ABSTRACT: Mass media plays a very important role in the introduction of values in society, it includes the
issues on sexuality. Sexploitation is a term introduced by feminists that demonstrates how the media has been
unfairly exploiting women by violating their respectability in purpose of giving a boost to the circulation of
newspapers or magazines. Applying gender studies and muted group theory, there be found the following three
entities: First, the ideological construction of women in media. Second, the domination and attractiveness of
sexuality in media. Third, the position of women in media.
Drawing upon research undertaken with community development practitioners in the North Central of Nigeria, this
article argues that feminist community development processes have been undermined by the application of policy
initiatives which were designed to achieve equality and fairness. The application of targeted and technically neutral
systems has resulted in a managerialist approach to community development which has privileged masculinist practices
and marginalized the intersubjective, consciousness-raising practices which are central to feminism. The consequence is
that the broader emancipatory principles of community development practice have been distorted within a policy
discourse of equality
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A quickie introduction to cultural criticism for the purposes of JMC 309 Analyzing Mass Media Messages at Humboldt State University. Thanks to Purdue's Online Writing Lab for summaries of cultural theories.
Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. It includes women's studies (concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics), men's studies and queer studies.
Its rise to prominence, especially in Western universities after 1990, has been noted as a success of deconstructionism. Sometimes, gender studies is offered together with study of sexuality.
Drawing upon research undertaken with community development practitioners in the North Central of Nigeria, this
article argues that feminist community development processes have been undermined by the application of policy
initiatives which were designed to achieve equality and fairness. The application of targeted and technically neutral
systems has resulted in a managerialist approach to community development which has privileged masculinist practices
and marginalized the intersubjective, consciousness-raising practices which are central to feminism. The consequence is
that the broader emancipatory principles of community development practice have been distorted within a policy
discourse of equality
Hi! Take a look at these amazing sociology capstone project examples. To find more go to https://www.capstonewritingservice.com/sociology-capstone-project-ideas/
A quickie introduction to cultural criticism for the purposes of JMC 309 Analyzing Mass Media Messages at Humboldt State University. Thanks to Purdue's Online Writing Lab for summaries of cultural theories.
Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. It includes women's studies (concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics), men's studies and queer studies.
Its rise to prominence, especially in Western universities after 1990, has been noted as a success of deconstructionism. Sometimes, gender studies is offered together with study of sexuality.
An Analysis on the Equality Concept of Western FeminismAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Since the rise of Western feminism for more than a century, it has made great achievements
both in theory and in practice, which has effectively promoted the process of women's emancipation. However,
in order to achieve the ultimate goal of feminism ---equality between men and women, it still has a long way to
go. Tracing the development course of Western feminism, its concept of equality mainly goes through three
stages, they are the equality of identity, the equality of difference and that of humanity respectively. This thesis
aims to sort out and elaborate the three stages of the development of feminist equality, in hope for making
contribution to enlightening women's studies in China.
KEY WORDS:Western Feminism, Concept of Equality,Identity, Differences, Human
Running Head GLOBALIZATION1GLOBALIZATION5.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: GLOBALIZATION 1
GLOBALIZATION 5
Globalization
Name: Rodney Wheeler
Institution: Rasmussen College
Course: G380/AMH3304 Section 01 Visions of America Since 1945
Date: 02/02/18
What is globalization, and in what ways has the Internet served as a vehicle for it?
Globalization can be defined as the way through which firms or other organizations develop international ties and begin to function on an international level as opposed to simply operating within the national level. It means that firms begin targeting even customers from other countries across the globe, hiring employees from other countries and, open branches in other countries.
The internet has been very useful in fostering globalization. Through the internet, there is easier communication among people across the globe as emails, social media and other forms of formal communication can be used. The internet has also made it easy to market as websites are used to foster international marketing through use of websites, emails and through the social media. Therefore, the internet has been a key driver towards encouraging and promoting globalization through easier communication, increased socialization and through increased marketing efforts.
What cultural values do the site you chose reflect?
