Crang, Michael, Tracie Crosbie, and Stephen Graham. "Technology, timespace an...Stephen Graham
Much theoretical commentary over the last decade addressed the likely impacts of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on urban life works by opposing `virtual' spaces and mediated activities to `real' places. Drawing on recent theorising in media studies about `remediation', this paper attempts to move beyond a reliance on such unhelpful real^virtual conceptual binaries. The paper uses such conceptual discussions to consider more fully the multiple, subtle, and interdependent spatiotemporalities which together work to constitute ICT-based urban change. While innovative work has traced the emergence of various online spaces and communities, our interest here is on the intersection of online and offline practices. Through a case study of two contrasting neighbourhoods in Newcastle upon Tyne, the paper explores in detail how social relations and grocery shopping are being affected by ICT use. It suggests that the remediation of everyday urban life through ICTs involves subtle shifts in the spatial, temporal, scalar, and material processes which together help to constitute urban change, and which are all too often overlooked in conventional and binary approaches opposing the `virtual' realm of new technologies to `real' urban places.
2009 The culture and economics of urban public space design public and profes...Lee Pugalis
Urban public space is once again a ‘hot’ topic and figures strongly in place quality discourse. City spaces are being recycled, reinterpreted and reinvented in a drive for a competitive quality of place. This paper illustrates the changing face of contemporary UK public space through a qualitative analysis of the perceptions held by public and professional-bureaucratic actors. Drawing on empirical case study research of five recent enhancement schemes at prominent nodes throughout the North East of England, the research explores the culture and economics of urban public space design. Some tentative observations are expressed in terms of the links between cultural activity and economic vitality, and some reflections on policy and practice are put forward.
Key words: urban public space, cultural vitality, economic activity, place quality
Pugalis, L. (2009) 'The culture and economics of urban public space design: public and professional perceptions', Urban Design International, 14 (4), pp. 215-230.
Crang, Michael, Tracie Crosbie, and Stephen Graham. "Technology, timespace an...Stephen Graham
Much theoretical commentary over the last decade addressed the likely impacts of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on urban life works by opposing `virtual' spaces and mediated activities to `real' places. Drawing on recent theorising in media studies about `remediation', this paper attempts to move beyond a reliance on such unhelpful real^virtual conceptual binaries. The paper uses such conceptual discussions to consider more fully the multiple, subtle, and interdependent spatiotemporalities which together work to constitute ICT-based urban change. While innovative work has traced the emergence of various online spaces and communities, our interest here is on the intersection of online and offline practices. Through a case study of two contrasting neighbourhoods in Newcastle upon Tyne, the paper explores in detail how social relations and grocery shopping are being affected by ICT use. It suggests that the remediation of everyday urban life through ICTs involves subtle shifts in the spatial, temporal, scalar, and material processes which together help to constitute urban change, and which are all too often overlooked in conventional and binary approaches opposing the `virtual' realm of new technologies to `real' urban places.
2009 The culture and economics of urban public space design public and profes...Lee Pugalis
Urban public space is once again a ‘hot’ topic and figures strongly in place quality discourse. City spaces are being recycled, reinterpreted and reinvented in a drive for a competitive quality of place. This paper illustrates the changing face of contemporary UK public space through a qualitative analysis of the perceptions held by public and professional-bureaucratic actors. Drawing on empirical case study research of five recent enhancement schemes at prominent nodes throughout the North East of England, the research explores the culture and economics of urban public space design. Some tentative observations are expressed in terms of the links between cultural activity and economic vitality, and some reflections on policy and practice are put forward.
Key words: urban public space, cultural vitality, economic activity, place quality
Pugalis, L. (2009) 'The culture and economics of urban public space design: public and professional perceptions', Urban Design International, 14 (4), pp. 215-230.
Transportation Technology for the 21st CenturyIBM Government
Learn about an innovative approach to improving transportation technology by marrying information with global air, rail, road, and water transportation networks. The result is true globalization, and the first step is streamlining transportation logistics.
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...inventionjournals
The establishment of any urban centres is always characterised by either commercial, industrial or administrative activities. Rongo Town is one of the towns that has attracted a large population and this has led to inadequate houses for the residents and general stress in the provision of social amenities. The general objective of the study was to analyse the socio-economic impacts of Rongo urban sprawl. The specific objective of the study was to assess the spaces between the developed and undeveloped area of Rongo Town. This was important because it projected the causes of inadequate housing units in Rongo Town. Concentric Urban Theory was used to guide the study. Cross sectional design method was used in the study. Quantitative and qualitative design methods were used to give the study a structure. The target population was 27,759. From this 6,095 households were used as respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, observation checklist, photographs and sketches. Secondary data involved written articles by experts in urban growth and information in government offices and non-governmental organisations. This data was analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences which yielded descriptive and inferential statistics. This data was also analysed by content analysis through description. The spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas were found to be so large. The study recommended the construction of high density houses by filling in the spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas in Rongo Town with houses and other necessary infrastructures
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple re-gression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the de-sign of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Au if193 Transit Oriented Development sydney , australia corinCorin Tan
Trueventus Transit Oriented Development event acts as a strategic think-tank, idea explosion, discussion and network platform with the objective of helping to shape Australian TOD in creating sustainable modern cities that promotes walkable
urban neighborhood with convenient access to mass transit. Government officials, policy makers, local councils, urban planners, developers, investor and community representatives are gathering to address the importance of TOD and to identify the underlying ingredients for successful TOD projects with effective government and private partnership.
For registration/inquiry, please contact:
Corin Tan
Project Manager - Marketing
Tel: +603-2775 0000 (ext 510)
Email: corint@trueventus.com
Brownfield land redevelopment strategies in urban areas: Criteria contributin...IEREK Press
Urban intensification seems to be a growing trend, especially in the context of severe land scarcity. Brownfields
offer great potential in meeting the increasing demand for housing in major cities worldwide. Redevelopment
projects appear to provide immediate solutions to housing shortages that are being experienced due to population
pressures in large metropolitan areas. The paper explores the range of factors that property developers need to
consider in their decision-making process when assessing the viability of brownfield redevelopments. This research,
which employed a comparative case study approach, and examined two brownfield redevelopments in Auckland,
focused on the economic, social, and environmental criteria that were utilised in the decision-making process.
