A B S T R A C T
In this article, the study assessed the domestication process of humankind within the frame of urbanization and power accumulation. Within this framework, by giving various examples from chicken farms. The study express the author’s opinions on the analogy of the “liberated human beings” in cities and the “free range” chickens in farms. It has also been tried to explain how a city acts as a human farm. Cities are governed by the ones holding power similar to the farms are ruled by farmers and humans during their history of civilization have lost their right of deciding on their lives and fates against this power as the domesticated animals in farms. It is necessary to give up these cities which are models of life organizations from the Old and the Middle Ages. Models of settlements which became even more inhumane as results of modernization and neoliberalization strategies. The study revealed that With the scientific and technologic improvements and the developments of in science and humanities, it is possible to easily replace the city model of communal life with a better one -The one in which people can be more free and happy and will give more life to the earth and contribute to the aliveness within it.
This paper is written to question the wide spread belief among anthropologists that pre historic hunter gatherers knew about agriculture long before agriculture began to be practiced. The paper suggests gradually accumulating human knowledge led to the development of agriculture, rather than population pressure, favourable mutations or convenient climate all of which would have occurred at various times long before agriculture was developed without leading to the discovery of agriculture.
A B S T R A C T
In this article, the study assessed the domestication process of humankind within the frame of urbanization and power accumulation. Within this framework, by giving various examples from chicken farms. The study express the author’s opinions on the analogy of the “liberated human beings” in cities and the “free range” chickens in farms. It has also been tried to explain how a city acts as a human farm. Cities are governed by the ones holding power similar to the farms are ruled by farmers and humans during their history of civilization have lost their right of deciding on their lives and fates against this power as the domesticated animals in farms. It is necessary to give up these cities which are models of life organizations from the Old and the Middle Ages. Models of settlements which became even more inhumane as results of modernization and neoliberalization strategies. The study revealed that With the scientific and technologic improvements and the developments of in science and humanities, it is possible to easily replace the city model of communal life with a better one -The one in which people can be more free and happy and will give more life to the earth and contribute to the aliveness within it.
This paper is written to question the wide spread belief among anthropologists that pre historic hunter gatherers knew about agriculture long before agriculture began to be practiced. The paper suggests gradually accumulating human knowledge led to the development of agriculture, rather than population pressure, favourable mutations or convenient climate all of which would have occurred at various times long before agriculture was developed without leading to the discovery of agriculture.
A brief introduction to subsistence strategies around the world. This lesson is geared towards intermediate-advanced EFL students.
This lesson is not a comprehensive study of subsistence with full details , rather it's aim is to introduce students to big picture concepts, improve vocabulary, and activate critical thinking skills.
My first presentation (out of three) in the Master on European and Global Governance by the Institute for European Global Studies (University of Basel, Switzerland).
An analysis of the global food system (production, consumption and crisis) and the two different sub-systems that conform it: the industrial food systema and the peasant's food web.
This lectures proposes a different normative regard on food, not as a mono-dimensional commodity that can only be accesed through money, but as a multi-dimensional commons that shall be governed by people (all eaters, some producers), partner States and profit-restricted social enterprises to guarantee that everybody has access to food by different means. Since food systems are main drivers of Earth destruction, we need to radically transform the way we produce and eat food to keep on living in this planet without exhausting the natural resources that are vital for human life: food, water and air. This lecture provides policy options for such a transition towards a fairer and more sustainable food system that feeds us all.
The Sustainable Development Goals have neglected the consideration of food as a fully-fledged human rights and thus they treat it as a simple commodity. We analyse the consequences of that political agreement and the US and EU stances vis a vis the right to food. Finally, we recommend a re-consideration of food as a right, a commons and a public good to achieve the Zero Hunger Goal by 2030.
(~J(:l r!-\ rn c~
~\6Z\Q
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_-.-c-« ~_.~ -_:_'.
;._,, __ c-._~-
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An
,Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of maj or contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to cMUenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep the differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of SOCiology
In one respect, sociology has always been
done, since people have always questioned
the nature ofthe social world. But as a separ-
ate scientific discipline, sociology emerged in
the eighteenth century. Social upheavals
that occurred during this era brought such
profound transformations that most hitherto
taken-far-granted assumptions about society
and social relations were thrown into doubt.