The site explains that one common culture, that is the global culture, will be one culture to be used worldwide, and this is because of globalization. There is the likelihood of losing individual beliefs of every country and instead, having one broad culture that accommodates everyone. The main challenge with this is that the cultural swift is towards the western way of thinking and of doing things and therefore, various communities are likely to lose their solidarity and the world will become one in terms of global culture. The internet, cable televisions and generally the international entertainment are nowadays geared towards supporting the western thoughts of capitalism and this is likely to create one common culture comprising mostly of western ideas. For instance, with time, English will dominate all other languages.
What political values are reflected?
There is a change in the political systems. For instance, in the past, every country used to conduct its own political affairs without concern about those of others. The main issues involved protection of human rights, caring for the economy and provision of security to the citizens. However, with the changes in ecological systems such as global warming, globalization has forced nations to be more united to act together as one through global politics. Since there are issues such as global warming, political issues and decisions of every country count towards promoting or not supporting global warming and thus the need for a single integrated global economy. Through the European Union, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization and the World Bank, international politics are shaped towards the same direction ...
Women Studies in Academic Disciplines: 6
Disciplining the Disciplines
- Prof. Maithreyi Krishnaraj
Transgression versus Transcendence an Analysis of 54
Dynamics of Women’s Sexuality in the Indian Epics
Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata
- Dr. Sarla Santwani
Women, Work and Empowerment: 70
A Case Study of the IT Sector
- Priyanka Dwivedi
The promise of the #MeToo movement for preventing and 83
reporting sexual harassment
- Dr. Linda Lane
Contribution of Socio-Cultural Factors in 96
Crime against Women
- Dr. Jasmine Damle
Identities and Negotiations between Women Householders and 113
Domestic Workers: A Case Study of Select Areas of Aligarh
- Dr. Tauseef Fatima and Dr. Shafey Anwarul Haque
Workplace Discrimination against Women in 130
the Formal Sector: Bias in the Quality of Work in
the Metropolitan Cities of India
- Dr. Sampriti Biswas
BOOK REVIEW
Political Feminism in India an Analysis of Actors, 152
Debates and Strategies
- Dr. Shital Tamakuwala
Women’s Employment: Work in Progress 156
- Ms Damyanty Sridharan
STATEMENTS
AIDWA and FAOW 158
SC judges in matter of Complaint of 158
sexual harassment against CJI
Similar to MEDIA AND WOMEN (Analysis on Gender and Sexuality in Mass Media Construction) (19)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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MEDIA AND WOMEN (Analysis on Gender and Sexuality in Mass Media Construction)
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2019
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 43
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-03, Issue-10, pp-43-50
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
MEDIA AND WOMEN (Analysis on Gender and Sexuality in
Mass Media Construction)
Zaenal Mukarom
Department of Faculty Dakwah & Communication UIN Sunan Gunung Jati Bandung
ABSTRACT: Mass media plays a very important role in the introduction of values in society, it includes the
issues on sexuality. Sexploitation is a term introduced by feminists that demonstrates how the media has been
unfairly exploiting women by violating their respectability in purpose of giving a boost to the circulation of
newspapers or magazines. Applying gender studies and muted group theory, there be found the following three
entities: First, the ideological construction of women in media. Second, the domination and attractiveness of
sexuality in media. Third, the position of women in media.
KEYWORDS: Mass Media; Gender; Sexuality; Ideological Construction;
I. INTRODUCTION; CURRENT MEDIA IN REALITY
It is clearly seen in reality that media in Indonesia demonstrates gender bias in their representation on
women in both print and electronic media. Today, various forms of gender inequality such as marginalization,
subordination, stereotyping or negative labeling, workload, violence, and socialization of gender confidence are
getting more apparent.
Media plays a very important role in the introduction of values in society; it includes the issues on
sexuality. It is clearly visible in the life of modern society that sexual exploitation in media may be blatant and
vulgar as well as subtly wrapped in art.