Document analysis of the two case studies, site observations, and semi-structured interviews with the property
developers were the main data collection methods. The results suggested that the economic aspects of a brownfield
redevelopment are the most important criteria that developers consider during the feasibility assessment of proposed
projects. Projects that offer the potential for quick investment returns for all stakeholders are the preferred choice
for developers. Brownfield redevelopments offer significant potential for invigorating local areas through urban
intensification which boosts local businesses and encourages community revitalisation. The environmental concerns
appear to be the lowest priority and little consideration is given to reducing the environmental impacts or
incorporating green building practices in the new developments. A major shift from a purely economic focus
toward a comprehensive environmental approach to new developments is needed to ensure the sustainable
development of cities.
A B S T R A C T
This paper reports on a detailed analysis of the metabolism of the Island City of Mumbai should the Indian Government’s proposal for ‘smart’ cities be implemented. It focuses on the environmental impact of increased population density achieved by demolishing existing medium-rise (3-5 storey) housing and replacing it with the proposed high-rise (40-60 storey) towers. The resulting increase in density places a burden on the demand on such things as electricity and water and simultaneously increases the output flows of drainage, solid waste and greenhouse gas production.
An extended urban metabolism analysis is carried out on a proposed development in Mumbai (Bhendi Bazaar) that has been put forward as an exemplar case study by the Government. The flows of energy, water and wastes are calculated based on precedents and from first principles. The results of the case study are then extrapolated across the City in order to identify the magnitude of increased demands and wastes should the ‘smart’ city proposals be fully realised.
Mumbai is the densest city in the world. It already suffers from repeated blackouts, water rationing and inadequate waste and sewage treatment. The results of the study indicate, on a per capita basis, increasing density will have a significant further detrimental effect on the environment.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(2), 1-10. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2017.3648
Despite the rise to prominence of sustainable planning, the state of urgency and the pressure imposed by the extreme competition between metropolitan territories reduces sustainability to a market-oriented doctrine for deregulated urban development. The aim of this article is an exploration of the current Athenian urban crisis, by centring on sustainable urban development plans, territorial planning institutions, and urban policies. To this end, the phenomenon of urban crisis is explained as a derivative of the failure of sustainability reforms. By establishing a link between the institutional framework governing urban development and the success or failure of sustainability reforms, this article seeks to contribute to the discussion around the attainability, scope and impact of sustainable urban development plans. Through the hypothesis that as long as territorial planning is used as means towards speculative urban development, it will only be equivalent to that of a real estate facilitating mechanism, it is argued that the urban development model of Athens, as well as the role that institutions have in its shaping, is incompatible with any notion of sustainability. The main contribution of this article is to potentially help towards developing a critical reflection on how projects, plans, territories and sustainability should be approached.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 71-78.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-7
Transportation Technology for the 21st CenturyIBM Government
Learn about an innovative approach to improving transportation technology by marrying information with global air, rail, road, and water transportation networks. The result is true globalization, and the first step is streamlining transportation logistics.
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...inventionjournals
The establishment of any urban centres is always characterised by either commercial, industrial or administrative activities. Rongo Town is one of the towns that has attracted a large population and this has led to inadequate houses for the residents and general stress in the provision of social amenities. The general objective of the study was to analyse the socio-economic impacts of Rongo urban sprawl. The specific objective of the study was to assess the spaces between the developed and undeveloped area of Rongo Town. This was important because it projected the causes of inadequate housing units in Rongo Town. Concentric Urban Theory was used to guide the study. Cross sectional design method was used in the study. Quantitative and qualitative design methods were used to give the study a structure. The target population was 27,759. From this 6,095 households were used as respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, observation checklist, photographs and sketches. Secondary data involved written articles by experts in urban growth and information in government offices and non-governmental organisations. This data was analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences which yielded descriptive and inferential statistics. This data was also analysed by content analysis through description. The spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas were found to be so large. The study recommended the construction of high density houses by filling in the spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas in Rongo Town with houses and other necessary infrastructures
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple re-gression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the de-sign of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Au if193 Transit Oriented Development sydney , australia corinCorin Tan
Trueventus Transit Oriented Development event acts as a strategic think-tank, idea explosion, discussion and network platform with the objective of helping to shape Australian TOD in creating sustainable modern cities that promotes walkable
urban neighborhood with convenient access to mass transit. Government officials, policy makers, local councils, urban planners, developers, investor and community representatives are gathering to address the importance of TOD and to identify the underlying ingredients for successful TOD projects with effective government and private partnership.
For registration/inquiry, please contact:
Corin Tan
Project Manager - Marketing
Tel: +603-2775 0000 (ext 510)
Email: corint@trueventus.com
Brownfield land redevelopment strategies in urban areas: Criteria contributin...IEREK Press
Urban intensification seems to be a growing trend, especially in the context of severe land scarcity. Brownfields
offer great potential in meeting the increasing demand for housing in major cities worldwide. Redevelopment
projects appear to provide immediate solutions to housing shortages that are being experienced due to population
pressures in large metropolitan areas. The paper explores the range of factors that property developers need to
consider in their decision-making process when assessing the viability of brownfield redevelopments. This research,
which employed a comparative case study approach, and examined two brownfield redevelopments in Auckland,
focused on the economic, social, and environmental criteria that were utilised in the decision-making process.
