The document discusses universities as complex service systems from both external and internal perspectives. It examines the role of universities in driving national, regional, and city competitiveness through metrics like GDP correlations. Universities are described as economic engines that impact employment, expenditures, knowledge, and human capital formation. Their presence is shown to benefit both cities through growth and cities are important for universities to thrive. A framework is proposed to view universities as service systems with multiple stakeholders like students, faculty, administration, and businesses.
Japan may 11 future of cities and universities 20120511 v3ISSIP
The document discusses IBM's University Programs worldwide (IBM Upward), which aims to accelerate regional development through partnerships with universities. It highlights how universities can help cities and regions by transferring knowledge, creating knowledge, and applying knowledge. Universities play an important role in national competitiveness and economic development. IBM Upward seeks to strengthen university-based entrepreneurial ecosystems and three streams of knowledge (transfer, create, apply) to help cities and regions prosper.
Dr. James Spohrer gave a presentation on partnering for skills at the Zermatt Summit. He discussed the need for T-shaped people who have both depth in one area and breadth across disciplines. Spohrer also talked about cybersecurity solutions and the changing knowledge requirements in companies and universities. He emphasized that IBM partners with universities globally to align on innovation and highlighted some of IBM's growth initiatives and financial performance.
1. The document discusses how universities can become smarter service systems by improving their subsystems like transportation, energy usage, and education to better serve students, faculty, and their regional communities.
2. It proposes that universities act as "living labs" for their host cities by using research centers to solve real-world problems and accelerate regional innovation.
3. Regional innovation ecosystems are described as systems like nations, states, cities, and universities that aim to balance independence with interdependence among their subsystems.
Oliver Yu, President of Stars Group, Professor
at San Jose State University
2013 Accomplishments:
2 SIG conference calls
Developed SIG mission and goals
Recruited initial members
2014 Goals:
Increase membership to 20
Organize 1 webinar on smart grid services
Develop white paper on service innovation in energy
Propose 1 conference session
2013 ISSIP and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
26
ISSIP
Service Futures SIG
Mission: Explore emerging service trends and their implications for
business and society.
SIG Established: October 2012
The document summarizes IBM's University Programs which uses six "R's" - Research, Readiness, Recruiting, Revenue, Responsibility, and Regions - to help build a smarter planet. It provides examples of partnerships between IBM and universities around the world focusing on areas like skills development, research collaborations, startup support, and regional economic development. The programs aim to accelerate skills growth, innovation, and job opportunities through global academic engagements.
The document discusses linking service science with policymaking to enable desirable societal outcomes. It outlines that service science studies value co-creation interactions in service systems and that policies can shape rules and incentives to connect interactions with outcomes. The document also provides background on key concepts in service science like the service-dominant logic and definitions of service systems.
Japan may 11 future of cities and universities 20120511 v3ISSIP
The document discusses IBM's University Programs worldwide (IBM Upward), which aims to accelerate regional development through partnerships with universities. It highlights how universities can help cities and regions by transferring knowledge, creating knowledge, and applying knowledge. Universities play an important role in national competitiveness and economic development. IBM Upward seeks to strengthen university-based entrepreneurial ecosystems and three streams of knowledge (transfer, create, apply) to help cities and regions prosper.
Dr. James Spohrer gave a presentation on partnering for skills at the Zermatt Summit. He discussed the need for T-shaped people who have both depth in one area and breadth across disciplines. Spohrer also talked about cybersecurity solutions and the changing knowledge requirements in companies and universities. He emphasized that IBM partners with universities globally to align on innovation and highlighted some of IBM's growth initiatives and financial performance.
1. The document discusses how universities can become smarter service systems by improving their subsystems like transportation, energy usage, and education to better serve students, faculty, and their regional communities.
2. It proposes that universities act as "living labs" for their host cities by using research centers to solve real-world problems and accelerate regional innovation.
3. Regional innovation ecosystems are described as systems like nations, states, cities, and universities that aim to balance independence with interdependence among their subsystems.
Oliver Yu, President of Stars Group, Professor
at San Jose State University
2013 Accomplishments:
2 SIG conference calls
Developed SIG mission and goals
Recruited initial members
2014 Goals:
Increase membership to 20
Organize 1 webinar on smart grid services
Develop white paper on service innovation in energy
Propose 1 conference session
2013 ISSIP and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
26
ISSIP
Service Futures SIG
Mission: Explore emerging service trends and their implications for
business and society.
SIG Established: October 2012
The document summarizes IBM's University Programs which uses six "R's" - Research, Readiness, Recruiting, Revenue, Responsibility, and Regions - to help build a smarter planet. It provides examples of partnerships between IBM and universities around the world focusing on areas like skills development, research collaborations, startup support, and regional economic development. The programs aim to accelerate skills growth, innovation, and job opportunities through global academic engagements.
The document discusses linking service science with policymaking to enable desirable societal outcomes. It outlines that service science studies value co-creation interactions in service systems and that policies can shape rules and incentives to connect interactions with outcomes. The document also provides background on key concepts in service science like the service-dominant logic and definitions of service systems.
1) The document discusses service science and its importance for universities. It provides definitions for key terms like service, service innovations, and service systems.
2) It notes the progress of service science, including the growth of courses, conferences, and publications in the field.
3) The document outlines important future trends for service science, such as the need for better frameworks, theories, and tools to study service systems.
an introduction to service science that provides the basics of: service system thinking, service system dynamics, service system re-design examples, and tries to answer the "why questions" - end notes include the birth of service science, discussion of advanced manufacturing, outsourcing, sustainability, as well as ways to learn more about service science
This document discusses progress and directions in service science research. It outlines several "mega-topics" for IT-enabled service research including super-colleague applications, intelligent home health systems, manufacturing/agriculture service systems, and crowd-sourced city service systems. It also discusses holistic service systems research focusing on smart cities with universities at their core. The document provides an overview of IBM's university programs and outlines a framework for advancing service science through interdisciplinary research.
This document discusses a partnership between IBM and universities in Colombia to collaborate on 21st century skills. It notes that the main focus of the collaboration will be on skills development, with engineering enrollment and royalties/revenue from investments being secondary topics. The document provides background on IBM's global university programs and strategies to partner with universities for research, skills development, recruiting, generating revenue from solutions, and taking on social responsibility.
Service science progress and directions 20100620ISSIP
Provides and overview of IBM University Programs, as well as an update on applying service science (an emerging discipline) to holistic service systems, like cities, universities, and resort hotels - that have to deal with transportation, water, food, energy, communications, buildings, retail, finance, health, education, and governance-security-development-rights
The document discusses IBM University Programs worldwide which aims to accelerate regional development through partnerships with universities. It focuses on IBM's work in areas like smarter cities, cognitive computing, and using service science and systems thinking approaches to improve quality of life. The presentation also provides examples of how measuring and improving various service systems can enhance areas like transportation, healthcare, education, and other areas that impact human well-being.
1. The document discusses service science and its focus on service systems and value co-creation. 2. It outlines foundational premises of service science including the configuration of resources and calculation of value from multiple stakeholder perspectives. 3. Future directions discussed include challenges of local optimization not equaling global optimization and real-world problems not equating to single discipline problems.
The document summarizes Jim Spohrer's presentation on "City Ecosystems of the 21st Century" given at the Stanford Global Innovation Ecosystem Summit. The presentation discusses how cities are becoming the defining artifacts of civilization and will house over 75% of the world's population by 2050. It outlines various elements that comprise city ecosystems, including infrastructure/environment, individuals/skills, institutions/jobs, and information/quality of life. The presentation also proposes that universities will play a key role in connecting information flows between city ecosystems and accelerating regional innovation through multi-disciplinary research centers.
University and industry interactions for a smarter planet 20110830 v4ISSIP
The document discusses opportunities for collaboration between universities and IBM to build a smarter planet. It outlines IBM's university programs that focus on research, skills development, recruiting, and helping regions through entrepreneurial ecosystems. The goal is improving quality of life by better understanding infrastructure, institutions, individuals, and shared information across generations.
The document discusses service science and its importance for building a smarter planet. It outlines how the world's economies and jobs have shifted towards services. Service science aims to study complex service systems and improve customer-provider interactions. The document discusses key concepts in service science like service systems, value co-creation, and a systems-disciplines matrix. It emphasizes the need for a skilled multi-disciplinary workforce and highlights opportunities in areas that improve quality of life.
Regional innovation ecosystems and service science can work together to build a smarter planet. Universities are key players as the hearts of regional innovation ecosystems. They can act as living labs through research centers that study real-world systems to accelerate regional economic development and job growth. Data shows a strong correlation between a nation's GDP and the rankings of its top universities, demonstrating universities' importance.
The document discusses service science and its role in building a smarter planet. It outlines how service sectors have grown globally and how IBM is responding by focusing on service science priorities. These priorities include understanding service systems, creating and improving complex systems, and developing skills and tools to advance service innovation. The goal of service science is to discover principles of service systems and create a smarter planet where systems are instrumented, interconnected and intelligent to improve quality of life.
This document outlines a case study analysis of IBM's social business offerings. It provides a template for analyzing three companies that partnered with IBM on social business initiatives: Company 1, Company 2, and Company 3. For each company, the case study would include a press release describing the partnership, followed by an analysis mapping phrases from the press release to the six principles of service thinking and assessing the impact on revenue, profits, and brand. The document provides examples of companies that could be analyzed for each category: globally integrated enterprises, regional companies, and startups. It also includes sections for references, additional analysis, and important dates. The goal is for students to apply service thinking principles to estimate the business impacts of IBM's social business
The document discusses the importance of service science and provides 10 reasons why service science matters more than ever. It notes that there is an opportunity to shift professionals' thinking from a goods-dominant logic to a service-dominant logic. The document also references several articles and provides summaries of key concepts from service science like goods-dominant logic, service-dominant logic, and actor-to-actor interactions between organizations.
The document discusses how the global economy has shifted towards services, the growth of IBM's service business, and how CEOs can lead their organizations by cultivating connections within their organizations, with customers and partners, and through better use of data and insights. It also discusses IBM's University Programs initiative which aims to accelerate regional economic development through connections with universities.
Jim Spohrer discusses service science, service platforms, and trends related to IBM's university programs. He defines ISSIP as the International Society of Service Innovation Professionals and a service platform as accessing places and entities at scale to rapidly share new knowledge globally. Service science is described as an emerging discipline focused on value co-creation through service systems. Future trends discussed include self-driving cars, the circular economy, cognitive computing, and universities collaborating with IBM Research on developing Watson.