Many of today's media consider sex as a very important element that makes their products much easier
to sell and become popular in the society. On the basis of such poor phenomenon, media relies on sex as their
base product. Media is certainly considered difficult to avoid their presentation from pornography and half
obscenity, or pornographic oriented matters.1
Women who are the victims of sexual abuse and violence do not get their opportunity to express or
make confession on what they have experienced. The media in Indonesia acts in a way of no empathy to these
victims. In fact, some newspaper or news media spitefully turns the story into becomes entertainment for their
reader.2
There is also an impression that the media prefers presenting sensational highlight of sexual harassment
and violence cases rather than revealing the real reasons and motives behind the incidence. The media very
often preaches sexual harassment and violence scenes without trying to associate the cases with the actual
conditions of the society. They also do not provide their reader or viewer with guidance or tips to avoid such
incidence.
Sexploitation is the designation of feminists to demonstrate how the media has been unfairly exploiting
women by violating their honor and respectability in order to boost up their profit in business. This phenomenon
is very obvious that women are exploited for commercial purposes. The print media has always defended
themselves by stating that their readers are willing to consume their presentation, while women themselves are
also happy to read the issues about their gender.3
Woman becoming the objects of mass media is a gloom reality of gender inequality that appears in our
society. The root of gender inequality relates closely to the culture of patriarchy. It is obvious in such cases that
1
Wina Armada, Menggugat Kemerdekaan Pers, (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1993), page 17.
2
Anan Nadhya Abrar, Wanita dan Media: Pemberitaan Isu Pelecehan dan Kekerasan Seksual dalam Surat Kabar Indonesia,
(Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 1998), page 193.
3
Djafar H. Assegaf, Wanita dan Media: Kode Etik Jurnalistik dan Martabat Wanita, (Bandung: Remaja Rosdkarya, 1998),
page 193.
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men are the subject within their power, while the woman is the object within their weakness and for being
marginalized.4
Gender is a labeling that may in fact be exchanged between men and women. However, gender issues
may necessarily not appear to become a problem when there is no such telling which leaves women as the
objects of exploitation. Ana NadhyaAbrar points out that Indonesian journalists are actually more gender-
sensitive in understanding the problems drawn against women. Women’s images in the view of the Indonesian
press are still considerably deprived as editorial policy turns out to be less dominant than that of marketing,
which involves segmentation, advertising contribution, and reader’s preference.5
Observing the phenomenon, it is understood that the current mass media either print, electronic,
internet, or cinema have constructed such negative image on women. As described previously, the media seems
to position women as commercial commodity. Whatever experienced by women is always interesting to be
presented in the media. In turn, anything presented by the media is always associated with the presence of
women.
It is considerably interesting and important to carry out an analysis of how mass media constructs and
represents the image of women. This observation applies the study of gender and sexuality as the main
analytical framework. This gender study is grounded on such phenomenon described above. To put it to the
more comprehensive analysis results and further reveal of women’s position in media industry, this study also
involves the Muted Group Theory. The theory is chosen on the basis of the phenomenon that women do not
obtain their opportunity to express clearly and directly to the media on what they have experienced.
II. FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS AND THEORY:
1. Gender and Sexuality
Gender is socially constructed public’s view on different roles, functions and responsibilities adhered
by both men and women (i.e. a habit that grows and agreed upon in the community). The view itself subjects to
substitution in accordance with changes of time; while sex is the difference of biological organ between men
and women, especially in reproductive parts.
According to a radical feminist libertarian, Gayle Rubin, sex/gender system is a circuit arrangement
implemented in the community to transform biological sexuality into products of human activity.6
In turn, it is
understood that the definition of sex and gender is actually different to each other. Somehow not only different,
sex and gender also have a common biological basis of sex, and both are socially constructed. They however
also differ as they are made of different social bases. Gender is also a cultural construction which is open to any
changes.7
In cultural studies, gender and sex are seen as social constructions that are intrinsically implicated on
the issues of representation. Gender and sex are likely to be more cultural rather than natural matters. However,
some feminists point out their thought to emphasize the essential difference between men and women. Cultural
studies tend to explore the idea of specific sexual identity characters historically; unstable, plastic, and prior to
change.
On the basis of these assumptions, it does not necessarily mean easy to set off one's sexual identity and
substitute it with others. As sex is considered as a result of social construction, this social construction is
however the one that constitutes the human being through the pressures of power and identifications in the
human psyche. In other words, the social construction is something that is regulated and has its own
consequences. Since sexual identity is seen to be not as a universal biological essence, it is more to become the
issues of how femininity and masculinity being discussed. In short, feminism and cultural studies should pay
more attention to the problems of sex and representation.