A democratic revolution occurred in America
in 1776 as immigrants to the new world
fought for independence from the colonial
domination of Britain and then sought to
found a society based on new principles of
equality. In 1789 the old feudal structures of
European society were shaken by the French
Revolution. This revolution was especially
significant because it represented the delib-
erate overthrow of a traditional social order.
Landless peasants and industrial labourers
revolted against the rule of the landed
!
\
.1
j
!
,
I
1
Ahmed
Sticky Note
Paragraph 1
Ahmed
Highlight
aristocracy and the clergy. Many thousands
of people were guillotined before some
semblance of a new order was established.
These revolutions prompted a new view of
society, a secular view. Social order was no
longer seen as ordained by God and main-
tained by divine right of kings. It was struc-
tured by people and therefore could be
changed by people.
The Rise of Capitalism
The eighteenth century also saw the advent
of another form of revolution that was
destined to change irrevocably the old order
of things. This was the transformation from
feudalism to capitalism in agriculture.
These terms refer primarily to how produc-
tion was orgallized and to the relationship
between people and the land on which they
depended for their livelihood.
Under the feudal system, which pre-
dominated in Europe until aro ...
The Teacher´s Guide_Introduction_Worldview_DimensionGaia Education
The Teacher´s Guide-Design for Sustainability is a practical manual for sustainability teachers, ecovillage and community design educators and facilitators who are conducting courses on the broad sustainability agenda.
In this 333 page-manual you will find a comprehensive guide packed with innovative materials, methodological approaches and tools that have been developed and tested by sustainable communities and transition settings worldwide.
It covers all aspects of the transition of sustainable human settlements arranged into four distinct areas: the Social, Ecological, Worldview and Economic dimensions of sustainability. Some of the key topics covered in this guide include: creating community & embracing diversity, decisions that everyone can support, circular leadership from power over to power with, shifting the global economy, plugging the leaks of your local economy, local currencies, appropriate use of natural resources, urban agriculture and food resilience, transformation of consciousness.
In order to understand the problems which sociology tackles, we ne.docxbradburgess22840
In order to understand the problems which sociology tackles, we need to first understand the social context from which it arose. Discuss
When we discuss the emergence of sociology, it is vital to consider the social upheavals which were taking place prior to sociology’s foundation. These unprecedented, sometimes violent, upheavals led to the transformation of the traditional social order; and to people seeking new explanations of their societies. Thus, this essay will discuss the three revolutions (in agriculture, industry and politics) that led to this birth of sociology as a new scientific discipline.
The agricultural revolution was the first upheaval to transform European society from a feudal to a capitalist social system, during the early eighteenth century. Under the feudal system, land ownerhship was established through hereditary rights which tied labourers to the land on which their ancestors had worked. The introduction of capitalism, however, saw these rights revoked and the peasants forced off the land on which they had worked and lived for generations. This movement came about once the lords realized that land could be used to generate profits, rather than for subsistence farming. And because sheep grazing (for profit) required fewer labourers, most peasants were then left with no land, and only their labour to sell for a wage.
Write the first sentence of the next paragraph in a formal scholarly style. This sentence, being the first one of the paragraph, should seek to announce the theme of this entire paragraph.
The industrial revolution was the second upheaval……………………………………………………………………………..………………... . (PLEASE CONTIUNE THIS FIRST SENTENCE OF THE SECOND PARAGRAPG FROM THE ATTAHCED ARTICLE “CHECK PAGE 3 FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION”).
r~J(:;f V--\ rn c~
\-\ 6'\Q_
\.(\
___ -,-"' ~-·~ --:-'·
;.-,. __ c-.-o.:...,-
. Co rn- \D \['{'[S\e:, ~
. ~~v eo\.~.,.-,
An
, Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of major contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to challenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep t.he differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of Sociology
In one respect, sociology has.
A brief introduction to subsistence strategies around the world. This lesson is geared towards intermediate-advanced EFL students.
This lesson is not a comprehensive study of subsistence with full details , rather it's aim is to introduce students to big picture concepts, improve vocabulary, and activate critical thinking skills.
My first presentation (out of three) in the Master on European and Global Governance by the Institute for European Global Studies (University of Basel, Switzerland).