The document discusses service science and serviceology, providing an overview of the disciplines, associations, journals, conferences, and workshops related to service science. It also introduces the concept of next-generation "T-shaped" innovators and discusses how platform technologies and smarter service systems can accelerate the transformation of business and society. The document concludes by envisioning what the next decade may bring, including the transformation of education through MOOCs and the development of holistic service system modeling tools.
The document summarizes a meeting of the National Cybersecurity Network focused on building partnerships between undergraduate cybersecurity programs, technology, big data, and evidence-based practices. The agenda included discussions on the national cybersecurity landscape, assessing priority areas, meeting regional workforce needs, and establishing industry partnerships. There were also presentations on building effective cybersecurity programs and connecting academic credit with work experience and certifications.
Energy & holistic service systems 20110804 v3ISSIP
PICMET 20 talk in Portland Oregon on August 4th 2011 - discussing energy and buildings and holistic service systems that delivery whole service to the people in them...
The document discusses the educational services industry as a major sector in the US and global economy. It notes that education is the second largest US industry, accounting for over 13.5 million jobs. It also discusses trends of viewing students as customers in higher education due to market-based models and the importance of investing in education for future economic prosperity.
Cloud Computing and Higher Education Financial Crisisijtsrd
With the Financial crisis and being challenged by growing needs, universities face problems providing necessary information technology IT support for educational, research, and development activities. This paper aims to find alternatives to the use of IT while leading universities to improve awareness and funds. The model matured and consisted of a rigorous analysis of the latest research on Cloud Computing as an alternative to IT provision, management, and protection. The results are encouraging and supportive use of Cloud solutions in universities by improving knowledge and providing a practical guide adjustable to the university structure. The proposed model considers the university architecture and criteria such as goal, availability, and importance of applications and the datas mission, understanding, privacy, reliability, and accessibility. Latifa Rahman | Muhammad Shahidullah "Cloud Computing and Higher Education Financial Crisis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/51727/cloud-computing-and-higher-education-financial-crisis/latifa-rahman
1) The document discusses service science and its importance for universities. It provides definitions for key terms like service, service innovations, and service systems.
2) It notes the progress of service science, including the growth of courses, conferences, and publications in the field.
3) The document outlines important future trends for service science, such as the need for better frameworks, theories, and tools to study service systems.
an introduction to service science that provides the basics of: service system thinking, service system dynamics, service system re-design examples, and tries to answer the "why questions" - end notes include the birth of service science, discussion of advanced manufacturing, outsourcing, sustainability, as well as ways to learn more about service science
This document discusses progress and directions in service science research. It outlines several "mega-topics" for IT-enabled service research including super-colleague applications, intelligent home health systems, manufacturing/agriculture service systems, and crowd-sourced city service systems. It also discusses holistic service systems research focusing on smart cities with universities at their core. The document provides an overview of IBM's university programs and outlines a framework for advancing service science through interdisciplinary research.
This document discusses a partnership between IBM and universities in Colombia to collaborate on 21st century skills. It notes that the main focus of the collaboration will be on skills development, with engineering enrollment and royalties/revenue from investments being secondary topics. The document provides background on IBM's global university programs and strategies to partner with universities for research, skills development, recruiting, generating revenue from solutions, and taking on social responsibility.
Service science progress and directions 20100620ISSIP
Provides and overview of IBM University Programs, as well as an update on applying service science (an emerging discipline) to holistic service systems, like cities, universities, and resort hotels - that have to deal with transportation, water, food, energy, communications, buildings, retail, finance, health, education, and governance-security-development-rights
The document discusses IBM University Programs worldwide which aims to accelerate regional development through partnerships with universities. It focuses on IBM's work in areas like smarter cities, cognitive computing, and using service science and systems thinking approaches to improve quality of life. The presentation also provides examples of how measuring and improving various service systems can enhance areas like transportation, healthcare, education, and other areas that impact human well-being.
1. The document discusses service science and its focus on service systems and value co-creation. 2. It outlines foundational premises of service science including the configuration of resources and calculation of value from multiple stakeholder perspectives. 3. Future directions discussed include challenges of local optimization not equaling global optimization and real-world problems not equating to single discipline problems.
The document summarizes Jim Spohrer's presentation on "City Ecosystems of the 21st Century" given at the Stanford Global Innovation Ecosystem Summit. The presentation discusses how cities are becoming the defining artifacts of civilization and will house over 75% of the world's population by 2050. It outlines various elements that comprise city ecosystems, including infrastructure/environment, individuals/skills, institutions/jobs, and information/quality of life. The presentation also proposes that universities will play a key role in connecting information flows between city ecosystems and accelerating regional innovation through multi-disciplinary research centers.
University and industry interactions for a smarter planet 20110830 v4ISSIP
The document discusses opportunities for collaboration between universities and IBM to build a smarter planet. It outlines IBM's university programs that focus on research, skills development, recruiting, and helping regions through entrepreneurial ecosystems. The goal is improving quality of life by better understanding infrastructure, institutions, individuals, and shared information across generations.
The document discusses service science and its importance for building a smarter planet. It outlines how the world's economies and jobs have shifted towards services. Service science aims to study complex service systems and improve customer-provider interactions. The document discusses key concepts in service science like service systems, value co-creation, and a systems-disciplines matrix. It emphasizes the need for a skilled multi-disciplinary workforce and highlights opportunities in areas that improve quality of life.
Regional innovation ecosystems and service science can work together to build a smarter planet. Universities are key players as the hearts of regional innovation ecosystems. They can act as living labs through research centers that study real-world systems to accelerate regional economic development and job growth. Data shows a strong correlation between a nation's GDP and the rankings of its top universities, demonstrating universities' importance.
The document discusses service science and its role in building a smarter planet. It outlines how service sectors have grown globally and how IBM is responding by focusing on service science priorities. These priorities include understanding service systems, creating and improving complex systems, and developing skills and tools to advance service innovation. The goal of service science is to discover principles of service systems and create a smarter planet where systems are instrumented, interconnected and intelligent to improve quality of life.
This document outlines a case study analysis of IBM's social business offerings. It provides a template for analyzing three companies that partnered with IBM on social business initiatives: Company 1, Company 2, and Company 3. For each company, the case study would include a press release describing the partnership, followed by an analysis mapping phrases from the press release to the six principles of service thinking and assessing the impact on revenue, profits, and brand. The document provides examples of companies that could be analyzed for each category: globally integrated enterprises, regional companies, and startups. It also includes sections for references, additional analysis, and important dates. The goal is for students to apply service thinking principles to estimate the business impacts of IBM's social business
The document discusses the importance of service science and provides 10 reasons why service science matters more than ever. It notes that there is an opportunity to shift professionals' thinking from a goods-dominant logic to a service-dominant logic. The document also references several articles and provides summaries of key concepts from service science like goods-dominant logic, service-dominant logic, and actor-to-actor interactions between organizations.
The document discusses how the global economy has shifted towards services, the growth of IBM's service business, and how CEOs can lead their organizations by cultivating connections within their organizations, with customers and partners, and through better use of data and insights. It also discusses IBM's University Programs initiative which aims to accelerate regional economic development through connections with universities.
Jim Spohrer discusses service science, service platforms, and trends related to IBM's university programs. He defines ISSIP as the International Society of Service Innovation Professionals and a service platform as accessing places and entities at scale to rapidly share new knowledge globally. Service science is described as an emerging discipline focused on value co-creation through service systems. Future trends discussed include self-driving cars, the circular economy, cognitive computing, and universities collaborating with IBM Research on developing Watson.
The document discusses service science and serviceology, providing an overview of the disciplines, associations, journals, conferences, and workshops related to service science. It also introduces the concept of next-generation "T-shaped" innovators and discusses how platform technologies and smarter service systems can accelerate the transformation of business and society. The document concludes by envisioning what the next decade may bring, including the transformation of education through MOOCs and the development of holistic service system modeling tools.
The document summarizes a meeting of the National Cybersecurity Network focused on building partnerships between undergraduate cybersecurity programs, technology, big data, and evidence-based practices. The agenda included discussions on the national cybersecurity landscape, assessing priority areas, meeting regional workforce needs, and establishing industry partnerships. There were also presentations on building effective cybersecurity programs and connecting academic credit with work experience and certifications.
Energy & holistic service systems 20110804 v3ISSIP
PICMET 20 talk in Portland Oregon on August 4th 2011 - discussing energy and buildings and holistic service systems that delivery whole service to the people in them...
The document discusses the educational services industry as a major sector in the US and global economy. It notes that education is the second largest US industry, accounting for over 13.5 million jobs. It also discusses trends of viewing students as customers in higher education due to market-based models and the importance of investing in education for future economic prosperity.
Cloud Computing and Higher Education Financial Crisisijtsrd
With the Financial crisis and being challenged by growing needs, universities face problems providing necessary information technology IT support for educational, research, and development activities. This paper aims to find alternatives to the use of IT while leading universities to improve awareness and funds. The model matured and consisted of a rigorous analysis of the latest research on Cloud Computing as an alternative to IT provision, management, and protection. The results are encouraging and supportive use of Cloud solutions in universities by improving knowledge and providing a practical guide adjustable to the university structure. The proposed model considers the university architecture and criteria such as goal, availability, and importance of applications and the datas mission, understanding, privacy, reliability, and accessibility. Latifa Rahman | Muhammad Shahidullah "Cloud Computing and Higher Education Financial Crisis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/51727/cloud-computing-and-higher-education-financial-crisis/latifa-rahman
Detroit is Michigan’s iconic city, with a diverse population and a rich cultural history. Its innovation helped create the auto industry and America’s middle class. Michigan’s University Research Corridor (URC) is an alliance of Michigan State University (MSU), the University of Michigan (U-M), and Wayne State University (WSU). The URC ranks as one of the nation’s top university clusters and is a leading force in Michigan for talent production, academic research, and economic revitalization.