Cultural studies have observed the representation of women in popular culture and in literature. It is
found that women around the world are constituted as sex and subordinated under men. In other words, subject
positions constructed for women put them in patriarchal work order of domestication and beautification, or
those to make them become mothers and have career as well as being able to explore their individuality, and
perform post-colonially to carry the double load introduced by colonialism as well as being subordinated by
their native male. Nevertheless, it is not impossible to unset the stability of this sex-body representation, even
4
Myra Diarsi, Menjual Mitos Menyesatkan, (onKompas, edition of Monday 16 April 2001), page 32.
5
Ana Nadhya Abrar, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, (Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, Volume 7, No. 3, March
2004).
6
T.R. Putman, Feminist Thought: Pengantar Paling Komprhensif kepada Arus Utama Pemikran Feminisme, (Yogyakarta:
Jalasutra, 1998), page 78.
7
C. Barker, Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice, (London: Sage Publishing, 2000), page 192
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when the texts have been constructing the subject position, it does not necessarily mean all men or women take
those offered positions.
Studies of reception put emphasis on negotiation that occurs between the subject and the text, including
the possibility of making resistance to the textual meaning. These studies often celebrate the values and cultures
of watching women.8
2. Muted Group Theory
Muted Group Theory - MGT originated from the work of Edwin and Shirley Ardener, social
anthropologists who are interested in the structure and social hierarchy. In 1975, Edwin Ardener states that
groups that make up the top of the social hierarchy determine the communication system in the culture. Groups
with less power such as women, the poor, and the people of colored skin must learn to work in a communication
system that has been developed by the dominant group.9
CherisKramarae developed this theory to focus specifically on communication. However as stated by
Kramarae, the goal is more limited compared to that of Ardener’s which is supposed to implement the Muted
Group Theory across various cultures.
The assumptions of Muted Group Theory developed by Kramarae are based on two assumptions: First,
women’s perception towards the world is different than that of men because of their different experience and the
activities that are rooted in the labor division. This assumption is based on differences in gender perceptions.
This assumption is set up from the premise that the world is different for either men or women. Second, as there
is a dominant male political system, there is also a dominant male perception, inhibiting free expression of
women’s alternative models toward the world.
III. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
1. Ideological Construction of Women on Mass Media
Mass media contributes considerable to influence the construction of ideology which in turn is accepted
by the public as common practice. Mass media is not the only determinant factor but the role has been growing
to become more and more important as the agent of socialization since the intensity of public’s consumption on
media is also increasing. It is demonstrated by media equity ownership and production that are steadily market-
oriented. Media is not only oriented on economic factors but also on the realm of ideology, politics, and power
that led to the public conquest.
Marxist theory points out that media’s position in the system of modern capitalism is the one that 'sets
up'. It is not only a medium for transferring messages among existing social elements in society but also serves
as a means of consensus coercion implemented by certain groups that are economically and politically
dominant. Media is a tool of production tailored to the general type of capitalism industry along with its factors
and relations of production.
Media tend to be dominated by the capitalist class whose management is well implemented nationally
or internationally to meet the interests of its own social class. According to Marxist, the capitalists work
ideologically to promote their ideas and perspectives while rejecting the idea that is considered potential to
create change or lead to the creation of consciousness of the working class to stand up for their interest against
the capitalist.
Peter Golding and Graham Murdock (1997) in The Political Economy of Media mentions that mass
media has reached the peak development as the key institution in the history of modern society for being able to
represent themselves as the main public space and helps determine the social dynamics, politic, and culture both
locally and globally. Media is also able to generate economic benefits as it takes position as an intermediary
between producers and consumers. On the other hand, mass media is also capable of deploying and
strengthening certain economic and political structures as well as running ideological functions.
Effect of media will also become more powerful since the female figure of the display is presented in a
way of strengthening the stereotype that has been built in the community. Hence the mass media is not the one
who gives a birth to gender inequality, somehow it has taken part to strengthen, preserve, and even exacerbate
the injustice against women in society. When the media introduces a notion on women consistently, people are
consequently expecting that the most logical choice is to follow what appears to be a general trend, as presented
by the media.