An analysis of the global food system (production, consumption and crisis) and the two different sub-systems that conform it: the industrial food systema and the peasant's food web.
This lectures proposes a different normative regard on food, not as a mono-dimensional commodity that can only be accesed through money, but as a multi-dimensional commons that shall be governed by people (all eaters, some producers), partner States and profit-restricted social enterprises to guarantee that everybody has access to food by different means. Since food systems are main drivers of Earth destruction, we need to radically transform the way we produce and eat food to keep on living in this planet without exhausting the natural resources that are vital for human life: food, water and air. This lecture provides policy options for such a transition towards a fairer and more sustainable food system that feeds us all.
The Sustainable Development Goals have neglected the consideration of food as a fully-fledged human rights and thus they treat it as a simple commodity. We analyse the consequences of that political agreement and the US and EU stances vis a vis the right to food. Finally, we recommend a re-consideration of food as a right, a commons and a public good to achieve the Zero Hunger Goal by 2030.
(~J(:l r!-\ rn c~
~\6Z\Q
\.(\
_-.-c-« ~_.~ -_:_'.
;._,, __ c-._~-
·c 0 N- \i)«rs\~~
. .-nr~V eo\. ~,.-,
An
,Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of maj or contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to cMUenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep the differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of SOCiology
In one respect, sociology has always been
done, since people have always questioned
the nature ofthe social world. But as a separ-
ate scientific discipline, sociology emerged in
the eighteenth century. Social upheavals
that occurred during this era brought such
profound transformations that most hitherto
taken-far-granted assumptions about society
and social relations were thrown into doubt.
A democratic revolution occurred in America
in 1776 as immigrants to the new world
fought for independence from the colonial
domination of Britain and then sought to
found a society based on new principles of
equality. In 1789 the old feudal structures of
European society were shaken by the French
Revolution. This revolution was especially
significant because it represented the delib-
erate overthrow of a traditional social order.
Landless peasants and industrial labourers
revolted against the rule of the landed
!
\
.1
j
!
,
I
1
Ahmed
Sticky Note
Paragraph 1
Ahmed
Highlight
aristocracy and the clergy. Many thousands
of people were guillotined before some
semblance of a new order was established.
These revolutions prompted a new view of
society, a secular view. Social order was no
longer seen as ordained by God and main-
tained by divine right of kings. It was struc-
tured by people and therefore could be
changed by people.
The Rise of Capitalism
The eighteenth century also saw the advent
of another form of revolution that was
destined to change irrevocably the old order
of things. This was the transformation from
feudalism to capitalism in agriculture.
These terms refer primarily to how produc-
tion was orgallized and to the relationship
between people and the land on which they
depended for their livelihood.
Under the feudal system, which pre-
dominated in Europe until aro ...
The Teacher´s Guide_Introduction_Worldview_DimensionGaia Education
The Teacher´s Guide-Design for Sustainability is a practical manual for sustainability teachers, ecovillage and community design educators and facilitators who are conducting courses on the broad sustainability agenda.
In this 333 page-manual you will find a comprehensive guide packed with innovative materials, methodological approaches and tools that have been developed and tested by sustainable communities and transition settings worldwide.
It covers all aspects of the transition of sustainable human settlements arranged into four distinct areas: the Social, Ecological, Worldview and Economic dimensions of sustainability. Some of the key topics covered in this guide include: creating community & embracing diversity, decisions that everyone can support, circular leadership from power over to power with, shifting the global economy, plugging the leaks of your local economy, local currencies, appropriate use of natural resources, urban agriculture and food resilience, transformation of consciousness.
In order to understand the problems which sociology tackles, we ne.docxbradburgess22840
In order to understand the problems which sociology tackles, we need to first understand the social context from which it arose. Discuss
When we discuss the emergence of sociology, it is vital to consider the social upheavals which were taking place prior to sociology’s foundation. These unprecedented, sometimes violent, upheavals led to the transformation of the traditional social order; and to people seeking new explanations of their societies. Thus, this essay will discuss the three revolutions (in agriculture, industry and politics) that led to this birth of sociology as a new scientific discipline.