Not drowning, waving: Sustaining the Learning and Teaching Focus in a post-O...Sally Kift
Keynote presentation to QUES 2018 (Queensland University Educator Showcase) at University of the Sunshine Coast 28 September 2018 (Keynote sponsored by HERDSA)
The latest #seaturtle index benchmarks the potential returns—academic, financial and social—on an international undergraduate education in 80 cities worldwide. It takes into account not only the quality of the educational, but also other factors include the potential for returns on financial and real-estate investments, the availability of work experience opportunities for graduates and the depth of cultural experience that an educational location will offer. Download the full report on http://bit.ly/13n9URi
Global connections - Bordlerless HE and Continuing EducationDon Olcott
This document provides an overview of the changing landscape of international higher education and considerations for universities pursuing global opportunities. It discusses the driving forces behind globalization in higher education such as reduced government funding and increased demand. It also examines trends in cross-border programs and the internal and external dimensions of internationalism for universities. The document outlines challenges such as resistance to distance education globally and factors influencing international student choices. It emphasizes that universities must provide responsive student services and support for socialization, support, and services to effectively engage in the international arena.
The document discusses impediments and approaches to linkages between the management faculty of Jaffna University in Sri Lanka and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Northern province. It identifies 10 impediments through interviews and focus groups, including a reluctance for social contribution, a lack of motivation for social participation, and a curriculum that does not encourage field visits. It also identifies 8 approaches to improving linkages, such as altering pedagogical methods to be more student-centered and industry-based, incorporating field visits for co-creation of knowledge, and motivating faculty-level centers for industry linkage. The purpose is to better connect the university's knowledge production with SME needs and opportunities.
The annual report examines the state of higher education in 2014 and identifies several challenges facing institutions. Enrollment is down at 46% of schools due to price sensitivity, while costs continue rising. Revenue sources like tuition, government funding, and endowments are under strain. Emerging strategies around risk management, online learning, and shared services aim to help institutions adapt to changes in student demographics and technology while improving operations and governance. However, conservative university presidents remain skeptical of innovations and the need for significant reforms.
The document discusses the new one-year MA program in Economics launched by the University of Texas at Austin Department of Economics in 2013. It provides details on the inaugural class of 40 students, who represented 8 countries and a variety of undergraduate majors. The program aims to enhance students' prospects for PhD programs or careers requiring strong analytical skills. Faculty provide individualized advising and career support. Initial placement results have been strong, with graduates entering PhD programs or analytics jobs. The program has expanded course offerings and applications have doubled for the second year.
The document discusses how independent colleges and universities in New York State are developing new academic programs in response to changes in fields of study, workforce needs, and technology. It provides examples of institutions that have introduced new majors in growing fields like health care, education, business, and digital media. It also describes how some schools partnered with regional employers or identified local workforce gaps to create new programs in specialized areas. Overall, the independent sector aims to anticipate future needs and offer innovative, interdisciplinary programs to prepare students for emerging careers and opportunities.
The Vision Project is the strategic initiative through which the Massachusetts Public Higher Education System as come together to focus on producing the best-educated citizenry and workforce in the nation by achieving national leadership on seven key outcomes, including Research and Economic Activity, meaning the research activity and resulting economic impact by the five campuses of the state's public research university, the University of Massachusetts. This presentation gives a preview of data showing where Massachusetts stands in these outcomes at the outset of the Vision Project. More information at www.mass.edu/visionproject. Original presentation date: May 3, 2011
The 2011-2014 higher education landscape: Seismic shifts, challenges, and pre...George Veletsianos
Workshop delivered to Athabasca University's Faculty of Health Disciplines (Edmonton, Feb 2014). Focuses on online learning strategies, emerging technologies, the current status of higher education and online online education, open scholarship, social media, and what the future of higher education may hold. Part 2: The 2011-2014 higher education landscape: Seismic shifts, challenges, and pressures
Organizational Analysis paper about the University of Maryland, College Park ...Writers Per Hour
TOPIC Organizational Analysis paper about the University of Maryland, College Park AKA(UMD)
ACADEMIC LEVEL Undergrad. (yrs 1-2)
DISCIPLINE Business Studies
DOCUMENT TYPE Analysis Paper
SPACING DOUBLE
CITATION STYLE APA
The document summarizes information about American community colleges from the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC). It discusses how community colleges provide education and training opportunities to millions of students annually. It also outlines President Obama's support for reforming and investing in community colleges to help Americans gain skills needed for the job market. The AACC advocates for community colleges and aims to increase college completion rates.
Presentation summarizing the findings of the Pipeline 4 Progress Regional Workforce Action Plan, written with the help of Cornell University to support economic and workforce development in 13 counties throughout the southern tier of upstate New York.
Universities and economic development organizations (EDO’s) are frequently working toward common goals—to foster and support regional innovation and economic prosperity. Challenges persist, however, at the university/EDO interface, and it is sometimes difficult to get beyond the challenges to achieve the common goals. The panel will present both the promise and potential pitfalls of EDO and university partnerships, and also paint a vision for the future of these collaborations so vital to economic development.
This document provides an overview of factors related to the economics of higher education, including the value of a postsecondary degree, key cost drivers, changes in government aid, and trends in tuition and student loan debt. It summarizes that while college costs have increased, so too has the value of a degree, with 63% of 2018 jobs requiring postsecondary education. It also notes that costs have risen across all industries employing highly educated labor due to increased demand. Government aid and institutional grants have not kept pace with rising costs, contributing to increased student loan debt.
Professor Paul Curran discussed the increasing competitiveness yet continued collaboration within universities. While universities compete for resources, prestige, and students, academics often ignore boundaries and collaborate through activities like joint publications and committees. The most competitive universities tend to also be the most collaborative. Universities must collaborate in some areas, like student exchanges and joint programs, to effectively compete. Professor Curran highlighted the World Cities World Class University Network, which connects top universities in major cities worldwide in specific subject areas to improve rankings and win grants through collaboration despite competition.
Host Santokh Badesha: https://www.linkedin.com/in/santokh-badesha-24b72916/
Recommended Readings (If Possible, Skim Before the Talk)
Patent: Management of Usage Costs of a Resource (IBM)
Jim Spohrer patent: Graphical Interface for Interacting Constrained Actors (Apple)
Jim Spohrer's Google Scholar Profile, includes open publications as well as patents
Apple's ATG Authoring Tools - Balancing Open and Proprietary Work
Forbes - Cognitive World
AI Magazine - Role of Open Source in AI
AI and Education 20240327 v16 for Northeastern.pptxISSIP
Prof. Mark L. Miller (https://www.linkedin.com/in/mlmiller751/), Northeastern University, class on AI and Education
Speaker: Jim Spohrer (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/)
===
Speaker: Dr. Jim Spohrer, retired Apple and IBM executive, currently Board of Directors for ISSIP.org (International Society of Service Innovation Professionals).
Title: AI and Education: A Historical Perspective and Possible Future Directions
Abstract: This talk will briefly survey my 50 years working in the area of AI & Education. At MIT (1974- 1978), MIT's summer EXPLO schools for AI and entrepreneurship classes. At Verbex (1978-1982), speech recognition, language models, early generative AI. At Yale (1982-1989), MARCEL, a generate- test-and-debug architecture and student model of programming bugs. At Apple (1989-1998), from content (SK8) to community (EOE) to context (WorldBoard). At IBM (1999 - 2021), service science and open source AI. At ISSIP (2021-present), generative AI and digital twins.
Bio:Jim’s Bio (142 words):
Jim Spohrer is a student of service science and open-source, trusted AI. He is a retired industry executive (Apple, IBM), who is a member of the Board of Directors of the non-profit International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (ISSIP). At IBM, he served as Director for Open Source AI/Data, Global University Programs, IBM Almaden Service Research, and CTO IBM Venture Capital Relations Group. At Apple, he achieved Distinguished Engineer Scientist Technologist (DEST) for authoring and learning platforms. After MIT (BS/Physics), he developed speech recognition systems at Verbex (Exxon), then Yale (PhD/Computer Science AI). With over ninety publications and nine patents, awards include AMA ServSIG Christopher Lovelock Career Contributions to the Service Discipline, Evert Gummesson Service Research, Vargo-Lusch Service-Dominant Logic, Daniel Berg Service Systems, and PICMET Fellow for advancing service science. In 2021, Jim was appointed a UIDP Senior Fellow (University-Industry Demonstration Partnership).
Readings:Apple's ATG Authoring Tools:
URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/279044.279173 Blog: WorldBoard
URL: https://service-science.info/archives/2060 Blog: Reflecting on Generative AI and Digital Twins
URL: https://service-science.info/archives/6521 Book: Service in the AI Era
Attached: Pages 46-54.Video: Speech Recognition (History)
URL: https://youtu.be/G9z4VAsw_kw
Thanks, -Jim
--Jim Spohrer, PhDBoard of Directors, ISSIP (International Society of Service Innovation Professionals) Board of Directors, ServCollab ("Serving Humanity Through Collaboration")Senior Fellow, UIDP ("Strengthening University-Industry Partnerships")Retired Industry Executive (Apple, IBM)
March 20, 2024
Host Ganesan Narayanasamy (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ganesannarayanasamy/)
Uploaded here:
===
Event 20230320
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ganesannarayanasamy_productnation-semiconductorproductnation-activity-7174119132114620418-jvpx
Themed Shaping a Sustainable $1 Trillion Era, semicondynamics.org 2024 will gather industry experts on March 20th at Milpitas, California , for insights into the latest trends and innovations Accelerating AI with Semiconductor RTL Front end services and workforce development. The event will feature keynotes from the Semiconductor ecosystem, academia and Industries.
March 20, 2024
Host Ganesan Narayanasamy (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ganesannarayanasamy/)
Uploaded here:
===
Event 20230320
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ganesannarayanasamy_productnation-semiconductorproductnation-activity-7174119132114620418-jvpx
Themed Shaping a Sustainable $1 Trillion Era, semicondynamics.org 2024 will gather industry experts on March 20th at Milpitas, California , for insights into the latest trends and innovations Accelerating AI with Semiconductor RTL Front end services and workforce development. The event will feature keynotes from the Semiconductor ecosystem, academia and Industries.
Jim Spohrer is an advisor to industry, academia, governments, startups and non-profits on topics of AI upskilling, innovation strategy, and win-win service in the AI era. He is a retired IBM executive and was previously the director of IBM's open-source AI developer ecosystem effort. In this talk, Spohrer discusses topics such as how to keep up with accelerating change, verifying results from generative AI, and understanding how generative AI works through concepts like monkeys at typewriters in high dimensional spaces. He emphasizes balancing hype with realism and doing work alongside gaining knowledge.
