 25' Shape: Vase shaped Foliage: Deep green Fall Color: Yellow Heat and drought tolerant, resists Japanese beetle feeding Selected in Western Oklahoma
- 36. “Not only to obtain variety but also to offset the wholesale spread of tree diseases, it is important that as many good shade-trees as possible should be planted in a city.” . . . William Solotoroff, 1911 Diversity
- 37. What to plant? Identify trees currently proven in your locale. Proven urban performers in warmer climates. Broadly adaptable species QuercusTaxodium Nyssa
- 38. Adaptable Elms American native and hybrid elms Triumph Jefferson Accolade
- 39. 20082011 National Elm Trial •Tests regional suitability of DED-resistant trees •16 cultivars /15 states / 10 years
- 40. Information at your fingertips Downloadable fact sheets www.jfschmidt.com/pdfs
- 41. Information at your fingertips http://jfss.co/PCF15 Names of featured trees link to fact sheets and photos
- 42. Quercus bicolor ‘JFS-KW12’ PP 23632 American Dream® Oak Zone: 4 Height: 50' Spread: 40' Shape: Broadly pyramidal Foliage: Bright green, glossy Fall Color: Yellow
- 43. Quercus macrocarpa ‘JFS-KW3’ Urban Pinnacle® Oak Zone: 3 Height: 55' Spread: 25' Shape: Narrow, pyramidal to oval Foliage: Dark green, glossy Fall Color: Yellow Fruit: Small acorn Count on cultivars for predictable performance in urban settings
- 44. Quercus robur x Q. alba ‘Crimschmidt’ Crimson Spire® Oak Zone: 4 Height: 45' Spread: 15' Shape: Columnar, tightly fastigiate Foliage: Dark green to bluish-green Fall Color: Rusty red Resistant to powdery mildew
- 45. New Mexico Fond du Lac, WI Boulder, CO Oklahoma City Crimson Spire™ Oak
- 46. Platanus x acerifolia ‘Morton Circle’ Exclamation!® Planetree Zone: 5 Height: 55' Spread: 35' Shape: Upright pyramidal Foliage: Medium green Fall Color: Yellow Vigorous and urban tolerant, anthracnose and powdery mildew resistant Top performer in Morton Arboretum and Chicago Botanic Garden trials
- 47. Taxodium distichum ‘Mickelson’ Shawnee Brave® Bald Cypress Zone: 5 Height: 55' Spread: 20' Shape: Narrowly pyramidal Foliage: Green, deciduous needles Fall Color: Rusty orange Widely adaptable to urban conditions and range of climate zones
- 48. Acer rubrum ‘Frank Jr.’ Redpointe® Maple Zone: 5 Height: 45' Spread: 30' Shape: Broadly pyramidal Foliage: Dark green Fall Color: Bright red Dominant central leader, symmetrical growth habit, easy care. Alkaline tolerant, widely adaptable
- 49. Acer saccharum ‘JFS-Caddo2’ Flashfire® Maple Zone: 5 Height: 45' Spread: 40' Shape: Broadly oval Foliage: Dark green Fall Color: Bright red Heat and drought tolerant Western Oklahoma provenance
- 50. Acer truncatum x A. platanoides ‘JFS-KW202’ Crimson Sunset® Maple Zone: 4 Height: 35' Spread: 25' Shape: Upright oval Foliage: Deep purple Fall Color: Maroon to reddish bronze Heat resistant foliage, vigorous and drought tolerant
- 51. Prunus sargentii ‘JFS-KW58’ Pink Flair® Cherry Zone: 3b Height: 25' Spread: 15' Shape: Upright narrow vase Foliage: Dark green, highly disease resistant Fall Color: Orange-red Flower: Single pink, in clusters “has not suffered any winter injury to date in our Absaraka site in Zone 3.” Dr. Dale Herman, North Dakota State University
- 52. Pink Flair® Cherry Spartanburg, South Carolina Oregon
- 53. Nyssa sylvatica ‘David Odom’ Afterburner® Tupelo Zone: 5 Height: 35' Spread: 20' Shape: Upright pyramidal/oval Foliage: Bright green, glossy Fall Color: Bright red, late and long lasting Fruit: Blue black, 3/8”, attracts wildlife Resistant to leaf spot
- 54. Thank you!
Editor's Notes
- Based in global climate models, the climate in the midwestern US is projected to get warmer and drier. Under the worst-case scenario, by 2080 the climate in Michigan will be similar to present-day Oklahoma (Note: there are similar maps for other states if we want to present other examples)
- In urban areas, changes in global climate will be superimposed over existing micro-climate effects such as urban heat islands.
- As a result of the combined effects of climate change and urban heat islands, urban trees are ‘living on the edge’ and may become the canary in the coalmine for climate change.
- As a result of the combined effects of climate change and urban heat islands, urban trees are ‘living on the edge’ and may become the canary in the coalmine for climate change.
- A bit of review: Ecologists tell us that organisms have three possible responses to a change in their environment; adaptation, migration, and acclimation. Adaptation is an evolutionary process – but climates are projected to change faster than trees can evolve so this is not going to help.
- In terms of migration, trees are sessile organisms – they can’t migrate like animals – but people can move them. The deliberate movement of plants in anticipation of climate change is referred to as assisted migration or assisted colonization. One of the concerns with assisted colonization is the introductions of invasives. Scenario A (moving spp northward within its continuous range) or scenario B (moving spp north within is disjunct range) are considered low risk. Scenario C (a new introduction) may pose more risk for invasivenss.
- In British Columbia, foresters that manage trees on 100 year rotations have initiated trials to understand the potential impacts of assisted migration on forest trees.
- Another possible tree response to rising temperatures is acclimation. From physiological studies we know that certain plants are better able to adjust their metabolism (photosynthetic rates, respiration rate) and morphology (leaf thickness, stomatal density) in response to changing environment.
- 5-6’ whips were planted in #10 containers
- Trees included an array of trees commonly used for street trees
- In order to better understand the ability of urban trees to acclimate to increased temperatures we have initiated a program of research to investigate the physiological and morphological responses of street tree cultivars under warming conditions.
- East section of the greenhouse was set to one of three temperatures.
- Morton Arboretum Study – Andrew Bell – Plane Tree is among the trees considered to be resilient and will be a good tree for Chicagoland area for the long haul.