Document analysis of the two case studies, site observations, and semi-structured interviews with the property
developers were the main data collection methods. The results suggested that the economic aspects of a brownfield
redevelopment are the most important criteria that developers consider during the feasibility assessment of proposed
projects. Projects that offer the potential for quick investment returns for all stakeholders are the preferred choice
for developers. Brownfield redevelopments offer significant potential for invigorating local areas through urban
intensification which boosts local businesses and encourages community revitalisation. The environmental concerns
appear to be the lowest priority and little consideration is given to reducing the environmental impacts or
incorporating green building practices in the new developments. A major shift from a purely economic focus
toward a comprehensive environmental approach to new developments is needed to ensure the sustainable
development of cities.
A B S T R A C T
This paper reports on a detailed analysis of the metabolism of the Island City of Mumbai should the Indian Government’s proposal for ‘smart’ cities be implemented. It focuses on the environmental impact of increased population density achieved by demolishing existing medium-rise (3-5 storey) housing and replacing it with the proposed high-rise (40-60 storey) towers. The resulting increase in density places a burden on the demand on such things as electricity and water and simultaneously increases the output flows of drainage, solid waste and greenhouse gas production.
An extended urban metabolism analysis is carried out on a proposed development in Mumbai (Bhendi Bazaar) that has been put forward as an exemplar case study by the Government. The flows of energy, water and wastes are calculated based on precedents and from first principles. The results of the case study are then extrapolated across the City in order to identify the magnitude of increased demands and wastes should the ‘smart’ city proposals be fully realised.
Mumbai is the densest city in the world. It already suffers from repeated blackouts, water rationing and inadequate waste and sewage treatment. The results of the study indicate, on a per capita basis, increasing density will have a significant further detrimental effect on the environment.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(2), 1-10. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2017.3648
Despite the rise to prominence of sustainable planning, the state of urgency and the pressure imposed by the extreme competition between metropolitan territories reduces sustainability to a market-oriented doctrine for deregulated urban development. The aim of this article is an exploration of the current Athenian urban crisis, by centring on sustainable urban development plans, territorial planning institutions, and urban policies. To this end, the phenomenon of urban crisis is explained as a derivative of the failure of sustainability reforms. By establishing a link between the institutional framework governing urban development and the success or failure of sustainability reforms, this article seeks to contribute to the discussion around the attainability, scope and impact of sustainable urban development plans. Through the hypothesis that as long as territorial planning is used as means towards speculative urban development, it will only be equivalent to that of a real estate facilitating mechanism, it is argued that the urban development model of Athens, as well as the role that institutions have in its shaping, is incompatible with any notion of sustainability. The main contribution of this article is to potentially help towards developing a critical reflection on how projects, plans, territories and sustainability should be approached.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 71-78.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-7
AN IN-DEPTH LOOK INTO HOW BUILDING PRACTICES IN URBAN CITIES HINDER LOW-COST ...DamilareOG
It is widely agreed that the concept of housing is very important to everyone’s quality of life and health with considerable significance in economic, social, cultural and personal sections of life. Despite the seeming progress that has been achieved in urban cities of developing countries on building practices, provision of affordable housing is still a challenge.
This paper is aimed at deeply analysing these practices, like land-use policies, land-use regulations, high cost of land registration and titling, bureaucratic and drawn-out approval processes, architectural design styles and clients’ tastes, construction methods and seeing how they are barriers to the provision of low-cost housing in urban cities with Nigeria as a study area.
But to adequately address the hindrances these building practices pose in our urban cities, the study recommended the need for periodical reviews of various Nigerian Housing policies, creation of generally accessible and well-managed mortgaging and house financing schemes, call for accountability and integrity on the part of quantity surveyors and contractors, encouraging the use of locally found construction materials and funding research of finding cheaper alternative methods of construction and ultimately the need for architects to concentrate on cost-efficient and functional designs.
The most important medium term challenge in the region is how to manage the growth of cities without compromising the environment, the economy, its governance and quality of life of its citizens. Urban transformation cannot be improvised and sustainable growth requires planning to face the future. An in order to be sustainable planning requires assuming a regional and metropolitan strategy. Planning should be inclusive, allowing all members of society to share their vision of the future of the city. This vision should at least aim at reducing vulnerability and should be based on democratic principles and equity; should promote the protection of undeveloped land; the preservation of cultural heritage; and strengthening the economy. Improve the quality of life for residents, maintaining and strengthen the representativeness, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of authorities and city government is indispensable.
Enhancing sustainability of cbet through the building of capabilities (sam ol...Rith Sam Ol
This paper examines community-based ecotourism (CBET) as an integrated conservation and community development approach in Cambodian protected areas, and determines how it contributes to sustainability. Rationalities for using CBET as a sustainability tool are well-discussed, while challenges to its implementation are well-elaborated. Review of CBET development experiences in Cambodia and other countries has provided better understanding of factors causing success or failure of CBET projects. Therefore, a “community capabilities” concept is constructed while its integral components for enhancing sustainability in CBET community are explicated. This paper presents empirical analysis of this concept in the best practice CBET site in Cambodia.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
SIMURG_CITIES: Meta-Analysis for KPI's of Layer-Based Approach in Sustainability Assessment
1 * PhD Candidate. Burcu Ülker Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Alaattin Kanoğlu Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Özlem Özçevik Image result for research orcid
1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Kırklareli University, Turkey
2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Turkey
3 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
E-mail 1: burcuulker@klu.edu.tr, E-mail 2: alaattin.kanoglu@alanya.edu.tr
E-mail 3: ozceviko@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 6 March 2020