This document contains notes from a presentation by Jim Spohrer on leadership, career experiences, and technology topics. The presentation covers collaborating with others, teamwork practices, storytelling, communication skills, leadership habits and mindsets. It includes links to Spohrer's online profiles and resources. Tables provide estimates of increasing GDP per employee over time and a timeline of Spohrer's career highlights and accomplishments in the fields of service science and artificial intelligence.
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
I am Jim Spohrer, a retired Apple and IBM Executive, and currently a UIDP Senior Fellow, on the Board of Directors of ISSIP and ServCollab.
I am retired, meaning my primary activities are family-oriented – families are the oldest and most important type of service systems
I volunteer to help non-profits, mentor students, professionals, and retiree (some in retirement communities where the average age is 85) on AI & service science
My hobbies are hiking, reading, programming, and building my AI digital twin and humanoid robots for maintaining farms and farming equipment.
My hobbies are also trying to understand as much as I can about the system called the universe and mult-verse, and robots to rapidly rebuild civilization including themselves from scratch.
2001 - Nonzero: The Logic of Human Desitiny (Wright) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny
2015 - Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology - https://www.amazon.com/Geek-Heresy-Rescuing-Social-Technology/dp/161039528X
2021 - Humankind: A Hopeful History (Bregman) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humankind:_A_Hopeful_History
Humankind - https://www.amazon.com/Humankind-Hopeful-History-Rutger-Bregman/dp/0316418536
Humankind Book Review - https://service-science.info/archives/5654
2022 - Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives (2022) by Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, Warg - https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039
2023 - Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity-Centered (2023) by Don Norman - https://www.amazon.com/Design-Better-World-Meaningful-Sustainable/dp/0262047950/
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
I am Jim Spohrer, a retired Apple and IBM Executive, and currently a UIDP Senior Fellow, on the Board of Directors of ISSIP and ServCollab.
I am retired, meaning my primary activities are family-oriented – families are the oldest and most important type of service systems
I volunteer to help non-profits, mentor students, professionals, and retiree (some in retirement communities where the average age is 85) on AI & service science
My hobbies are hiking, reading, programming, and building my AI digital twin and humanoid robots for maintaining farms and farming equipment.
My hobbies are also trying to understand as much as I can about the system called the universe and mult-verse, and robots to rapidly rebuild civilization including themselves from scratch.
2001 - Nonzero: The Logic of Human Desitiny (Wright) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny
2015 - Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology - https://www.amazon.com/Geek-Heresy-Rescuing-Social-Technology/dp/161039528X
2021 - Humankind: A Hopeful History (Bregman) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humankind:_A_Hopeful_History
Humankind - https://www.amazon.com/Humankind-Hopeful-History-Rutger-Bregman/dp/0316418536
Humankind Book Review - https://service-science.info/archives/5654
2022 - Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives (2022) by Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, Warg - https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039
2023 - Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity-Centered (2023) by Don Norman - https://www.amazon.com/Design-Better-World-Meaningful-Sustainable/dp/0262047950/
Brno-IESS 20240206 v10 service science ai.pptxISSIP
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
NordicHouse 20240116 AI Quantum IFTF dfiscussionv7.pptxISSIP
Jim Spohrer presented on AI and quantum computing. He discussed the history of AI from the 1955 Dartmouth workshop to modern advances like AlphaGo, GPT-3, and DALL-E 2. Spohrer noted that computation costs have decreased exponentially over time, driving increases in knowledge worker productivity. He highlighted several experts and resources he follows to stay informed on AI capabilities and implications. Spohrer sees opportunities to improve learning and performance through advances in learning sciences, technology, lifelong learning, and early education. The talk addressed how generative AI works and challenges around verification.
20240104 HICSS Panel on AI and Legal Ethical 20240103 v7.pptxISSIP
20240103 HICSS Panel
Ethical and legal implications raised by Generative AI and Augmented Reality in the workplace.
Souren Paul - https://www.linkedin.com/in/souren-paul-a3bbaa5/
Event: https://kmeducationhub.de/hawaii-international-conference-on-system-sciences-hicss/
Congratulations to the organizers of the “Symposium for Celebrating 40 Years of Bayesian Learning in Speech and Language Processing” and to Prof. Chin-Hui Lee of Georgia Tech the Honorary Chair of the Symposium.
Thanks to Huck Yang (Amazon) for the invitation to record this short message.
Huck Yang
URL: https://www.linkedin.com/in/huckyang/
Event: https://bayesian40.github.io
Recording:
Slides:
URL: https://professionalschool.eitdigital.eu/generative-ai-essentials
Course on Generative Al
Description:
Generative AI is a world-changing power tool that is getting better by the day. So now is the time to get truly inspired, climb up the learning curve, and unleash more of your creative potential.
Learning Topics:
* Inspiration: What is Generative AI in the context of AI's history, present, and future
* Climbing Up: Ways to accelerate your learning trajectory
* Unleashing Creativity: Ways to stay future-ready in the AI era
What You'll Take Away:
By the end of this session, you'll understand the importance of upskilling with today's generative AI tools to get more work done, both faster and at higher quality, as well as some pitfalls to avoid, all within the broader context of the past, present, and future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Intelligence Augmentation (IA).
Learning Topics
Inspiration: What is Generative AI in the context of AI's history, present, and future.
Climbing Up: Ways to accelerate your learning trajectory.
Unleashing Creativity: Ways to stay future-ready in the AI era.
Deep dive into ChatGPT's features.
Techniques for basic and advanced prompting and real-world applications.
- Service science has progressed significantly in the past two decades since its inception in the early 2000s.
- However, there is still a long way to go to fully realize the potential of service science and its role in areas like upskilling with AI.
- Looking ahead, some of the biggest challenges will be upskilling entire nations with AI for digital transformation, while also decarbonizing nations through sustainable energy infrastructure - both accomplished through service-based business models.
Spohrer Open Innovation Reflections 20230911 v2.pptxISSIP
September 11, 2023
Berkeley Innovation Forum
Open Innovation Journey
Henry Chesbrough, Solomon Darwin, Jim Spohrer
https://corporateinnovation.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/BIF-Fall2023-7.28.23.pdf
Pre-Event: Monday, September 11, 2023 at The CITRIS Innovation Hub
UC Berkeley, 330 Sutardja Dai Hall, MC 1764
7:45pm - 8:30pm
8:45pm
Fireside Chat: The Open Innovation Journey - Moderated by Henry Chesbrough
Henry Chesbrough
Faculty Director, Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation, UC Berkeley
Olga Diamandis
Former Disney, Smuckers, Mattel, P&G Executive
Jim Spohrer
Former Exec: IBM, Distinguished Scientist at Apple, Director of IBM AI
Nitin Narkhede
General Manager, Emerging Technologies and Innovation, Wipro
Bus pick-up to Hotel Shattuck Plaza
Henry Chesbrough is a professor at the Haas Business School, UC Berkeley, and faculty director of the Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation. An internationally acclaimed author, Dr. Chesbrough’s Open Innovation concept was first introduced in his award-winning book, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (2003). When he coined the term Open Innovation, he defined an approach that companies around the globe now use to innovate. Today, Chesbrough works directly with companies through Garwood’s programs to apply the principles of Open Innovation, and he continues to refine our understanding through his research and books.
Olga Diamandis is the senior manager at TE Connectivity. Previously, she served as principal technical architect at the Walt Disney Company. She also worked as principal scientst of innovation & knowledge management at The J.M. Smucker Company. Before that, she served as senior manager of Open Innovation at Mattel. She also has experience as a manager of global business development at Procter & Gamble, alongside a previous managerial role at Nestle.
Jim Spohrer previously served as IBM Director of Cognitive OpenTech - which includes open source AI/ML/DL - as well as director of IBM’s deep question-answering system Watson. Prior to that, he worked as a Distinguished Scientist in Learning Research at Apple Computer, Inc. where he developed SK8, Educational Object Economy - an open source learning object community - as well as WorldBoard which served as a vision for Planetary Augmented Reality system.
Nitin Narkhede is General Manager of Emerging Technologies and Innovation at Wipro Technologies. He is responsible for the development of new services and solutions based on emerging trends and technologies at Wipro. Nitin has been in the forefront of a number of technology and business model transitions during his 20 years of work at Wipro. Prior to his current assignment, he managed Wipro’s e-Business Solutions Practice in the Americas. Nitin has over 23 years of experience in the technology industry spanning IT strategy and planning, information systems and software product development, technology strategy and innovation management.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Universities as hss 2011071 v1
1. Universities as Complex Service Systems: External and Internal Perspectives Giovanna Lella, Antonio Fischetto, Vittorio Cesarotti University of Rome Jim Spohrer, GuangJie Ren, YingTat Leung, Jorge Sanz IBM Almaden Research Center Frontiers in Service July 1, 2011, Columbus, OH
2. What is service science? A service system? The ABC’s? Economics & Law Design/ Cognitive Science Systems Engineering Operations Computer Science/ Artificial Intelligence Marketing “ a service system is a human-made system to improve provider-customer interactions and value-cocreation outcomes, studied by many disciplines, one piece at a time.” “ service science is the transdisciplinary study of service systems & value-cocreation” The ABC’s: The provider (A) and a customer (B) transform a target (C)
3. Universities : Critical role in National, Regional, and City competitiveness University of Rome Tor Vergata Antonio Luigi Fischetto Master student in Management Engineering Tor Vergata University Rome- Italy
4.
5. US is literally “off the chart” – but including US make correlation even higher: % of Top 500: 30,3 % % global GDP: 23,3 % Source: http://www.arwu.org/ARWUAnalysis2009.jsp The big relation between the Percentage Distribution of Top 500 Universities and the Country GDP (2009)
6. US is still “off the chart” – China projected to be “off the chart” in less than 10 years: % of Top 500: 33,865 % % global GDP: 28,365 % Source: http://www.arwu.org/ARWUAnalysis2009.jsp The big relation between the Percentage Distribution of Top 500 Universities and the Country GDP (2004) China in 2009 2004-2009: Relative Change China (+3,+1.7), US (-3.5,-5)
7. Key characteristics of the new economy To be globally competitive countries need to invest in their Innovation Systems and human capital development not only at the national, but also regional level … Universities and other higher education institutions can play a key role in Regional Innovation Systems and Human Capital Formation….. “ Every great city has at least one university – it is almost a diagnostic sign of being a major city. A university acts like a talisman.” Professor Eric Thomas Bristol University Source: Power Point Presentation, “ Universities as engines for the development of their regions”, OECD, 2008
8. The role of the university Employment impact Impact of expenditures Impact on knowledge
9.