The agricultural revolution was the first upheaval to transform European society from a feudal to a capitalist social system, during the early eighteenth century. Under the feudal system, land ownerhship was established through hereditary rights which tied labourers to the land on which their ancestors had worked. The introduction of capitalism, however, saw these rights revoked and the peasants forced off the land on which they had worked and lived for generations. This movement came about once the lords realized that land could be used to generate profits, rather than for subsistence farming. And because sheep grazing (for profit) required fewer labourers, most peasants were then left with no land, and only their labour to sell for a wage.
Write the first sentence of the next paragraph in a formal scholarly style. This sentence, being the first one of the paragraph, should seek to announce the theme of this entire paragraph.
The industrial revolution was the second upheaval……………………………………………………………………………..………………... . (PLEASE CONTIUNE THIS FIRST SENTENCE OF THE SECOND PARAGRAPG FROM THE ATTAHCED ARTICLE “CHECK PAGE 3 FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION”).
r~J(:;f V--\ rn c~
\-\ 6'\Q_
\.(\
___ -,-"' ~-·~ --:-'·
;.-,. __ c-.-o.:...,-
. Co rn- \D \['{'[S\e:, ~
. ~~v eo\.~.,.-,
An
, Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of major contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to challenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep t.he differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of Sociology
In one respect, sociology has.
Summary Of The Agricultural Revolution
Impact Of The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural And Industrial Revolution
Contributions Of The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution DBQ Essay
British Agricultural Revolution
The Major Causes Of The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution Essay
Women and the Agricultural Revolution Essay
The Causes Of The Agricultural Revolution
The Pros And Cons Of The Agricultural Revolution
How Did The Agricultural Revolution Affect Europe
Summary Of The Agricultural Revolution
Impact Of The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural And Industrial Revolution
Contributions Of The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution DBQ Essay
British Agricultural Revolution
The Major Causes Of The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution Essay
Women and the Agricultural Revolution Essay
The Causes Of The Agricultural Revolution
The Pros And Cons Of The Agricultural Revolution
How Did The Agricultural Revolution Affect Europe
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 76-84 / 2017
Hossein Sadri 77
that they can exist only for life. In principal, these
chickens want to have a kind of freedom which
actually all of us are dreaming it; a freedom
including all the “developments” we have
reached today and without going back to the
pure nature.
Figure1. Freedom for Chickens (United Poultry
Concerns, 1999).
2. HUMAN DOMESTICATION AND CHICKEN FARMS
While writing the history of domestication,
historians state that humans were tamed when
domesticating animals (Mikanowski, 2016). In
fact, we are now domesticated humans, so, we
are not humans of nature. Just as dogs, the
human species we recognize in today’s context
do not exist in nature. The living being called
human is a domesticated animal species, similar
to the chickens above. This domestication
started as a result of agriculture and moving into
the settled life. Accordingly, the food habit of
humans changed and, their jaw structure and
digestive system developed in a different way.
More importantly, modes of their movements
were changed and their mobility was
decreased. As humans settled, their dreams,
fears, the way they use their mind and socialize,
shortly, everything related to them was
transformed. In other words, they became
domesticated. In time, within the settlements
built by themselves in the nature they came
from, they turned into farm animals. As the
settlements expanded and the cities were
formed, things got out of control and the
management of the farm passed to a smaller
class. Autodomesticated Humans were taken
captured in the urban farms they have built
themselves. They lost their sovereignty on their
destiny and became slaves. They were
exploited. However, what is worse is, despite all,
they learnt to be happy for having food to eat in
the farm in which they are running day and night
after the interests of the farm owners while
concerning about their future. As the power
accumulated and technology improved,
humans became less distinguishable from
chickens living in the industrial farms.
Life difficulty of the workers arising from the
industrialization in England in the 19th century
came with oppositions and resistances.
Observing the poverty and exploitation in
London and parallel to this some attempts to
organize struggles against it, Marx came to the
point that the workers would make a revolution
and this tyranny would be destroyed. In 1848,
collaboratively with Engels, they wrote a text
andintroduced the reasons of this desperate
situation and the ways to get over them.
Assuming that no one could tolerate these
conditions, they anticipated that the workers
would revolt, capture the entire farm and
establish a new order in which such injustices,
violence and oppressions would not exist (Marx,
and Engels, 1848). In fact, the workers did revolts
and achieved great successes in their conflicts.