Accepted 20 June 2020
Available online 5 July 2020
Keywords:
SIMURG_CITIES;
Performance-Based Design and Building;
Competitiveness;
Competition by Design;
Innovativeness;
Interoperability; KPIs;
Sustainability; Smart Cities;
Meta-Analysis.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
“SIMURG_CITIES” is the research and development project that is developed under the main project named SIMURG: “A performance-based and Sustainability-oriented Integration Model Using Relational database architecture to increase Global competitiveness of Turkish construction industry in industry 5.0 era”, is a relational database model that is currently being developed in a dissertation for performance-based development and assessment of sustainable and sophisticated solutions for the built environment. This study aims to analyze the key performance indicators (KPIs) at «Cities Level» for the smart city concept that is referred to as «Layers» in the master project. KPIs for the concept of a smart city are determined by using the meta-analysis technique. Hence, the three most reputable urban journals issued from 2017 through 2020 are reviewed in this study. In addition to this, models of smart city frameworks/assessment tools/KPIs are reviewed within the context of this paper; environment, economy, and governance were found to have domain themes on urban sustainability according to the literature review. Consequently, efficient and integrated urban management, environmental monitoring and management, public and social services of urban development, and sustainability are found to be the most important dimensions in urban and regional planning. SIMURG_CITIES evaluation models for urban projects can use the findings of this paper.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 59-76.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 13
These arguments are key to underpinning urban
growth management plans in many cities across
Australia, New Zealand and North America
including the cities of Auckland, Melbourne,
Brisbane, Portland and Vancouver (cf. Auckland
Council, 2012; Department of Transport, Planning
and Local Infrastructure, 2002; Department of
Infrastructure and Planning, 2009; Metro Portland,
2012; Nikoofam, & Mobaraki; Metro Vancouver,
2010). They all establish urban growth boundaries
to contain urban sprawl, and concentrate the
greater part of future development to designated
areas within walking distances of public transport,
as transit-oriented development (TOD’s). These
transit centres (activity centres in Australia,
town/metropolitan centres in Auckland, station
communities in Portland) as points of
concentration also play a role by providing local
employment, services and a range of retail and
public amenities. The concentration of future
development in, and around, transit centres
requires the deployment of multi-unit housing
typologies to achieve the higher densities,
contrasting with lower density detached housing
that has, and indeed still does, dominate most
cities in these countries. This intention to
concentrate growth is made explicit in the
Victoria State government’s growth plan for
metropolitan Melbourne where it is seen as ‘… the
lynch-pins of a multi-centred structure …where
people can enjoy the benefits of living closer to
work with less congestion on the roads and public
transport networks’ (Department of Transport,
Planning and Local Infrastructure, 2010, p. 5).
There is now sufficient evidence to demonstrate
that these policies are being successful in terms of
increasing the number and proportion of higher
density, multi-unit housing options in Australian
and New Zealand cities (Bunker et al, 2002; Buxton
and Tieman, 2005; Randolph, 2006; CHRANZ,
2011). Indeed, in Australian cities this change is
seen by Randolph as ‘a revolution’ where ‘little
over a generation ago living in flats (apartments)
was a minority pastime’ (2006, p. 473).
Despite this apparent success in delivering higher
density options, critics argue that this is not
necessarily delivering fully on the aims of the
associated urban growth management plans for
a number of reasons. This include resistance to
living at, and with, higher density, market
reluctance to invest in the higher density housing
typologies, and argument that this form of urban
growth management negatively impacts housing
affordability (Haarhoff et al, 2012). A newer area
of critique suggests that the urban planning
system and current approaches themselves may
be faulty. For example, despite urban growth
management plans requiring concentration of
new development at activity centres, there is
evidence of slippage in meeting this goal (Bunker
et al, 2002; Buxon and Tieman, 2004; 2005;
Woodcock et al, 2011; Haarhoff et al, 2012). Phan
et al. (2009), in their study of the spatial distribution
of new residential construction between 2001-
2006 in the City of Clayton in the Melbourne
metropolitan region, found that the goal of
directing development to activity centres has not
yet been achieved. Much of the residential
development occurred as urban sprawl beyond
an 800-metre walking distance of activity centres.
For Melbourne as a whole, Woodcock et al. argue
that ‘seven years into the implementation of
Melbourne 2030 … not only has there been very
little intensification of activity centres in
established suburbs, but there have been few
urban design visions that might engage the public
imagination or that of the development industry’
(2011, p. 95). Indeed, they assert that higher
density housing is being approved ‘almost
anywhere’ despite concentration being
mandated within walking distances of ‘activity’
centres (Woodcock et al, 2011).
This suggests a weakness in the urban planning
system to fully deliver outcomes that are well
aligned with the urban growth management
plans. This point is also made by the Victoria State
government’s own 2007 audit of Melbourne 2030,
that found a lack of specific urban planning tools
to direct development into the designated
‘activity centres’ (Woodcock et al, 2011). On this
issue, Buxton and Tieman (2005) suggest that the
‘urban consolidation of Melbourne 2030 will be
undermined where there is policy confusion
involving some signals which seek urban
consolidation and other signals which allow urban
dispersal’ (Buxton and Tieman, 2005, p.155).
These assessments are related to a perceived
failure on the part of the relevant urban planning
systems to comprehensively direct new
development towards areas within walking
distances of designated activity centres. In part,
shortcomings also result from a failure to provide
the infrastructure on which transit-oriented
development depends, especially on the urban
peripheries (Buxton & Tieman, 2005; Jain and
Courvisanon, 2008). To add to these issues, more
recent iterations of urban growth management
strategies have raised expectations further. To
counter arguments that higher density
development negatively impacts on the urban
experience, more recent iterations of urban
growth plans are justified on the grounds that
quality urban design inherently enhances urban
‘liveability’ (Haarhoff et al, 2012, and 2016). Such
goals are expressed in the UK Government’s
strategy for improving place quality in declaring
3. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 14
that ‘good quality place should not be seen as a
luxury but a vital element in our drive to make
Britain a safer, healthier, prosperous, more
inclusive and sustainable place’ (UK Government,
2009, p. 2). The idea that development focused
on the primacy of street life, a sense of urbanity,
walkable neighbourhoods, and connected
communities promotes urban ‘lliveability’ is well
argued in current practices (Calthorp, 1993;
Ditmar and Ohland, 2004; Condon, 2010;
Arenibafo, 2016 Campoli, 2012).