10. Impact of expenditures: how to measure it Source: The Difference a University Makes: An Impact Analysis of the University at Buffalo, 2007
11. Economic impact: University at Buffalo Indirect and induced effects Direct effects 2005-2006 academic year Type: Public Students: 28,881 Endowment: $410,500,000 Ranking: 230 Source: The Difference a University Makes: An Impact Analysis of the University at Buffalo, 2007
12. Economic impact: Harvard and Boston Universities *Purchasing of goods and services. * Type: Private Students: 21,125 Endowment: $26,035,000,000 Ranking: 1 Type: Private Students: 31,766 Endowment: $892,100,000 Ranking: 74
13.
14.
15. University in the top ten largest employers Impact on employment 21903
16. Largest Silicon Valley employers The role of higher education in the region’s economy: stability and growth University in the top ten largest employers Impact on employment
17. Universities as economic growth engines (the supply side effects) Regional contexts Contribution to Regional Capacity Building Contribution of research to regional innovation Contribution of teaching and learning to labour market and skills Contribution to social and cultural development and environmental sustainability Regional/ National Higher Education systems
18.
19. Effects of research, spin offs and start up companies Spinoff companies that have built on knowledge created at Colorado State University: Stanford University: 14 of the 17 companies are located in the same area of the university (Fort Collins)
20. Huge contribution of the University Medical Centers University Medical Centers bring together state-of-the-art research with the highest-quality clinical care. At the same time, their location - frequently in the heart of downtown areas - makes them play a cruciant role in providing health care to the local community. Increasing importance of Health Care and Higher Education Services Consequent bigger impact of the University when it has a Medical Center inside
21. University Medical Centers are the biggest sources of revenues and, at the same of time, the biggest source of expenditures for the University Huge contribution of the University Medical Centers
22.
23. Conclusions CITY UNIVERSITY City important for the university University important for the city Key success factor A strong relation between Universities and Cities The WIN WIN solution for the future! The growth of the city is really influenced by the presence of a great university. The extent of the university impacts strongly relies on the support of the local city.
24. University as a Complex Service System: Developing a Multiple-Stakeholder Tool for Satisfaction Improvement University of Rome Tor Vergata Giovanna Lella Masters student in Management Engineering Tor Vergata University Rome- Italy
26. After a study of 11 University around the world, we came up with a general structure of the University
27. F U N C T I O N S University SERVICES STUDENTS FACULTIES BUSINESSES ADMINISTRATION The same stakeholder could be the service provider, or the service customer, or both.
28.
29. Components of Service Blueprints There are five components of a typical service blueprint : Line of interaction Line of visibility Line of internal interaction PHYSICAL EVIDENCE USER ACTIONS FRONT STAGE BACK STAGE SUPPORT
31. Exam: student - professor student - administration student professor administration PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Computer Outside the classroom Outside the classroom, other students Classroom Desk, chair, professor Classroom Professor’s office USER ACTIONS Book the exam Wait outside the classroom Show the ID Take place Take the exam Delivery and leave Verbalize (signature) FRONT STAGE Call the student reading the list Distribution of the exam’s papers Supervision Collect exam’s papers Validation BACK STAGE Grade and publication of the results Update of the database SUPPORT Automatic booking system Post on line Database
32. Exam: professor - student professor - administration student professor administration PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Administration office Computer Classroom and office Computer Professor’s office USER ACTIONS Request of classroom for exam date Publication of the exam date Exam and grate Publication of the grade Validation FRONT STAGE Take the information Student takes the exam Student accept the rate and sign BACK STAGE Time schedule and classroom management Administration confirms the date/ Student books the exam SUPPORT Database Post on line Database
33. MULTIPLE USERS: student and professor student professor administration PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Administration office Computer Computer Outside the classroom Outside the classroom Classroom Desk, chair, professor Classroom Computer Professor’s office USER ACTIONS Request of classroom for exam date Publication of the exam’s date Book the exam Wait outside the classroom Call the student reading the list Take place Take the exam Delivery and leave the classroom Publication of the grade Verbalize (signature) FRONT STAGE Administration takes the information Show his ID Distribution of the exam’s papers Supervision Collect exam’s papers Validation BACK STAGE Time schedule and classroom management Administration confirms the date Grade the students’ exams Registration on the database SUPPORT Database Automatic booking system Post on line Database
34.
35. Date and classroom Choice of the date Communication of exam's date Administration takes the information Time schedule and classroom management Administration confirms the date Booking of the exam Publication of the date Books the exam on line Roll call Wait outside the classroom Read the students‘ list Show his ID Take place Exam phase Distribuction of the exam's papers Take the exam Supervision Delivery and leave the classroom Collect the papers Grade Grade the exam Publish the grade Verbalization Signature Validation Update the information M I L E S T O N E S A C T I V I T I E S DISCOVERY MAP student professor administration
39. Since a University must satisfy many stakeholders, it has to be organized as a Service System to obtain value co-creation (win-win perspective) THE GOAL:
40.
41. Tableau The complete analysis is organized in spreadsheets, one per service. Every service is described by the tableau :
42. I,II,III,IV Description of the table VI Figure out the main weaknesses VIII Act IX Repeat V Measure of the current level of satisfaction and of the existing gap with the target expectations Flow chart of the tableau method VII Potential solution and feasibility analysis
43.
44. Take the activities from the “high priority box” Select one activity A i from the list Look at the subscript i of A i Look at the color of A i Typology of the decisions Activity and decision boxes Number of decision-makers Solution from the driving-question Expectations for the specific stakeholder Potential conflicts Evaluation of the complexity of the potential solutions Are the solutions too much complex? no yes STEP VIII : Act (Apply the potential solutions to improve the quality of the service) Re-engineering the activity A i Update the tableau (restart from the STEP I until STEP V ) End Start
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. Example: Specialization Opportunities for Higher Education disciplines systems Systems that focus on flows of things Systems that govern Systems that support people’s activities transportation & supply chain water & waste food & products energy & electricity building & construction healthcare & family retail & hospitality banking & finance ICT & cloud education &work city secure state scale nation laws social sciences behavioral sciences management sciences political sciences learning sciences cognitive sciences system sciences information sciences organization sciences decision sciences run professions transform professions innovate professions e.g., econ & law e.g., marketing e.g., operations e.g., public policy e.g., game theory and strategy e.g., psychology e.g., industrial eng. e.g., computer sci e.g., knowledge mgmt e.g., stats & design e.g., knowledge worker e.g., consultant e.g., entrepreneur stakeholders Customer Provider Authority Competitors resources People Technology Information Organizations change History (Data Analytics) Future (Roadmap) value Run Transform (Copy) Innovate (Invent) Starting Point 1: Observing the Stakeholders (As-Is) Starting Point 2: Observing their Resources & Access (As-Is) Change Potential: Thinking (Has-Been & Might-Become) Value Realization: Doing (To-Be)
51.
52. The Goal: Adaptive Innovators, so called T-shaped professionals Ready for Life-Long-Learning Ready for T-eamwork Ready to build a Smarter Planet SSME+D = Service Science, Management, Engineering + Design Many disciplines (understanding & communications ) Many systems (understanding & communications) Deep in one discipline (analytic thinking & problem solving) Deep in one system (analytic thinking & problem solving) Many multi-cultural-team service projects completed (resume: outcomes, accomplishments & awards) BREADTH DEPTH
53.
54. Data: Why and how technology is changing jobs Levy, F, & Murnane, R. J. (2004). The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market. Princeton University Press. Expert Thinking Complex Communication Routine Manual Non-routine Manual Routine Cognitive
55. Data: Why education certification levels matter (to individuals) … But it can be costly, American student loan debt is over $900M
56. Data: And therefore, why higher education matters (to nations) % WW GDP and % WW Top-500-Universities Strong Correlation (2009 Data): National GDP and University Rankings http://www.upload-it.fr/files/1513639149/graph.html
57. Data: Why the study of service systems matters (to nations) Parallels the growth of cities and the digital knowledge economy High Talent Individuals High Tech Infrastructure 42% 64 33 3 1.4 Germany 37% 26 11 63 2.1 Bangladesh 19% 20 10 70 1.6 Nigeria 45% 67 28 5 2.2 Japan 64% 69 21 10 2.4 Russia 61% 66 14 20 3.0 Brazil 34% 39 16 45 3.5 Indonesia 23% 76 23 1 5.1 U.S. 35% 23 17 60 14.4 India 142% 29 22 49 25.7 China 40yr Service Growth S % G % A % Labor % WW Nation World’s Large Labor Forces A = Agriculture, G = Goods, S = Service 2010 2010 CIA Handbook, International Labor Organization Note: Pakistan, Vietnam, and Mexico now larger LF than Germany US shift to service jobs (A) Agriculture: Value from harvesting nature (G) Goods: Value from making products (S) Service: Value from IT augmented workers in smarter systems that create benefits for customers and sustainably improve quality of life.
