This presentation was provided by Michael UpShall of UNSILO, during the NISO Sponsored Event "NFAIS Foresight - Artificial Intelligence: Weighing the Value for the Information Community" held on September 25, 2019.

1. AI for the information
community: a publisher
perspective
Michael Upshall, UNSILO
NISO Webinar, September 25, 2019

2. Michael Upshall

3. “Using UNSILO’s fully automated content
enrichment technology, we can identify the
most descriptive concepts and phrases
within any document in our content
portfolio, and provide more valuable reading
suggestions, even across domains with a
highly variable terminology.”
Jan-Erik de Boer, CIO, Springer Nature
UNSILO: identifying
knowledge from
documents

4. Outline
1. AI: the opportunity
2. AI: the challenges. Why do people complain about AI?
3. The technology
4. The Academic Publishing Workflow
5. Does AI deliver solutions now?
6. How to measure AI tools
7. What role should the information community play in all this?

5. AI: why do people love (or hate) it?

6. What does AI do?
▪ It does mechanical tasks quicker
▪ It can “read” handwritten letters and numbers
▪ It can distinguish cats from dogs
▪ It can play chess
▪ It can find relationships between things
▪ It can discover spam in emails
▪ It can link things
▪ It can replicate some human decision-making
▪ It can make decisions
▪ It can drive cars
▪ It can find me a partner

7. Reasons for getting het-up about AI
▪ It might put me out of work
▪ I can’t trust it
▪ It’s biased
▪ It’s not accurate enough
▪ It lacks human input
▪ I don’t know how it works

8. What kind of AI are we talking about?

9. The five
tribes of AI
Domingos, The Master
Algorithm, 2015

10. Pseudohyponatremia: Does It Matter in Current Clinical Practice?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894530/
doi: 10.5049/EBP.2006.4.2.77
Key: Chemical Technique Anatomy Disease Species
Serum consists of water (93% of serum volume) and nonaqueous components, mainly lipids and proteins (7% of serum
volume). Sodium is restricted to serum water. In states of hyperproteinemia or hyperlipidemia, there is an increased mass of
the nonaqueous components of serum and a concomitant decrease in the proportion of serum composed of water. Thus,
pseudohyponatremia results because the flame photometry method measures sodium concentration in whole plasma. A
sodium-selective electrode gives the true, physiologically pertinent sodium concentration because it measures sodium activity
in serum water. Whereas the serum sample is diluted in indirect potentiometry, the sample is not diluted in direct
potentiometry. Because only direct reading gives an accurate concentration, we suspect that indirect potentiometry which
many hospital laboratories are now using may mislead us to confusion in interpreting the serum sodium data. However, it
seems that indirect potentiometry very rarely gives us discernibly low serum sodium levels in cases with hyperproteinemia and
hyperlipidemia. As long as small margins of errors are kept in mind of clinicians when serum sodium is measured from the
patients with hyperproteinemia or hyperlipidemia, the present methods for measuring sodium concentration in serum by
indirect sodium-selective electrode potentiometry could be maintained in the clinical practice.
string matching

11. Identifying concepts
Pseudohyponatremia: Does It Matter in Current Clinical Practice?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894530/
doi: 10.5049/EBP.2006.4.2.77
Key: Chemical Anatomy Disease Species
Serum consists of water (93% of serum volume) and nonaqueous components, mainly lipids and proteins (7% of serum
volume). Sodium is restricted to serum water. In states of hyperproteinemia or hyperlipidemia, there is an increased
mass of the nonaqueous components of serum and a concomitant decrease in the proportion of serum composed of
water. Thus, pseudohyponatremia results because the flame photometry method measures sodium concentration in
whole plasma. A sodium-selective electrode gives the true, physiologically pertinent sodium concentration because it
measures sodium activity in serum water. Whereas the serum sample is diluted in indirect potentiometry, the sample is
not diluted in direct potentiometry. Because only direct reading gives an accurate concentration, we suspect that
indirect potentiometry which many hospital laboratories are now using may mislead us to confusion in interpreting the
serum sodium data. However, it seems that indirect potentiometry very rarely gives us discernibly low serum sodium
levels in cases with hyperproteinemia and hyperlipidemia. As long as small margins of errors are kept in mind of
clinicians when serum sodium is measured from the patients with hyperproteinemia or hyperlipidemia, the present
methods for measuring sodium concentration in serum by indirect sodium-selective electrode potentiometry could be
maintained in the clinical practice.

12. Words in context

13. A journal profile: concept clusters

14. Identifying semantic clusters

15. Disambiguation of abbreviations

16. Using a training set
Nichols, J.A., Herbert Chan, H.W. & Baker, M.A.B. Biophys Rev (2019) 11: 111

17. Limitations of training sets?

18. The Academic Publishing Workflow

19. The wheel of
scholarship
Kramer and Boesman,
2015

20. 50m
3,000
24,000
Scholarly science articles (1665-2009)
New science articles published per day
Science journals
The scale of scientific publishing

21. When to use classification systems
“More recent content analysis approaches (in
semantic enrichment and AI) use more statistical
and grammatical analysis, rather than … a taxonomy
or ontology ... There are cases where … a taxonomy
or ontology are still appropriate, but this should no
longer be the assumed starting point.”
STM Association Overview of Scientific and Scholarly Publishing 2018 Report
https://www.stm-assoc.org/2018_10_04_STM_Report_2018.pdf

22. Does AI deliver solutions now?

23. Finding a peer reviewer
26% of US academics invited to review a paper declined because the
paper was outside their subject area
[Wiley, presentation to the ALPSP Annual Conference 2017]

24. Start with business use cases
I want to find other related articles to this one so I can make sure I
haven’t missed anything in my literature search.
I want to find related articles to my submission so that I can find
an expert who can peer review it.
I want to find the most relevant journal for this manuscript article
so I can tell the author where to submit it.

25. Single links, with no intermediary
Article to article
Article to person
Article to journal

26. Selecting a peer reviewer

27. Showing
links
http://nano.nature.com

28. UN Sustainable development goals
https://sdg-
pathfinder.org/

29. Building collections by using concepts
https://sdg-pathfinder.org/

30. Metrics, evaluation

31. Likes

32. How inclusive are the concepts?

33. Bias
Accessed
19 Sept
2019

34. Summary

35. Role of the information professional
● Start with a business use case
○ Consider maintenance costs as well as startup costs
● Understand if the proposed AI tool is appropriate
○ Understand what machines can or cannot do well
○ Identify ways in which humans can contribute to the outcome
● Identify an appropriate metric
○ Likes, clicks, “23% relevant”
● Advise on how to use and evaluate
○ Check for bias
○ Check for statistical validity

36. Michael Upshall
mu@unsilo.ai / @michael_upshall
Thank you