The emphasis on ‘liveability’ also underpins calls
for the replication of ‘traditional’ town forms in
which these urban qualities are embedded,
particularly in the practice of New Urbanism
(Barnett, 2003). Critics of this approach have
questioned whether such traditional qualities can
be achieved solely through design actions and
manifestos (Dixon and Dupuis, 2003), and doubts
can be raised about whether manifestations of
New Urbanism in the form of gated communities
result in the urban public life envisaged. Despite
these doubts, The Auckland Plan, is Auckland
non-statutory spatial plan is promoted as a
strategy to ‘create the world’s most liveable city’
(Auckland Council, 2012), and to promote:
‘more compact neighbourhoods, supported by
quality networked infrastructure offers
opportunities to create healthy, stimulating and
beautiful urban environments…that enhance
social cohesion and interaction by attracting
people…to a mix of cafes, restaurants, shops,
services and well design public spaces’ (2012, p.
42).
This paper adds to a small but growing number of
studies reporting on efficacy of the urban
planning systems to deliver outcomes well aligned
to aims of the urban growth management plans.
This paper questions the ability of urban planning
methods and tools to deliver the enhanced
liveability and quality urban design outcomes
being promoted in recent iterations of urban
growth management plans. Any failure to deliver
the quality urban design promised not only
potentially brings disappointment to city
residents, but might also bring into question the
efficacy of this form of urban growth
management. The effective implementation of
urban growth strategies requires alignment with
the local statutory land use plans, and the support
of the local authorities who are normally
responsible for implementing the higher order
policy directives (Beattie and Haarhoff, 2014;
Waldner, 2008). This requires the local statutory
plans to have the appropriate urban planning
and design policy responses, and the right mix of
statutory tools and methods to achieve the
quality urban design outcomes sought. The New
Zealand urban planning system, not unlike those
found in Australia, Canada and United States,
uses a rational conformance based approach
that links the local statutory plan (district plans) to
intended policy outcomes to the built outcomes
(Beattie, 2013; Laurian et al, 2010; Ericksen et al,
2003). Based on land use zoning designations,
these methods usually take the form of zone
codes setting out permitted uses supported by a
range of performance-based rules. These include
controls over building height set back from
boundaries, that development proposals are
required to meet. In this way, the district plan
provides a range of methods for district plan users
and developers to follow, which if adhered to,
should achieve the intended policy outcomes in
the in the physical development (Beattie, 2013;
Ericksen et al, 2003).
The paper aims to test the extent to which the
application of high-level policies for urban
intensification are effectively applied at the local
level to positively influence development towards
good urban design outcomes. This is assessed
through three case studies of medium density
housing development located in two suburban
town/metropolitan centres in Auckland
designated for higher density development in the
Auckland Plan and Auckland’s statutory land use
plan adopted in 2017; the Auckland Unitary Plan
(Auckland Council, 2012 and 2016). Auckland is
New Zealand’s largest city, containing a third of
the national population and is facing significant
growth pressure. Current predictions estimate that
the current population of 1.5 million will increase a
further 1 million by 2030 (New Zealand
Government, 2010; Auckland Council, 2016).
It should also be noted that in 2010, new unitary
governance arrangements were establishment
for the Auckland region. The new Auckland
Council replaced a regional authority and seven
previous local authorities that had responsibility
for a range of urban planning functions in their
districts. The case study locations of Albany and
Onehunga were previously under the jurisdiction
of the North Shore City Council and the Auckland
City Council respectively. Planning consent for
the case study developments reported in this
paper predate the release of the Auckland Plan
and the newly adopted Unitary Plan. However,
the previous local authorities statutory district
plans were all aligned to the 2005 Auckland
Regional Policy Statement (ARPS) adopted by the
now disestablished Auckland Regional Council
(ARC), that followed the same policy direction
towards urban intensification as expressed in both
the Auckland and Unitary Plans. The ARC was
legally required to provide a regional and
strategic planning overview to local authorities,
4. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 15
including urban growth management issues that
the local authorities were required to give effect
to through their district plans. This enables the
three case studies to be assessed against an
earlier regional policy (the ARPS) and the two-
relevant district plans under the jurisdiction of the
previous local authorities that specifically sought
to translate the higher-order policies into good
urban design outcomes through the
development process.
2. Research Design and Methodology
A four-phase mixed research design was
employed using quantitative and qualitative
assessment techniques to examine the three case
study developments. The first phase sought to
determine the relevant policy outcomes for
medium density housing from each of the
relevant district plans to consider whether the
policy responses were aligned with the strategic
regional policy direction in the ARPS. This was
achieved by examining the district plan
objectives and policies, and comparing these
with the district plan’s stated expected results
(Environment Results Expected). This follows the
policy outcome mapping technique developed
by Beattie (2013), building on the Laurian et al
(2010) and Ericksen et al (2003) approach to plan
quality and evaluation. The second phase
examined the relevant district plan’s methods
and tools, including the zoning codes and
performance standards designed to achieve the
district plan’s urban design policy goals. The third
phase involved an independent assessment of
the developments using urban design best
practice criteria established by the Ministry for the
Environment (MFE) and published in their guide:
Medium-Density Housing: Case Study Assessment
Methodology (Ministry for the Environment, 2012).
Using the MFE guide enabled a consistent and
comparable assessment to be undertaken of all
three case studies in their neighbourhood
contexts, the elements of which are set out in
Table 1.