58. Data: Why the study of service systems matters (to businesses) SOFTWARE SYSTEMS (AND FINANCING) SERVICES 2010 Pretax Income Mix Revenue Growth by Segment Services Software Systems 44% 17% 39% IBM Annual Reports
59. Stakeholder Priorities Education Research Business Government Service Systems Customer-provider interactions that enable value cocreation Dynamic configurations of resources: people, technologies, organisations and information Increasing scale, complexity and connectedness of service systems B2B, B2C, C2C, B2G, G2C, G2G service networks Service Science To discover the underlying principles of complex service systems Systematically create, scale and improve systems Foundations laid by existing disciplines Progress in academic studies and practical tools Gaps in knowledge and skills Develop programmes & qualifications Service Innovation Growth in service GDP and jobs Service quality & productivity Environmental friendly & sustainable Urbanisation & aging population Globalisation & technology drivers Opportunities for businesses, governments and individuals Skills & Mindset Knowledge & Tools Employment & Collaboration Policies & Investment Develop and improve service innovation roadmaps, leading to a doubling of investment in service education and research by 2015 Encourage an interdisciplinary approach The white paper offers a starting point to - The Birth of Service Science: A Framework for Progress ( http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/ssme/ ) Source: Workshop and Global Survey of Service Research Leaders (IfM & IBM 2008) Glossary of definitions, history and outlook of service research, global trends, and ongoing debate 1. Emerging demand 2. Define the domain 3. Vision and gaps 4. Bridge the gaps 5. Call for actions
60. Stakeholder Priorities Education Research Business Government Service Systems Customer-provider interactions that enable value cocreation Dynamic configurations of resources: people, technologies, organisations and information Increasing scale, complexity and connectedness of service systems B2B, B2C, C2C, B2G, G2C, G2G service networks Service Science To discover the underlying principles of complex service systems Systematically create, scale and improve systems Foundations laid by existing disciplines Progress in academic studies and practical tools Gaps in knowledge and skills Develop programmes & qualifications Service Innovation Growth in service GDP and jobs Service quality & productivity Environmental friendly & sustainable Urbanisation & aging population Globalisation & technology drivers Opportunities for businesses, governments and individuals Skills & Mindset Knowledge & Tools Employment & Collaboration Policies & Investment Develop and improve service innovation roadmaps, leading to a doubling of investment in service education and research by 2015 Encourage an interdisciplinary approach The white paper offers a starting point to - The Birth of Service Science: IBM Centennial Icon of Progress ( http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/ssme/ ) Source: Workshop and Global Survey of Service Research Leaders (IfM & IBM 2008) Glossary of definitions, history and outlook of service research, global trends, and ongoing debate 1. Emerging demand 2. Define the domain 3. Vision and gaps 4. Bridge the gaps 5. Call for actions
61. What about advanced manufacturing? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nd5WGLWNllA
62. Rethinking “Product-Service Systems” F B Service System Entity Product-Service-System B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F SSE B F F F B B Service Business Product Business Front-Stage Marketing/Customer Focus Back-Stage Operations/Provider Focus Based on Levitt, T (1972) Production-line approach to service. HBR. e.g., IBM e.g., Citibank “ Everybody is in service... Something is wrong… The industrial world has changed faster than our taxonomies.”.
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71. Service system entities learn to systematically exploit technology: Technology can perform routine manual, cognitive, transactional work March, J.G. (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organizational Science. 2(1).71-87. Sanford, L.S. (2006) Let go to grow: Escaping the commodity trap. Prentice Hall. New York, NY. L Learning Systems (“Choice & Change”) Exploitation (James March) Exploration (James March) Run/Practice-Reduce (IBM) Transform/Follow (IBM) Innovate/Lead (IBM) Operations Costs Maintenance Costs Incidence Planning & Response Costs (Insure) Incremental Radical Super-Radical Internal External Interactions “ To be the best, learn from the rest” “ Double monetize, internal win and ‘sell’ to external” “ Try to operate inside the comfort zone”
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74. Smarter = Sustainable Innovation (reduce waste, expand capabilities) Computational System Building Smarter Technologies Requires investment roadmap Service Systems: Stakeholders & Resources 1. People 2. Technology 3. Shared Information 4. Organizations connected by win-win value propositions Building Smarter Universities & Cities Requires investment roadmap
75. Time ECOLOGY 14B Big Bang (Natural World) 10K Cities (Human-Made World) Sun writing (symbols and scribes) Earth written laws bacteria (uni-cell life) sponges (multi-cell life) money (coins) universities clams (neurons) trilobites (brains) printing press (books) steam engine Where is the “Real Science” - mysteries to explain? In the many sciences that study the natural and human-made worlds… Unraveling the mystery of evolving hierarchical-complexity in new populations… To discover the world’s architectures and mechanisms for computing non-zero-sum Entity Architectures (Є N ) of nested, networked Holistic Service Systems (HSS) 200M bees (social division-of-labor) 60 transistor
Editor's Notes
Reference content from this presentation as: Giovanna L, A Fischetto, V Cesarotti. J Spohrer, GJ Ren, YT Leung, J Sanz (2011) Universities as Complex Service Systems: External and Internal Perspectives . Frontiers in Service Conference. July 1st, 2011, Columbus, OH Permission to redistribute granted upon request to spohrer@us.ibm.com 20th Annual Frontiers in Service Conference, June 30 - July 3, 2011, Columbus, Ohio, USA Universities as Complex Service Systems: External and Internal Perspectives Giovanna Lella, Anttoniio Fiischetttto, Vittorio Cesarotti University of Rome James Spohrer, Guang-Jie Ren, Ying Tat Leung, Jorge Sanz IBM Almaden Research Center Abstract Service systems are a main focus of service research; the advancement of Service Science relies on a thorough understanding of how service systems work. While the service research literature offers a range of theories to examine service systems, empirical evidence is still scarce. In this paper, we report a recent study into universities, which are among the most common yet probably the least understood service systems. More specifically, we explore the nature of universities from both the external and internal perspectives. The external perspective considers the university as a single entity and analyzes its economic, social and cultural impacts on the city it resides in. It is found that universities have a great contribution to local regions as a source of employment, expenditure, knowledge and talent supply. Equally, universities reply heavily on the support of local regions. The internal perspective is designed to reveal the inner working of universities. In our case study, a total of 12 domains are identified, including education, research, finance, buildings, and utilities, among others, along with a variety of services. Furthermore, a structured method is developed to improve service quality by analyzing the value co-creation process among different stakeholders, such as students, faculties and administrators. Drawing upon the empirical research findings, this paper provides fresh insights into service systems. Draft Outline Introduction: Why Study Universities? The Importance of Universities The Complexity of Universities Studying Universities helps address current challenges Deal with Financial Challenges Create High-Skill Jobs (e.g. University Incubators) Keep curriculum up to date Promote new ways of learning (lectures vs peer-to-peer) Reinvent Universities with New Technologies Literature Review Existing Research on Universities Service Science and Service Systems IBM Smarter Education/Universities/Campus Research Design Research Process and Methods Data Collection and Analysis Research Findings The External Perspective on Universities The Internal Perspective on Universities Conclusions and Future Research
The reasonable questions: What is a service system? What is service science?
Statistics from the Ministry of Education show that since 1999, China has expanded enrollment in higher educational institutions. As of right now, the number of students studying in Chinese universities has reached 25 million, which is an astonishing five-fold increase in only nine years, reported the Chinese Education Minister, Zhou Ji. In just this year alone, about 5.4 million students enrolled in universities and colleges. Higher education institutions and research institutions have experienced an increase in the enrollment of postgraduates by 22.65% compared with last year, which is evidence that postgraduate education in China has developed very quickly. Ever since the implementation of reform and development of higher education, both have made significant achievements. Higher education in China has played an important role in the economic construction, scientific progress and social development of China by developing a large scale of advanced talents and experts for the construction of socialist modernization. The progress that China’s educational system has made has also helped unemployment rates in China fall. As education and training levels rise, so does productivity (top GDP growyh rate). Source: http://www.asiaecon.org/exclusives/ex_read/19
Demand-side effects —related to expenditures and its multiplier impact on local economy-: university is considered as a normal company(what it spends). From the demand-side, the activities of the university generate a very important impulse for the regional and especially for the local economy. When the university, as an organization, demands inputs with the objective of generating the output that society entrusts upon it (to improve the educational and research level), it has a very noticeable impact upon the regional and local economy. The university demands goods and services (public or private), most of them from local providers; hires employees—that in average have high qualifications—generating an increase in income; generates additional activities (conferences, congress, etc.) that in turn demand hotels, restaurants, etc. Supply effects —related to human capital and research—: contribution from the university, and not from a different company (what it provides)
Source: The Difference a University Makes: An Impact Analysis of the University at Buffalo, 2007
Each of the four sources of UB-related spending is a unique component of the UB economic engine. • The $383 million in university spending leveraged $297 million in additional impacts to yield a $680 million statewide impact. • The $333 million spent by UB faculty and staff traveled throughout the economy to related industries, spinning off another $160 million in additional impacts for a total impact of $493 million across New York State. • After UB students spent $200 million, these dollars circulated through related industries to leverage $59 million in additional impacts, bringing their total economic contribution to $259 million statewide. • Visitor spending of $26 million leveraged $7 million in additional impacts for a total statewide impact of $33 million. More than 85 percent of UB’s $1.5 billion statewide economic impact, or $1.3 billion, remained within the bi-county region, where most UB spending occurs. For comparison, UB’s annual impact is larger than the total of the region’s tourism industry ($1.1 billion according to a recent statewide study of the industry by Oxford Economics).
Sources: reports Investing in innovation Harvard University’s Impact onThe Economy of the Boston Area, January 2009; Making a difference in Massachusetts, Boston University’s Economic and Social Impact Sourcebook, 2008
Export education is a term used to describe the foreign exchange earned from delivering education to foreign fee-paying students. In general the goods and services bought by foreign fee-paying students are consumed within the destination country – analogous to the situation with foreign tourists. Growing pie: 0,6 million in 1975
Sources: The power and promise of UCSF, economic impact report, June 2010.
Sources: report Stanford University, Economic Impact Study 2008; Investing in innovation Harvard University’s Impact onThe Economy of the Boston Area, January 2009
Regional capacity building: contribution of the university to the improvement and the capacity of changing of the city (development of common R&D project;training)
During the initial years the impacts upon expenditures will probably be greater than the impacts upon knowledge; however, as time goes by, the benefits of knowledge will increase until they exceed the impacts upon the expenditures. Sources: report Investing in innovation Harvard University’s Impact onThe Economy of the Boston Area, January 2009
Sources: report Stanford University, Economic Impact Study 2008; Created to Serve: Colorado State University’s Impact on the State’s Economy .
Source: Economic impact of the University of Rochester Medical Center’s strategic plan, January 2008
Sources: The power and promise of UCSF, economic impact report, June 2010
Key success factors: The extent of the university impact strongly relies on the support of the local city; the growth of the city is really influenced by the presence of a great university.