However they did not change the order. In
accordance with the structure of their fights
which was mostly in the format of the trade union
movement and concentrated in a national level,
they could accomplish significant results in
increasing the welfare level of workers in the so
called developed countries. As a result of this
one and a half century old organized conflict,
the shape, format and geography of the
industrial production, exploitation and war was
changed. Thus, the poverty tragedy, started in
England in the 19th century, is being experienced
today in Asia in the worse conditions (figure 2).
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Hossein Sadri 78
Figure 2. Cage Homes, Hong Kong, Picture: by
Alex Hofford (cited in: Thomas, 2009).
It is understandable that the battery hens living in
the cages approximately equal to their size,
desire a revolution (figure 3). However
unfortunately, these chickens within the industrial
farms could not make a distinction between
being free range chickens walking freely within
the cages and being free by means of escaping
from the human oppressions and power. As their
fight for freedom questioned their living
conditions instead of existence of the farm, the
farms continued to be in existence by changing
their forms.
Figure 3. Dear Super Market Manager Please
Take All Battery Eggs Off Your Shelves and
Replace Them with Free Range (Activist
Campaigns).
3. FREE RANGE CHICKEN AND URBAN DENSITY
Therefore, free range chicken movement started
in terms of being able to walk within a larger
area. Accordingly different kinds of farms were
built based on the size of these areas. The farms
today are distinguished by the density of their
hens in caged areas. They are ranked with
dissimilar names and codes in respect to the
area each chicken is living in. Price of the
chickens and eggs are determined accordingly.
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Hossein Sadri 79
Figure 4. What Should Be the Width of the Area,
Naming of the Farms According to The Living
Space of Per Chicken (Barron, 2016).
As shown in the above image (Figure 4), while a
caged chicken lives in an area of 465 square
centimetre (approximately 15 to 30 centimetres),
a cage free hen in 930 square centimetres
(approximately 24 to 38 centimetres) and
organic free range chicken in 1860 square
centimetres (approximately 30 to 60
centimetres). In other words, 20 caged chickens,
10 cage free hens or 5 organic free range
chickens fit into per square meter. According to
this description, the maximum area per chickens
raised by humans in farms is 10 square meter. This
is 54 times bigger than the area of organic free
range chicken. Even though in compare with the
free range or caged chickens, these pasture
raised chickens are able to walk freely within a
grass and are most probably the happiest of the
chickens in farms, however they are still farm
chickens. As this area expands, the chickens
become more likely to get over the strict forms of
human hegemony. However at least an area of
60 square metres is needed for every chicken for
being able to live in a natural environment,
creating a harmony with the other livings beings
within that environment and providing a mutual
contribution to one another (0.3 Acre, meaning
1200 square metres for 20 chickens)( Pesaturo,
2015). This number corresponds to an area in
which 322 organic free range chickens or 1288
caged chickens live. For instance, considering
that a jungle fowl naturally existing in nature lives
in an area of approximately 10 thousand square
metres, all these numbers above gain a greater
meaning (Pesaturo, 2014).
When looking at the picture, it becomes more
noticeable, density within a land, directly affects
the quality of life. There is a major difference
between the chicken in this open prison and the
other caged ones. Thereby, if there was a
universal declaration of chicken rights, it would
be stated that all chickens have the right to live
as a pasture raised chicken living within the
largest area. Of course, it is a fact that the
chicken placed in a cage equal to its own size is
exposed to some kind of torture. Therefore, we
cannot ignore the significance of the fight for
improving the living standards of all chickens.
However, this is not the final goal. Because all of
these chickens actually subsist in a farm order
that only pursue human’s, or rather, farm owners’
interests and they do not have their own free will.
If the universal declaration of chicken rights did
exist and if the rights of the chickens stated in it,
were fully fulfilled, moreover, if even genuinely all
chicken in the world could be really “happy
chickens”, they would still only be a victim as a
farm product and the purpose of their existence
would be to provide the continuity of the farm
order.