Table 1. Urban design assessment criteria
Source: Ministry for the Environment’s Medium-Density
Housing: Case Study Assessment Methodology (2012)
Key urban design areas Sub element
Site context and layout Neighbourhood context
Site context
Landscape coverage
Outdoor living spaces
Car parking and access
Service areas and utilities
Building form and
appearance
Horizontal modulation
Continuous building line
Building roofline
Façade articulation
Material use and quality
Street scene Street edge continuity and
enclosure
Building entrances
Façade opening
Street boundary treatment
Internal configuration Internal / external relationships
Visual privacy
Aspect / natural ventilation
The final phase involved interviewing 8 of the
previous local authority’s urban planning officers
who processed the resource consent
applications for the three case study
developments. The interviews followed the non-
standardised approach outlined by Davidson
and Tolich (2003, p240). This approach allowed
for semi-structured, open-ended questions where
we guided the interviewees into the relevant
areas related to the research to gain their
perspectives. The questions covered their role the
in resource consent process; their understanding
of the relevant district plan’s policy intention for
urban design outcomes; whether the district plan
provided clear methods for achieving those
policy goals; whether the final outcomes
represent a good urban design solution for the
site; whether the development integrates into the
local context, and whether there were any other
factors in the district plan process which may
have contributed to the actual development
outcome. The interviews were carried out at a
place of the interviewees choosing, lasting
between 45 to 60 minutes, audio recorded under
(protocols approved by the University of
Auckland Human Ethics Committee), and
transcribed by a third party. The interview
transcriptions were analysed using narrative
analysis to discover the key emerging themes
(Wiles et al 2005).
3. Case study locations and context
Medium density housing case study
developments were selected that were within
suburban areas designated for density
intensification in the Auckland Plan (called ‘areas
5. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 16
of change’) and within the previous relevant
district plans and ARPS (Auckland Council, 2012
and 2016). Two case studies are located in the
Albany town centre 17 kilometres north of the
Auckland’s CBD, and one in the Onehunga town
centre 12 kilometres south of the CBD (see figure
1).
Figure 1. Auckland urban region showing the CBD (blue), and
in red, Albany to the North and Onehunga to the south.
Now designated as a metropolitan centre,
Albany has attracted considerable public
infrastructure investment from both the previous
North Shore City Council and the New Zealand
government as a regional centre on Auckland’s
North Shore (Haarhoff et al, 2012). The area is
dominated by a large shopping centre
surrounded by other ‘big-box’ retailers and car
parking, where most land currently remains
vacant. Albany is served by a rapid bus service
to central Auckland via a local bus station, largely
operating as a park-and-ride facility. The two
medium density case studies developments (The
Ridge and Spencer Road) are within 800 metres
of the bus station and shopping centre. Figure 2
show the location of the two-case study
development in the Albany context, and 800
metre walking distance circles.
Figure 2. Albany case study development locations.
The area to the east of the case studies is
dominated by detached housing, although
zoning permits multi-unit housing. Both case study
developments were zoned Area D: Varied
Residential under the North Shore City district
plan, which provides for a range of housing
typologies subject to an urban planning and
design assessment, that includes a range of
performance standards such as density, building
height and car parking. Built between 2005 and
2007, the developments together have 169 units
at a net density of 67 units per hectare. The single
level, two-bedroom units each with a floor area of
49.5 m2 are contained in a series of identical three
storeys blocks (figure 3).
Figure 3. ‘The Ridge’ development (Left) and the ‘Spencer’ (Right)
(Source: Google Earth, 2016)
Onehunga is one of Auckland’s oldest and most
established suburban town centres designated
for intensified development with the adoption of
the first regional planning document in 1974
(Auckland Regional Council, 1999). The Auckland
Plan is consistent with the earlier district plans and
identifies Onehunga as an ‘area of change’ able
6. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 17
accommodate an additional 3,400 residential
units and 5,500 new jobs by 2040 (Auckland
Council, 2012). The town centre has a terminal
railway station that links to Auckland’s CBD, and is
earmarked for extension to Auckland airport. The
town centre offers a wide range of retail outlets,
restaurants and public services and facilities such
as parks and a library, and unlike Albany,
Onehunga is pedestrian oriented. The case study
development (Atrium on Main) is located to the
north of the main shopping street, within easy
walking distance of the railway station and bus
connections (figure 4).
Figure 4. Auckland urban region showing the CBD (blue), and
in red, Albany to the North and Onehunga to the south.
The case study developments comprise 112
residential units arranged in a perimeter block
with a net density of 64 units per hectare, with
units ranging in size from one to three bedrooms.
There are also a few retail units at ground floor
level facing the high street. The site is zoned
Business 2 in the district plan and provides for a
range of land use activities, including residential
usage, subject to compliance with performance
standards such as building height and car parking
controls. An aerial view of the development is
shown in figure 5.
Figure 5. Aerial view of the Onehunga case study
development.
4. Results: Albany Case Studies
It was difficult to define with any degree of
certainty a clear policy picture from the North
Shore district plan over its intended urban design
policy outcomes for medium density housing. The
policy direction given in the actual wording of the
objectives and policies were judged to be
unclear, poorly written and at times contradictory
in different parts of the district plan. For example,
conflicts exist between the transportation,
residential and urban design sections of the
district plan. Nonetheless, it appears at the
strategic level that the North Shore district plan
sought to facilitate the development of high-
quality urban design. The relevant objective was
to:
‘effectively manage growth and change by
achieving the maintenance and enhancement
of a high quality built environment and enabling
a wide choice of lifestyles, a range of types and
affordability of housing and choice of
employment opportunities by enabling
development opportunities in and around sub-
regional centres which demonstrates a high
standard of design’ (North Shore City Council,
2003, p 8).
This was supported by the Varied Residential
zoning code’s residential amenity objective
seeking ‘to ensure a high level of residential
amenity by ensuring that layout and design
achieves a high standard of security, visual and
aural privacy and usable public and private open
space’ (North Shore City Council, 2003, p. 11).
While it was difficult to gain a clear picture of the
intended policy outcomes in the district plan for
medium density housing, using these key
objectives, it followed that the case-study
developments should have been built to a high-
quality design standard, especially in areas within
800 metres of the metropolitan centre. This
interpretation was confirmed by the urban
planning officers interviewed.
The Resource Management Act (RMA), New
Zealand’s urban planning legislation, is based on
7. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 18
a rational conformance approach where the
district plan provides for a range of statutory
methods and tools to achieve quality
development outcomes through the
development process. Thus, the relevant district
plan included site density control (one residential
unit per 150m2 of site area), parking requirements
(two car parking spaces per unit over 50m2, or
one if less), a maximum building height, and
requirements for shared outdoor recreational
areas within the development (North Shore City
Council, 2003, pp. 30-33). While this provides
potential developers with a guide to determine
the residential unit yield, there was no control over
residential type mix or unit size. The development
was subject to resource consent where the
application was assessed against these
requirements and meeting quality urban design
outcomes (North Shore City Council, 2003, pp. 16-
83).