Service systems are the fundamental abstraction of service science. The ABC’s of service-systems thinking are: A is the Service Provider, B is the Service Customer, and C is the Service Target For example, in College as a Service (CaaS), A might be a college, B an undergraduate student, and C dimensions of the student that will be transformed, such as specific skills and competences, certifications, and post-family social relationships, including help finding a good job
How might a service scientist approach the problem of creating service innovations to continuously improve college courses, year over year, when required competencies and job roles are forever changing? For example: Computer Science 2003-2005 (dramatic drop in enrollment, student quality, faculty motivation, and future employer satisfaction with grads) http://www.cra.org/uploads/documents/resources/taulbee/CRA_Taulbee_2009-2010_Results.pdf First, service scientists learn about problems, opportunities, and boundaries by interviewing stakeholders. Next, they create a formal model of the service system, including a table of all stakeholder interactions, what technologies and organizations mediate those interactions, and who owns, does not own, or aspires to own the perceived problems, opportunities, and boundary zones. Service scientists create designs to scale the capacity of service systems, up and down, and continuously improve upon multiple stakeholder measure For example, given the three problems… • Each year 20% of faculty activities should be converted to upfront e-learning that students must pass to enroll in the class. Year over year, this will ensure the capability of students entering the classroom increases slightly. The new service system, an augmentation, is required to engage faculty and other stakeholders to identify the 20% of the classroom activity to be freed up, and embed these curricular components into the e-learning certification system. • Half the freed-up faculty time should be replaced with new course material designed to better meet the needs of industry. The second added service system will engage industry and faculty to create the needed curriculum changes, such as description of specific on-the-job challenges and responsibilities faced by practitioners. • Half the freed-up faculty time should be replaced with new course material designed to meet the needs of the faculty for more intellectually stimulating content and meaningful work experience, such as the top research problems they are working on and why.
There are many opportunities for educational institutions to specialize. Better tuned competence of individuals allows graduates to hit the ground running and better fill roles in business and societal institutions…. Better general education will allow more rapid learning of an arbitrary area of specialization, and create a more flexible labor force… All service systems transform something – perhaps the location, availability, and configuration of materials (flow of things), or perhaps people and what they do (people’s activities), or perhaps the rules of the game, constraints and consequences (governance). How to visualize service science? The systems-disciplines matrix… SSMED or service science, for short, provides a transdisciplinary framework for organizing student learning around 13 systems areas and 13 specialized academic discipline areas. We have already discussed the 13 systems areas, and the three groups (flows, human activity, and governing)… the discipline areas are organized into four areas that deal with stakeholders, resources, change, and value creation. If we have time, I have included some back-up slides that describes service science in the next level of detail. However, to understand the transdisciplinary framework, one just needs to appreciate that discipline areas such as marketing, operations, public policy, strategy, psychology, industrial engineering, computer science, organizational science, economics, statistics, and others can be applied to any of the 13 types of systems. Service science provides a transdisciplinary framework to organize problem sets and exercises that help students in any of these disciplines become better T-shaped professionals, and ready for teamwork on multidisciplinary teams working to improve any type of service system. As existing disciplines graduate more students who are T-shaped, and have exposure to service science, the world becomes better prepared to solve grand challenge problems and create smarter systems that deliver modern service. Especially, where students have had the opportunity to work as part of an urban innovation center that links their university with real-world problems in their urban environment – they will have important experiences to help them contribute to solving grand challenge problems. ================================================ SSMED (Service Science, Management, Engineering and Design) Systems change over their life cycle… what is inside become outside and vice versa In the course of the lifecycle… systems are merged and divested (fusion and fission) systems are insourced and outsourced (leased/contracted relations) systems are input and output (owner ship relations) SSMED standard should ensure people know 13 systems and 13 disciplines/professions (the key is knowing them all to the right level to be able to communicate and problem-solve effectively) Multidisciplinary teams – solve problems that require discipline knowledge Interdisciplinary teams – solve harder problems, because they create new knowledge in between disciplines Transdisciplinary teams – solve very hard problems, because the people know discipline and system knowledge Ross Dawson says “Collaboration drives everything” in his talk about the future of universities… https://deimos.apple.com/WebObjects/Core.woa/BrowsePrivately/griffith.edu.au.3684852440
High school drop out rates in cities can be high… by increasing focus on system of systems in all grade levels, especially STEM discussions of how to study and then propose solutions to local community challenges – there is evidence that exemplar programs increase the diversity and desire of students to go onto college in STEM areas, and then go on to jobs that use these skills to improve systems…. A number of NAE studies as well as NMC study on challenge-based learning provide encouraging information – also IBM has a Smater Learning white paper which confirms some of these findings. http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/educationtechnology/20090601/index1.shtml See Challenge-Based Learning: http://www.nmc.org/news/nmc/nmc-study-confirms-effectiveness-challenge-based-learning Smarter Planet University Jam Final report at: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/university/smartplanet_jam/ Awards given to top participants, e.g., faculty and students… Prizes as Incentives for Public-Private Partnerships In recent years, there has been a renaissance in “incentive prizes” – which reward contestants for achieving a specific future goal. http://blog.ostp.gov/2009/06/17/prizes-as-incentives-for-public-private-partnerships/comment-page-2/ crowd-sourcing the world.... see http:// www.itsa.org /challenge/ WE are smarter than ME, i.e. and a diversified, independent, decentralized community can outperform even the greatest of experts. This challenge is open to entrepreneurs, commuters, transportation experts, researchers, universities, students, scholars, scientists and citizens from all fields around the globe. All ideas will be reviewed discussed and rated by an open global community, to determine the best and most creative ideas to effectively solve the consequences of traffic congestion. The winner will be announced during the 16th World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems in Stockholm, Sweden, September 21 - 25, 2009, and will receive a cash a of $50,000 USD , as well as development and implementation support to pursue turning the ideas into real-world solutions. Ideas will be reviewed, discussed and rated by an open global community. The public will determine the best and most creative ideas to effectively solve the consequences of traffic congestion. The winner will be chosen by the community. For the next 60 days the community (which anyone can join ) will review and rate all submissions on 5 criteria. On August 1st, the top 9 solutions will be announced. These 9 will then submit more information including a slideshow, a video and founder bios. Based on this information, the participating community members can decide who they each want to back. Each member allocates points they have earned through what is known as a predictive market. The overall winner is the solution that receives the most backing. This challenge truly is: for the people, by the people, and decided by the people.
Part of IBM’s approach to the second problem is T-shaped people and service science…. What is the skills goal? T-shaped professional, ready for T-eamwork… T-shaped people are ready for T-eamwork – they are excellent communicators, with real world experience, and deep (or specialized) in at least one discipline and systems area, but with good team work skills interacting with others who are deep in other disciplines and systems areas. Also, T-shaped professionals also make excellent entrepreneurs, able to innovate with others to create new technology, business, and societal innovations. T-shaped people are adaptive innovators, and well prepared for life-long learning in case they need to become deep in some new area… they are better prepared than I-shaped people, who lack the breadth. Therefore, IBM and other public and private organizations are looking to hire more of this new kind of skills and experience profile – one that is both broad and deep.. These organizations have been collaborating with universities around the world to establish a new area of study known as service science, management, engineering, and design (SSMED) – to prepare computer scientists, MBAs, industrial engineers, operations research, management of information systems, systems engineers, and students of many other discipline areas – to understand better how to work on multidisciplinary teams and attack the grand challenge problems associated with improving service systems…
Our approach to the second problem is Smarter Planet… What improves quality of life? Service system innovations. Every day we are customers of 13 types of service systems. If any of them fail, we have a “bad day” (Katrina New Orleans) I have been to two service science related conferences recently, one in Japan on Service Design and one in Portugal on Service Marketing… the papers from the proceedings of the conferences mapped onto all of these types of service systems… The numbers in yellow: 61 papers Service Design (Japan) / 75 papers Service Marketing (Portugal) / 78 Papers Service-Oriented Computing (US) Number in yellow Fist number: Service Design Conference, Japan 2 nd International Service Innovation Design Conference (ISIDC 2010), Future University Hakodate, Japan Second number Service Marketing Conference, Portugal, AMA SERVSIG at U Porto, Portugal Numbers in yellow: Number of AMA ServSIG 2010 abstracts that study each type of service system… (http://www.servsig2010.org/) Of 132 total abstracts… 10 studies all types of service systems 19 could not be classified In a moment we will look at definitions of quality of life, but for the moment, consider that everyday we all depend on 13 systems to have a relatively high quality of life, and if any one of these systems goes out or stops providing good service, then our quality of life suffers…. Transportation, Water, Food, Energy, Information, Buildings, Retail, Banking & Financial Services (like credit cards), Healthcare, Education, and Government at the City, State, and National levels…. Volcanic ash, hurricanes, earthquakes, snow storms, floods are some of the types of natural disasters that impact the operation of these service systems – but human made challenges like budget crises, bank failures, terrorism, wars, etc. can also impact the operation of these 13 all important service systems. Moreover, even when these systems are operating normally – we humans may not be satisfied with the quality of service or the quality of jobs in these systems. We want both the quality of service and the quality of jobs in these systems to get better year over year, ideally, but sometimes, like healthcare and education, the cost of maintaining existing quality levels seems to be a challenge as costs continue to rise… why is that “smarter” or sustainable innovation, which continuously reduces waste, and expands the capabilities of these systems is so hard to achieve? Can we truly achieve smarter systems and modern service? A number of organizations are asking these questions – and before looking at how these questions are being formalized into grand challenge questions for society – let’s look at what an IBM report concluded after surveying about 400 economists…. ==================== Quality of life for the average citizen (voter) depends on the quality of service and quality of jobs in 13 basic systems….. Local progress (from the perspective of the average citizen or voter) can be defined for our purposes as (quality of service & jobs) + returns (the provider, which is really the investor perspective, the risk taker in provisioning the service) + security (the authority or government perspective on the cost of maintaining order, and dealing with rules and rule violations) + smarter (or the first derivative – does all this get better over time – parents often talk about wanting to help create a better world for their children - sustainable innovation, means reducing waste, being good stewards of the planet, and expanding our capabilities to do things better and respond to challenges and outlier events better)…. Without putting too fine a point on it, most of the really important grand challenges in business and society relate to improving quality of life. Quality of life is a function of both quality of service from systems and quality of opportunities (or jobs) in systems. We have identified 13 systems that fit into three major categories – systems that focus on basic things people need, systems that focus on people’s activities and development, and systems that focus on governing. IBM’s Institute for Business Value has identified a $4 trillion challenge that can be addressed by using a system of systems approach. Employment data… 2008 http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.t02.htm A. 3+0.4+0.5+8.9+1.4+2.0=16.2 B. C.13.1+1.8=14.9 Total 150,932 (100%) Transportation (Transportation and Warehousing 4,505 (3%)) Water & Waste (Utilities 560 (0.4%)) Food & Manufacturing (Mining 717 (0.5%), Manufacturing 13,431 (8.9%), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 2,098 (1.4%)) Energy & Electricity Information (Information 2,997 (2%)) Construction (Construction 7,215 (4.8%)) Retail & Hospitality (Wholesale Trade 5,964 (4.0%), Retail Trade 15,356 (10.2%), Leisure and hospitality 13,459 (8.9%)) Financial & Banking/Business & Consulting (Financial activities 8,146 (5.4%), Professional and business services 17,778 (11.8%), Other services 6,333 (4.2%)) Healthcare (Healthcare and social assistance 15,819 (10.5%) Education (Educational services 3,037 (2%), Self-employed and unpaid family 9,313 (6.2%), Secondary jobs self-employed and unpaid family 1,524 (1.0%)) City Gov State Gov (State and local government 19,735 (13.1%)) Federal Gov (Federal government 2,764 (1.8%))