It is the reality of today’s that a beautiful woman is identified with bright skin, straight and long hair,
well-shaped body, and sexy dress to show off body contours (with miniskirt), as well as dressed in trendy outfits
since it is considered the most ideal choice in social life. It is in fact slowly but surely that the media confirms
the stereotyping on women that are constantly presented as sex objects in the media. In turn, the male audience
8
Anthony Giddens, The Transformations of Intimacei, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), page 180.
9
West dan Turner, Pengantar Teori Komunikasi: Analisis dan Aplikasi, (Jakarta: Salemba Humanika, 2008), page 120.
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will have their justification to see women as ones whose primary function is to satisfy their sexual desires. Thus,
women are degraded to be mere sex objects. As a result, the embedded notion is that women’s main potential is
their body instead of other factors such as intellectual excellence, breadth of knowledge, skills or other
competencies.
In this case media is functioning as a means of self identification with the values enforced by the
media. Every human being has his own values in life which in turn are used to perceive the world. With media
along in life, everyone discovers other and different values beyond. When someone is constantly and
continuously introduced to other values created by the media, his personal values tend to be influenced. In such
a way, media brings the values from all over the world that could easily affect the audience.
Media may also function as an identity provider, where the media is a means to improve self
understanding. To understand and assess who, what, and how someone is, other’s views are generally required.
In this case, media may help to become a mirror for self recognition and understanding of physical and
intellectual as well as moral condition.
As the business industry, mass media involves very deeply to people’s mind by exploiting women with
all their characters that are possible to be in trade; beauty, body attractiveness, sex as a form of men’s pattern of
patriarchy and interest of capitalism in media industry. As a matter of fact, within its role as an intellectual
product, mass media functions into the opposite direction to its role, namely to defend and maintain the basic
rights of the public especially those in the position of being oppressed.
This recent phenomenon is an evidence that the roles of the mass media are not supposed to be
underestimated. It does not only introduce and promote such ideology but also confirm ones that have already
been built previously while providing justification and even supporting the conditions that facilitate practices of
oppression against women. Even to further lookout, it is almost certain that such cases of raping and violence
against women are also considerably caused by the effect of the mass media.
Many female artists show up in media exploiting their sexual attraction blatantly within the impression
that they are fully in control of their bodies. Such female artists as Katy Perry and Lady Gaga show up on stage
with the attractions dominated with sexuality in their both outfits and movements.
In Indonesia, this phenomenon is demonstrated by a number of female artists such as Julia Perez, Trio
Macan, Inul, DewiPersik and several others. The fans of these artists may argue that their idols do not perform
any body or sexual exploitation with their clothing and a body shaking. In fact, these artists are claimed to be
fully in control of their movements while the audience could only surrender and passively accept what they are
presented with.
In this case, such sexy performance of these celebrities will be perceived by their audiences under the
gender scheme that has been built before. Such performance consumed by male audience is not merely the
independence or freedom of the artists themselves, it also illustrates the willingness of the artists to exploit their
sexual attractiveness based on the sexiness, beauty, and other physical qualities. As the result, woman should be
willing to be treated not as a being with brain and dignity, but more as a being that should always exploit her
body.
Being used as a means for these artists, the media serves as a provider to audience’s personal identity
that serves model of behavior. Model behavior can be obtained from the media presentation, whether it is
similar to that embedded or even on the contrary. In other words, it is often that everything offered by the
celebrities can be easily imitated by the media-consuming audience. This hunt for the identity is at least to
pursue similarity to those offered by the artist in fashion, lifestyle and others.
2. Domination & Fascination of Female Sexuality in Media
It is revealed in many discussions on media and gender that women appear more dominantly than men
in either news or gender-bias issues in media. An assumption that is believed to give influence is that the mass
media’s chain of activities tends to be dominated by men; from the photographer to reporter, editor, lay outer,
columnist, editorial board, deliveryman, as well as its customers/buyers/readers/viewer.
In other words, all production processes involve men’s interest on the basis of their views and tastes. It
consequently leads to an ease of turning women into become media commodity. Another assumption reveals
that media workers and institutions do not posses adequate sensitivity towards issues on women, so as not yet to
produce journalism with expected perspective on gender.