The independent assessment undertaken by the
authors of these developments using the urban
design criteria from table 1, indicated poor
responses to all four areas: context and layout,
form and appearance, street scene and internal
configuration. Negative elements include the
smallness of the two bedroom units (49.5 m2),
poorly designed private open spaces, the
domination of the internal courtyard by hard-
paved parking and poorly located and designed
shared spaces (figure 6). While the developments
have some good points, including the solid
construction and good street edge definition,
these factors did not compensate for the other
deficiencies. Perhaps the greatest deficiency in
terms of meeting intended urban planning and
design policy outcomes, was the poor pedestrian
connection to the Albany town centre, and in
particular, the rapid bus station, and thus not
meeting policy requirements for quality
developments within walking distances of transit
centres.
Figure 6. Internal view of the Albany case study development.
The photograph shows the extent of surface car parking and
poorly positioned waste disposal facilities (source: authors).
From interviews with relevant council urban
planning officers, it became apparent that the
small size of the residential units was a direct result
of the district plan requirement for residential unit
over 50 m2 to be provided with at least two car
parking spaces. This, coupled with the Council’s
traffic engineering advice seeking at least 0.5
visitor car parking spaces per residential unit,
became, in the interviewees’ opinions, one of the
major determining design factors. Also, all
respondents felt that the district plan had weak
intended policy outcomes and methods that
diluted their ability to achieve good built form
outcomes through the consenting process.
Another strong theme that emerged from the
interviews was the district plan’s density control
method and its influence on the design process.
All were of the opinion that the applicant simply
divided the gross site area by 150 m2 to produce
the housing yield for the sites without considering
other factors that may have led to a better design
resolution. In their views, this approach is not
uncommon, especially where district plans
provide density standards for residential
development. Consequently, it appears that car
parking and the site density controls were the two
major determining design factors for the
developments, which contradicted the intended
urban design policy outcomes described in the
district plan. This is somewhat concerning given
policies promoting more compact development
and reduced car dependency, and the newer
imperatives to deliver ‘liveability’ and quality
urban design.
5. Results: Onehunga Case Study
Using the policy intended outcome technique, it
was almost impossible to get a clear picture of the
relevant district plan’s intended policy outcomes
for medium-density housing for the Onehunga
case study. The Business 2 Zone on which this
development occurs provided objectives and
policies for business use and associated activities,
but no policy direction for residential activity or
any other non-business activity. However, there
were regulatory rules that controlled residential
development within the zone, including a
requirement for approval of a resource consent
(planning permission). It is unclear how this
approach was achieved through the plan
making process, as it is contrary to the RMA’s
rational conformance based urban planning
approach, where the plan methods (rules) are
designed to give effect to the district plan’s policy
intention. This situation left the district plan without
any policy guidance to direct district plan users or
the council staff administrating the district plan on
how to address residential uses within the business
zone.
While there were no policy intentions given, the
district plan did provide a range of statutory rules
addressing residential development, including
8. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 19
vehicle access and car parking controls (two per
residential unit), a maximum building height of 12
metres and visual privacy controls to prevent
residential unit outlook impacting adversely on
neighbours (Auckland City Council 1999, p. 8).
However, there was no residential density control
limiting the number of residential units that could
be developed on the site, nor restrictions on the
residential mix or unit size.
The assessment of this development using the
urban design criteria from table 1, was good on
three of the criteria, namely, context and layout,
form and appearance, and street scene. Internal
configuration was judged to be poor. This
assessment reflected on the following key
characteristics: favourable location within the
town centre; safe and easy access to public
transport and a wide range of local and
commercial services and facilities; and the
perimeter block form is well conceived by
creating a well-defined and potentially active
street edge. Deficiencies related to the
configuration arise from the insertion of additional
units within the inner courtyard area that restrict
internal outlook and result in narrow spaces
between blocks, and the presence of driveways
to lockup garages at the upper courtyard level
that precludes better use.
Given this good assessed outcome, it was
surprising to discover from the interviews that the
relevant district plan did not express any urban
design outcomes for medium intensity housing
within the Business 2 Zone. The council urban
planning officers were effectively left make their
own professional judgements. Moreover, the
better outcomes when compared to Albany,
were achieved in spite of the fact that the
relevant district plan provided little or no policy
guidance. Consequently, the district had little
impact on the actual design. This contrasts with
Albany where more stringent rules and policy
guides in fact led to a poorer outcome.
6. Conclusions and Discussion
Under the current neo-liberal economic context
prevalent in New Zealand and elsewhere, quality
urban place and space sought through
development actions depends to a large extent
on market investment with commercial goals
(Goodman and Moloney, 2011). While
acknowledging the potential contradiction
between market-led goals in land development
and the provision of quality urban space as a
social benefit, Adams and Tiesdell (2013, p. 6)
suggest that there is a potential alternative in
what they call ‘plan-shaped’ markets. This
defines a crucial role for urban planners and
designers (and the urban planning process) as
key mediators between market-driven
imperatives and the delivery of public benefits
through land development. Given the concern
expressed about the weaknesses in the urban
planning system from other research cited, and
the outcomes to the research reported in this
paper, delivering on the aspiration for good
urban design will in part depend on effective
urban planning tools and methods raising
questions about the overall effectiveness of these
approaches used.
In the context of cities that have rational
conformance-based planning approaches, such
as New Zealand, Australia and parts of North
America, implementation of the regional
strategies requires strong alignment with the local
statutory land use plans and tools. These need to
have appropriate policy responses, with the right
mix of tools and methods to achieve the quality
urban design outcomes sought. This paper has
evaluated three medium density case study
developments at two suburban locations in
Auckland to assess this efficacy of the urban
planning system to deliver quality urban design
outcomes through the development process.