According to studies, 1796 people fit into per
square kilometre in Adana, Seyhan (Nufus.Mobi
2017a), meaning that there is an area of 556 for
each person. This number is 54 square metres for
Istanbul, Esenyurt (Nufus.Mobi, 2017b). This
indicates that 10 people in Istanbul-Esenyurt are
settled within a living space which corresponds
to an area that one person live in Adana,
Seyhan. In other saying, an area a person lives in
Istanbul-Esenyurt is two times larger than a L-type
5. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 76-84 / 2017
Hossein Sadri 80
prison (N.A., 2005). Does being squeezed into a
particular area means humans can be exposed
to more dominance as in chickens? Summarily, is
the real problem the city or urbanization?
4. Urbanization and Human Domestication
My colleague, Kenan Güvenç shared the below
sketch with me (Figure 5). It contains a crucial
answer to my above questions. It also includes a
great example and metaphor on how the city
domesticates human beings. Güvenç expresses
that the cities created by capitalism are devices
imposing a hyper-domestication upon humans
and life, and transform them to the chicks under
a lamp. He claims that this operation of the
daylightization of everything and everywhere
destroys the spatial difference of days and nights
which is the sharpest division about life and
domesticates spaces, times and their
inhabitants.
Figure 5. Sketch of Kenan Güvenç (Güvenç,
2016).
This quote gives us important clues about the city
and the domesticating power of all its
mechanisms. It explains the direct ratio between
density and living under oppression. The
existence of density in cities obligated us to
various contraptions. For instance, what you are
seeing in the below images (Figure 6) is a human
type. As obvious, when necessary, he sprays
something in everywhere; to the plants, to the
chickens and to the humans. He can sprays
depending on the situation, but, he is always the
same type. This type is one of the favourites of
the farm owners- of course, mentally. Not only
the actions in these images are similar, but also
the clothes, posture and the existential
philosophy of them are identical.
Figures 6. The one spraying to the plants (ISHN,
2016), to the chickens (Viral FX, nd), to the
humans (BBC NEWS, 2015).
This human type exists for managing the farm in
order to establish an unconditional hegemony
and high level authority and, a strict domination.
His role in an industrial farm is to spray herbicides,
pesticides, drugs, chemical fertilizers and
hormones to acquire a single product
extraordinarily in a maximum level. His eyes are
only focused to see the product that he wants to
raise. Aside from that product, he tries to kill every
other living beings. He destroys the soil and
microorganisms within it, all the insects and
animals within the field and, all “uninvited”
plants, without hesitation. As a result of this, today
we are facing with carcinogenic, poisonous,
tasteless, GMO, hormone and drug injected, and
very harmful foods with no nutritional value
which can be described as dangerous garbage.
Still, the “options”, such as the organic presented
to us by the farms or free range chicken seen in
the above examples, cannot solve the problem.
The main reason of this is approaching it with
6. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 76-84 / 2017
Hossein Sadri 81
farm logic and farmer perspective. They pay no
attention to protecting and strengthening the
microorganism structure of soil with a blindly
anthropocentric and egocentric attitude. More
importantly farmers do not care about the life of
millions of species which their lives are strongly
tied to each other and to us, basically because
humans do not eat them and or we do not have
any knowledge whether they are useful or not.
This urbanization model and urbanized food
system do not protect our nature and world.
According to the report of WWF - World Wide
Fund for Nature, half of the species living in earth
was extinct over the past 40 years (Carrington,
2014). Each year tens of thousands of species
becomes extinct (WWF, nd).
5. DEURBANIZATION, PERMACULTURE AND RETURN
TO HUNTING - GATHERING
In order to stop this, we have to replace the farm
system with the farmers who only cares about
their own powers and wallets with free
ecocentric deurbanized settlements with
communities who cares about each other and
the world.. As a sample of this kind and
alternative to the frightening “sprayer” guy, we
have a nicer human figure seen in the below
image (figure 9). S/he is a kind of human being
protecting the earth, whole creatures, water and
humans, regardless of their usefulness or benefits
to human societies. This is permaculture, a
science generated by David Holmgren and Bill
Molison by analysing the function of forests.
These two scientists proposedan alternative way
of approaching to agriculture with the
information produced regarding the creation of
an ecosystem similar to the ones in forests in the
agricultural fields (Holmgren and Mollison, 1978).