The mass media is also considered to have not been able to escape from its role as an economic
medium of power, both coming from the authorities, intellectual authority, political ideology and the capital
owner. The theory of media’s political economy suggests that media institutions should be assessed as part of
the economic system that is also closely related to the political system. The quality of knowledge over the
community produced by the public media is largely determined by the exchange rate of the contents in a wide
range of conditions that impose the expansion of the market and is also determined by the economic interests of
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the owner and policy makers.10
The mass media which is supposed to maintain the balance of the existing
power turns out to conserve the power itself only because of poor professional competence and ethic that results
in women as the victim of arrogant perpetuation of capitalism.
Women have also been entering the period of anomalies in which their existence is being challenged.
On one hand, women begin to enjoy their opportunity of good education, information, and begin to grow. On
the other hand, their images have not changed yet. Women are still likely to be sex object. Consequently, even
when they have more freedom and independence outside the house, they still get harassed or subordinated by
their male boss in the office. It also happens on the street where women are still badly treated or get teased. This
is then reduced by the media from a bitter reality into become a common thing for women.
Media has three life resources, namely the content, the capital owner, and the audience. The content
relates to the presentation, the capital regards with the source of funds to support the media, while the audience
relates to the targeted segments. Thus, it is understandable why the media is widely operated for commercial
purposes. In order to survive and win in the competition, media requires its resources of life namely capital,
content, and audience. The three are interconnected.
Interesting content attracts audience to keep on certain media as their favorite. The more audience
watch, read, or hear certain program, the higher the rating is. It implies to more interested advertisers to put their
advertisements within the program. Or it could be, the media with huge capital resources produces high quality
events (content) to attract their audience, resulting in high ratings and in turn attracts advertisers. Such
performance certainly puts the media as a means for the capital owners to maintain their domination, either in
term of economic or political power. In the prevailing condition, media should keep on selling ‘something’
needed or preferred by the market to maintain the expected profitable position. One of the main strategies
includes presenting gender and sexuality. Luce Irigaray quoting Levi Strauss and adapting Marx argues that
women are not necessarily served as costumers but as commodity.11
A noticeably similar view is brought up by Gilman stating that the men are the market and demand,
while the women are the supply. Therefore women are turned into become fabricated products disinvested by
their body and fashionably dressed in such a form to make them suitable for being exchanged among men.
Those are the reasons behind the fact that sexuality is very attractive in the media. Sexuality on stage or display
makes media become salable as its male audience acquires 'entertainment'. It agrees with the idea expressed by
Mc Quail that one of its functions is as entertainment medium.12
In this regard, the media has turned out to become the main tool of capitalism and consumerism. It has
also been crushed down into pieces within market mechanism which no longer obedient to norms and etiquette.
It may even violate one’s privacy or honor. Surprisingly, it becomes a quite expensive commodity. Human
discrimination within this issue is getting more apparent. Human being has been considered as the objects and
materials while sexuality is seen as the commodity. That women are exhibited and showcase themselves have
entered the era of peak discrimination; a very deep era of materialistic, hedonistic, secularistic, and
individualistic. Materialistic; as the attention is paid only for the human body which priors to changes, not for
personalities that are likely to be more lasting. Hedonistic; as it concerns only with temporary pleasure.
3. Women in Mass (Media) Culture
Human being is embedded with the tendency to become consumer of the mass culture. One of the
employed media is the "magic box" that provides them with sound, images (audio and video), while being
confronted with the social reality displayed within. In another scale, the "magic box" (TV) is also considered to
be responsible of causing dehumanization, demoralization, or desecration.13
Media culture refers to a state
where the audio and visual display or spectacle has helped assemble everyday’s life, dominate the entertainment
projects, form political opinion and social behavior, and even provide material supplies to establish someone’s
identity. Print media, radio, television, movies, internet, and other forms of late media technology have provided
various definitions for being male or female, distinguishing someone’s status on the basis of class, race, or sex.