The independent assessment of the urban design
qualities of the case study developments
produced different, if not contradictory, results. In
the Albany case studies, the development was
judged to be poor on all of the urban design
criteria used: context, building form and
appearance, street scene and internal
configuration. Yet the relevant district plan had
clear policy tools and methods intended to direct
good urban design outcomes, also well aligned
with the regional strategy.
In the Onehunga case study, the development
was assessed to be good in relation to three
urban design criteria: context, building form and
street scene, with shortcomings associated with
the internal configurations. Notwithstanding the
shortcomings, this development was assessed to
be far better than the Albany developments. Yet
in Onehunga, there is an absence of clear urban
planning tools and methods specifically for
residential development in what is a business
zone: quality development notwithstanding of an
absence of effective urban planning directives?
Here the outcomes appear to have been largely
the result of good discretionary decisions made
by the responsible urban planning officers
through the consenting process, in conjunction
with good design on the part of the design
professionals. Consequently, it is concluded that
the relevant district plans and their tools and
methods, have had limited impact on influencing
and directing the development outcome of the
9. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 20
three case studies, despite the implicit intentions
that this should be so.
This conclusion raises a number of observations
and questions. While limited, it parallels questions
being asked about the efficacy of urban
planning systems and processes in Australian
cities cited in this paper, concerning the
perceived misalignment between actual
development and urban planning directives to
concentrate growth and development at transit
centres (Woodcock et al, 2011). The results from
this research show that for the three case studies,
the relevant urban planning tools and methods
currently deployed in Auckland appeared to
have had little or no impact on the delivery of
good urban design outcomes that the higher
order regional policies seek. Accepting that the
scope of this study is limited, nevertheless, along
with other studies cited on this question, it does
point to a potential problem for achieving the
strategic policy goals of enhanced liveability. For
this reason, there is concern about the current
newly adopted unitary plan for Auckland. The
unitary plan, having both regional and local
urban planning functions, through its zoning
proposal and associated rules and guides is
intended to give effect to policies for quality
intensified development set out as goals in the
Auckland Plan (Auckland Council, 2013). The
question asked is whether this new plan has
sufficiently addressed perceived shortcomings in
the existing district plans that it will replace? For
example, will it address problems identified by
urban planners interviewed that the existing
district plans are considered to be too broad,
loosely written, unquantifiable with a
disconnection between the weak policy direction
and the zoning code and rules.
The more positive outcome in the Onehunga
development case study also raises questions
about the need for any urban planning directives
at all, given the absence of any specific urban
planning tools and methods for residential
development in this example? The good
outcome seems to have been derived from both
good design and good judgements made by the
council urban planning officers through the
consenting process. There is little doubt that good
quality development relies to a large extent on
good quality design and designers – the urban
planners, urban designers, architects and other
built environment professionals involved,
especially where serving market-driven
development imperatives. However, this works
best on larger sites where there is an opportunity
to plan and design more comprehensively (CABE,
2008; Adams & Tiesdell, 2013). To some extent, the
kind of land development envisaged in the
intensification of development around transit
centres is predicated on the existence of large
blocks of land or ‘brownfield’ sites opportunities.
A good exemplar is a master-planned
development on the urban periphery of
Melbourne, at University Hill, in the City of
Whittlesea. Here a large vacant site was master-
planned to accommodate a mix of medium
density housing, retail, commercial and light
industrial activities, set in a well-designed public
realm. The result has won awards for the excellent
urban design, and the success attributed to an
enlightened developer willing to take risks on the
urban periphery, a cooperative local authority
willing to bend planning rules to achieve strategic
aims and quality outcomes, and skilled urban
planners, urban designers and architects (Beattie
and Haarhoff, 2014). There are many other
examples of successful masterplanned
developments where the effective stakeholders
cooperation and focuss on shared goals
achieves successful urban design outcomes.
However, land suitable for large-scale
development of this kind is limited in most cities,
including Auckland where areas in the vicinity of
many suburban transit centres are located.
Delivering on the goals for intensified
development and quality urban design across
most metropolitan regions relies on smaller scaled,
site-by-site development opportunities spread
across metropolitan regions. Moreover, smaller
scale, incremental developments in these
contexts do not necessarily involve the range of
highly skilled built environment professional’s
more likely deployed in master planned
developments. Nevertheless, it is in such areas
and contexts that a greater number of future
developments can be expected, and where the
relevant urban planning methods and tools need
to be far more effective to ensure quality urban
design outcomes.
Meeting the goals for good urban design
outcomes, urban ‘liveability’ and the necessary
concentration of higher density development are
largely dependent on the development process
through the market, mediated by the urban
planning system. In the case studies reported, the
urban design outcome is shown to be both good
and poor, and that the planning methods and
tools themselves had little impact on this
outcome. In the context of smaller scale,
incremental development at higher density
applied across the larger part of metropolitan
regions, this shortcoming is a serious concern.
This study raises questions about the effective
influence that statutory plans have had on
achieving the desired quality urban design
outcomes for the case studies at two suburban
10. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 12-23 / 2018
Lee Beattie , Errol Haarhoff 21
town centres in Auckland. This in turn raises more
serious questions for implementation of the
Auckland Council’s new unitary plan, which also
seeks to consolidate urban growth at such
centres spread across the metropolitan region.
Moreover, seen in the context of research in other
cities where inefficiencies have been shown as
obstacles to achieving the goals of urban
intensification, there is sufficient reason to have
more general concern on this issue. This paper is
limited in scope to one city and three case
studies. Nevertheless, it is argued that evaluating
the effectiveness of the urban planning system to
successfully deliver quality urban design
outcomes that result in enhanced urban
liveability and the associated social benefits,
largely through market-driven land development
processes, is a research area deserving more
attention.
The opinions expressed and conclusions reached
in this paper however are entirely those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the
funders nor persons interviewed.
Acknowledgments
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public, commercial,
or non-for-profit sectors
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