Even though this science and philosophy highly
based on the ethical values with a non-
anthropocentric approach, however, it
introduces a radical solution for humans’
problems. Sciences as permaculture
fundamentally question the tyrannies based on
this egosystem and work on transformation of it.
Figure 9. Industrial Agriculture and Permaculture
Difference (Mahe, 2015).
Today we are watching the rolling over of our
world together with us towards a cliff. We are
experiencing life in the edge of disaster. The
highly dependent, urbanized, polluted,
controlled and poisoned world created by many
of us who only think themselves with a great ego
and ignore the holistic solutions. For this very
reason, by demolishing this ego and the thought
of being in the centre, it is necessary to form a
better and more liveable world notion based on
solidarity between beings for the next
generations.
Ideas similar to permaculture, which provide us
the ways we can reach to the foods from the
food forests, help us to organize more
independent communities. In fact, the
significance of permaculture is to provide us an
opportunity to leave the settled and urbanized
and industrial agricultured life and once again
live as hunter and getherers. These self-sufficient
7. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 76-84 / 2017
Hossein Sadri 82
hunter-gatherer communities and their solidarist
and communal environments can be
alternatives for todays urbanized and over
urbanized cities. We have to start to subtract
from the cities and add more wild life to them.
Destruct and deconstruct all the urbanized areas
and remove them with the self-controlled,
democratic, non-anthropocentric and free
habitats. If we want to save the life of our
children, we have to start this deurbanization as
soon as possible.
As long as we live as a crowded population in
the cities, we will be dependent upon the system
in every situation. We will be in need of
supermarkets, petrol, electric, water,
communication networks and everything being
managed from the centre and making us to
have only the status of consumer. Therefore, the
urbanization we have established, the industrial
agriculture and the forms of our approaches to
technology, they pave the way for us to be
domesticated and exploited by the powerful
ones like the farm products and to have no
control over our own lives. What is more
saddening is they cause all living creatures, the
nature and the whole our world to be sacrificed.
With today’s sustainable and environment
friendly technologies, our fund of ethical
knowledge and the science accumulation
created from social and ecological studies, we
can and we should create a much more
beautiful world. We have no other solution.
6. CONCLUSION
In this study the author has been tried to explain
the domestication power of urbanization and its
hegemonic structure. As it is revealed through
the study, nowadays, we have different ways of
coexistence suggested by several scientists like
Murray Bookchin who approaches the ecology
in tandem with the social reform. We have
knowledge about community and settlement
types which:
are the places of decentralized and even
distributed power,
are fully governed by the locals,,
can become integrated with their
environment,
protect their surrounding nature,
contribute to its existence,
can be independent in every sense,
contain high ethical values,
can improve the world and solidarity in real
terms,
became a part of much bigger network by
coming together with the other similar
settlements and fund worldwide solidarity
and peace (Bookchin, 1996) .
The study revealed that it is need to establish
settlements that can be a sustainable habitat in
real terms, provide a happy life both for people
living in it and all other beings there, and a
system based on their contributions to each
other’s lives. We have information and
technology for actualizing this; however, we do
not have enough will. As a result of the comfort
and lethargy arising from the foods put in front of
us in our coops, many of us may still prefer to stay
within the farm with the pride of having the
opportunity to existing more freely in comparison
with the ones in prisons or cages. Ignoring that
one day it will be our turn to be sacrificed, we are
most of the times busy with wasting our lives with
the fake happiness of still being alive and, some
of us try to put off this fact with throwing the other
chickens in front of the farmers, when necessary.
We have to stop this, regain consciousness and
re-build our world as a habitat for all of us who
are free and equal and respectful to the world
and its earth, water, air and fire.
Note:
This article is developed from two public lectures
of the author in 2016 and 2017:
a) Sadri, H. (2016) “City and the Rights of
Domesticated Humans”, in the Panel entitled:
“Urban Transformation and Human Rights,
Organized by the Chamber of Architects Adana
Branch, the 9th of December 2016, Adana
TURKEY.
8. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 76-84 / 2017
Hossein Sadri 83
b) Sadri, H. (2017) “Domesticated Human Beings
and Urban Cages”, Eastern Mediterranean
University, the 22nd of March 2017, Famagusta
CYPRUS
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