One aspect of the mass culture that is not less interesting to observe is the wording and style of news
reporting on women as the concept as well as the object. Within its primary means namely the language of the
mass media (especially in print media), the media plays a role of 'formatting' public’s thought with the language
chosen and used by its journalists.14
On the other hand, some print media have tried to present their result of
coverage with respect for the woman of victim e.g. by covering the identity and providing brief explanation of
10
N. Garnham, Media, Culture, and Society, (London: Sage Publishing, 1979), page 135.
11
Sue Thorman, Teori Feminis dan Cultural Studies, (Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 2000), page 172.
12
Dennis McQuail, Teori Komunikasi Massa, (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2010), page 82.
13
Nurul Arifin, Wajah Wanita dalam Media Masa, (Bandung: Mediator, Jurnal Komunikasi UNISBA, 2001).
14
Ibid.
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the incident to its audience. Somehow, most media practitioners assume that the women of victim remain the
object of violence.
Sexual violence is often presented in media along with putting sexual imagination, raising readers’
sexual desire, and leaving women as the objects that have become the victim. Being not empathetic to the victim
and biased in favor of standing for and being sympathetic to the perpetrator demonstrate the media unfairness in
reporting the victim. It would be worse when the woman of victim is labeled with the stigma of "not a good
woman". The submitted language leads to the misjudging on the rape victim who is presented to enjoy the
incident of sexual abuse. The media also has tendency to illustrate that there is no significant impact for the
victims. News of rape is presented in bombastic title such as the use of the phrase; Father "Works On"
Stepchild; Taxi Drivers “Take Turn” Village Girl. The sentence reflects the message that women are the weak
and helpless creatures.
Such mindset in news writing is thus very likely to represent the mindset of most people who epitomize
their response to the news of sexual violence against women. Not to mention the problem of gender violence in
the frame of pornography. Despite differences on the definition of pornography, the activity itself is generally
regarded as sexual harassment against certain sex. Types of violence on women in the culture of pornography
include non-physical violence i.e. the violence in the form of abuse against women as the objects for making
benefit in the media industry.15
When the media reports rape victims as a woman with fair-complexion and attractively-shaped body, the writing
of events is actually making the women of rape victims into become the victim again (revictimized). Firstly, she
becomes the victim of physical violence; Secondly, she is the victim of writing by the media, as her fair skin and
beautiful body had been the cause of violence upon her.
The media programs such as operas, talk shows, comedy shows, and some particular sections in the
print media also display some visualization of naughty whistling (teasing), porn humor, comments associated
and leads to harassment of sexual performance, poking or touching certain parts of body. All these are actually
the manifestation of sexual harassment but ironically not regarded as problem by the media.
Movies and soap operas are manifestation of creativity. The pure taste of the work carried out by the
people of the nation should also involve the existing noble values. A nation of religiosity is also in a wish of
being in charge for their own country. All of these are merely rare in this country. Movies and soap operas are
mostly produced more on the calculation of business. In turn, they are created mostly to just satisfy their
audience’s desire (male-dominant). Women are utilized as the center of attraction at various acts of exploitation.
The fact is actually violating women on their own. It sadly confirms the stereotyping on women in general.
However, the people running the business and those behind the media industry have always refused to admit the
phenomenon as the act of exploitation. They keep on the argumentation that it is nothing but creativity.
Jenny Hardono, a creative director, stated at the National Seminar on Women in Surabaya that "creativity can be
implemented in various ways, not necessarily in a way of undressing women".16
In advertising, the other side of women in the media spotlight, there also is found the fact that women
are also not presented in better images on TV commercial, print media, films, and soap operas. Women are
somehow positioned as the sex objects. Despite most commercials do not need women to be involved in regard
with the specific product that are intended only for men, media may persistently puts women in the ads. For
example, in commercials for car, water pump, cigarette, energy drink for men, and condom, the ads deliberately
present women for all the characters of salability: beauty, body attractiveness, and sex objects.
Women do not appear to be personal creature; they become the symbols to please predominantly-male
audience. It confirms the fact that many ads expose women’s parts of body such as lips, thighs, leg, abdomen,
etc. Meanwhile, their faces and identity are not necessarily shown, because their parts of body have already
taken over all the selling point. It is all they need. Ads also demonstrate the mystification that women are
complementary to men’s life. Women are merely an object for the life of men, so that women could never make
any decision on their own without men.
In commercial for vitality drugs, further analysis simply shows how gender values are always strived
in. Advertising in media perpetuates or reproduces stereotyping of men and women in their traditional roles.
Commercial for vitality drugs implies distance in sexual relations between men and women. Woman in such
commercial of sex stimulants is always portrayed into become subordinated and in the position of serving and
meeting the needs of her man in their sexual relationships. Meanwhile, the man is represented to take control
over woman's sexuality only if he takes the vitality drug. It is anyway in the commercial, often women are
portrayed as sexual objects for macho and mighty men.
15
Mansour Fakih, Kekerasan dalam Perspektif Pesantren, (Jakarta: Grasindo, 2000), page 52.
16
Op.Cit.
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Similarly, there is also inevitability in sentence structures towards gender issues. For example, there is
such entrenched legal agreement that men could "marry" and "divorce" their women, while one way and another
women can only "be married" and "get divorced". Within certain critical situations, women who have lost their
faith on their men might particularly be active and demanding. Nevertheless, still they could only "ask to be
married" and "asked to get divorced". It is then obvious to tell the one who gets referred to as "I", "you" and
"he" in such sentences of the conversation in a television program ("Shall you love me still?").
Changing this generalization into particular cases on woman in the culture, Edwin Ardener observed
that social anthropology examines women’s experiences by talking almost exclusively with men. Therefore, it is
not only the women who face difficulties on the language that does not entirely represent what they have in
mind, but also that their experiences are represented on the basis of men’s point of view.17
4. Women and Media; Muted Group Theory Overview
The other fact of women in media spotlight is that they undergo the process of being muted through
ritual and control. Through ritual; that many social rituals have impacts on women to get muted and
subordinated. Through control; that men are in charge of any decisions on what to put in the history books that
make the history of women is barely touched.
In addition to the fact, the media is controlled by men. Coverage on women’s contribution and discussion on
women are relatively inadequate in the mainstream media. Women are merely objects for men that make them
unable to make decision on their own without men.
In this aspect, the communication puts men at the center while women as the shadows. Men
predominantly occupy the whole public spaces. From the decision makers and the main actors of the policy, the
front row, the vast opportunity, and the time availability for men. If the whole matters put men as the main
actors and to have the most dominant access, women then subject to experience of being muted.
The basic theories and assumptions of muted theory are used to analyze the process of cultural silencing/muting
of women especially in the media as there are different experiences between women and men in the activities
that are rooted in gender bias.
IV. CONCLUSION; DECONSTRUCTING MEDIA STEREOTYPING
Media is the representation of the existing culture. In other words, media is the agent of culture
whereas culture is a system of signs. Products of media represent certain meaning and reality to be conveyed by
the producer i.e. media workers to their audience as the target. The audience might not put their concern on load
of falsehood culture and all forgery offered as the reality of meaning of the media product. But it is better if the
false and bogus meanings of media products are in support to the existing normative social reality.
In addition, the meaning of media products has become the tool of legitimizing the exchange of values
and norms in the society. In other words, the relation images between men and women in media products will
continue to be defined like the way of conservative old values, and prevails in the society whereas women are
always the second-class citizen compared to men. In fact, media products could have been deconstructing old
values with the more egalitarian relation image and gender justice.
Stereotyping on women as 'objects' for men that has long been constructed by the media should
essentially get discourse balancing. Discourse on 'woman' is in deep requirement of being deconstructed.
Women have been in fact silenced/muted all this long. It is now time to speak out. Such awareness and courage
should continually be in discussion and raised. It is not supposed to revolutionally take over the position that
women dominate and construct men, but to balance and equalize discrepant relations between women and men
as a result of gender inequality.
It is time for media to no longer expose any issues in such framings of stereotyping with men’s
predomination and putting women as sex objects. Media should encourage and support women to open their
views and insights, and promote change of their negative self images. Media should at least act justly in a way
of presenting women’s images side by side with man without any gender bias. Could it be possible considering
deeply rooted interest of capitalism in gender-biased and sexuality-oriented entertainment for the shake of the
greedy benefit of economy?
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