Technology is used by providers to perform more and more of the routine manual, cognitive, and transactional work Jobs Change: Individual Competencies & Institutional Roles
http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_chart_001.htm http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/archives/student-loan-debt-hell-21-statistics-that-will-make-you-think-twice-about-going-to-college Posted below are 21 statistics about college tuition, student loan debt and the quality of college education in the United States.... #1 Since 1978, the cost of college tuition in the United States has gone up by over 900 percent . #2 In 2010, the average college graduate had accumulated approximately $25,000 in student loan debt by graduation day. #3 Approximately two-thirds of all college students graduate with student loans . #4 Americans have accumulated well over $900 billion in student loan debt. That figure is higher than the total amount of credit card debt in the United States. #5 The typical U.S. college student spends less than 30 hours a week on academics. #6 According to very extensive research detailed in a new book entitled &quot;Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses&quot;, 45 percent of U.S. college students exhibit &quot;no significant gains in learning&quot; after two years in college. #7 Today, college students spend approximately 50% less time studying than U.S. college students did just a few decades ago. #8 35% of U.S. college students spend 5 hours or less studying per week. #9 50% of U.S. college students have never taken a class where they had to write more than 20 pages. #10 32% of U.S. college students have never taken a class where they had to read more than 40 pages in a week. #11 U.S. college students spend 24% of their time sleeping, 51% of their time socializing and 7% of their time studying. #12 Federal statistics reveal that only 36 percent of the full-time students who began college in 2001 received a bachelor's degree within four years. #13 Nearly half of all the graduate science students enrolled at colleges and universities in the United States are foreigners. #14 According to the Economic Policy Institute, the unemployment rate for college graduates younger than 25 years old was 9.3 percent in 2010. #15 One-third of all college graduates end up taking jobs that don't even require college degrees. #16 In the United States today, over 18,000 parking lot attendants have college degrees. #17 In the United States today, 317,000 waiters and waitresses have college degrees. #18 In the United States today, approximately 365,000 cashiers have college degrees. #19 In the United States today, 24.5 percent of all retail salespersons have a college degree. #20 Once they get out into the &quot;real world&quot;, 70% of college graduates wish that they had spent more time preparing for the &quot;real world&quot; while they were still in school. #21 Approximately 14 percent of all students that graduate with student loan debt end up defaulting within 3 years of making their first student loan payment.
Why service scientists are interested in universities…. They are in many ways the service system of most central importance to other service systems… Graph based on data from Source: http://www.arwu.org/ARWUAnalysis2009.jsp Analysis: Antonio Fischetto and Giovanna Lella (URome, Italy) students visiting IBM Almaden Dynamic graphy based on Swiss students work: http://www.upload-it.fr/files/1513639149/graph.html US is still “off the chart” – China projected to be “off the chart” in less than 10 years: US % of WW Top-Ranked Universities: 30,3 % US % of WW GDP: 23,3 % Correlating Nation’s (2004) % of WW GDP to % of WW Top-Ranked Universities US is literally “off the chart” – but including US make high correlation even higher: US % of WW Top-Ranked Universities: 33,865 % US % of WW GDP: 28,365 %
We all know that economists have been reporting on the growth of the service economy for the last century… Over the last two hundred years, the US has shifted from agriculture to manufacturing to service jobs, as dominant. The growth in service jobs parallels the growth of the information economy, and many of the jobs are knowledge-intensive, including finance, health, education, government, B2B, etc. Developed and emerging markets are seeing the same shift – this is a global trend. What was clear was that all developed and emerging market nations where shifting to service economies due to increasing use of technology in manufacturing and agriculture (productivity increases), and increasing use of information technology in traditional service areas, including utilities, building maintenance, retail & hospitality, finance, health, education, and government – making the service sector more knowledge-intensive and requiring more technical skills. As well as more outsourcing, leading to more B2B service. In the back-up slides we introduce the concept of product-service-systems to better understand the way the global economies are evolving… ServicesOLD= Not Natural or Manufactured Products (Negative) ServiceNEW = Applying Knowledge/Resources to Benefit Customers/Stakeholders (Positive) Why does outsourcing the jobs or changing the business model (e.g., leasing, mass-customizaton) cause the category to change? It shouldn’t, modern farms and factories are service systems too… See the following papers… Vargo & Lusch (2004) Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing. Journal of Marketing. Tien & Berg (2006) On Services Research and Education. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. Two ways the Firm can think about the world: Firm – can I think of things my customers want to own, and how can I make and sell those things. Firm – can I think of ongoing relationships/interactions with my customers and their stakeholders, and how can I establish and continuously improve those interactions in a win-win manner Fact: Service growth in “national economies” All nations are experiencing a macro-economic shift from value in producing physical things (agriculture and goods) to value from apply capabilities for the benefit of others (services). Observation: Service sector is where the job growth is, not only in the US but around the world. Implication: Most science and engineering and management jobs will be in the service sector. For example, Kenneth Smith of H.B.Maynard (one of the oldest and most prestigious industrial engineering consulting firms) said - “Historically, most of our business at H.B. Maynard was manufacturing, today roughly 80% is in the retail sector…” So why do we still train most scientist and engineers for manufacturing age jobs? Could this be part of the reason that in most US engineering schools only 50% of entering engineering students graduate with an engineering degree? The service sector is the fastest growing segment of global economies. In the US, in 1800 90% of people were worked on farms, and today less than 3% of workers are employed in agriculture. Goods, or manufacturing of physical products, peaked in the US in the mid-1950’s and has been decreasing ever since due to automation and off shoring. However, services, especially complex information and business services, as we will see is where the growth is. But the growth in the service sector jobs is not just in the developed countries, it is also happening in the developing countries. In fact, the International Labor Organization, reports that 2006 was the first time in human history that more people worker in the service sector than in agriculture world wide. 40% in service sector, 39.7% in agriculture, and 21.3% in manufacturing, with the growth coming by moving people from agriculture to services – this represents the largest labor force migration in human history. 1970 estimates % of service in labor force (change to 2005/2009 est) China 12 +17 142% India 17 +6 35% US 62 +14 23% Indonesia 29 +10 34% Brazil 41 +25 61% Russia 42 +27 64% Japan 48 +19 45% Nigeria 16 +3 19% Bangledesh 19 +7 37% Germany 45 +19 42%
What you may not know is that manufacturing companies are also seeing a growth in service revenue… from financing to maintenance to customer support services, because of the growing complexity of products… IBM has seen its service revenue grow, and lead the growth of IBM in the last two decades. In the last two decades the growth was B2B, in the coming decade it will be B2G service growth – powered in part by shared service across government and cloud computing… Fact: Service growth in “manufacturing” businesses 2008 GTS 40 (39.2) GBS 20 (19.6) SWG 22 (22.1) S&T 20 (19.2) FIN 2 (2.6) Total 103.6B Profit 45.6% 2010 GTS 38.2B GBS 18.2B -> 56.4B HW 18.0B SW 22.5B FIN 2.2B -> 42.7B Source: http://www.fiercecio.com/press-releases/ibm-reports-2010-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results-nyse-ibm-q4
So top universities around the world are starting service science related programs to study service and service system, and get better at service innovation… including government, healthcare, and education…
Service science was included in IBM’s 100 Icons of Progress selected by IBM’s CEO Sam Palmisano to help celebrate the IBM Centennial and 100 years of innovation leadership for business and society. SSME stands for Service Science Management and Engineering. You may also see SSME+D, where the D is for Design of service innovations.
If you haven’t seen it look for high tech car factory video …
We also know that some people have questioned the sharp distinction that economists have made, and instead prefer the notion of product-service system…. Also, more and more product businesses, those in both manufacturing, mining, agriculture, are increasingly part of value networks and service chains that require thinking about service innovation. All businesses have both a front-stage (direct customer contact) and a back-stage (no-direct customer contact)… so the distinction between product businesses and service businesses is disappearing, and more and more people talk about product-service-systems or service-system-entities. The point is simply that as more of the world lives in cities, and as more product businesses see themselves as product-service-systems, the trend towards service is inexorable, and cannot be ignored in research and education. Academia has begun to study service both from a front-stage customer-interaction focus as well as a back-stage operational efficiciency focus. Service innovation and design impact both front-stage and back-stage, because when value chains and networks form, front-stage and back-stage are relative terms. The focus is on people, their capabilities (skills and competencies), their tools, and who and what they interact with most in value creation networks. Human-Capabilities-Tools- and-Interactions in Value Creation Networks Managers and Engineers from both Service and Product Businesses seeking to improve their business performance Academic Researchers from many disciplines and schools seeking funding, data sets, and access for both empirical studies and action research (design and interventions) to advance scientific knowledge and publish results in top journals Policy Makers and Concerned Citizens seeking to improve the performance of their governments and societal institutions Quality-of-Life including Quality of service to customers Quality of jobs to employees Quality of investment opportunities to stakeholders Sustainable Innovation People, Planet,Profits Should We, Can We, May We, Will We Surprisingly to some, the service science community includes managers and engineers from both service busineses and product businesses. Service businesses can learn a lot about operational efficiency from product businesses, and product businesses can learn a lot about customer value from service businesses. This is because as Harvard’s Theordore Leavitt observed in his famous 1974 paper, all businesses include some amount of front stage activities (direct customer contact) and some amount of back stage activities (no direct customer contact). In traditional service firms, the front stage dominates and in traditional product companies the back stage dominates, in terms of number of employees. In addition to Managers and Engineers from both Service and Produce Businesses, the service science commnuity also includes academic researchers from many disciplines and schools, including engineering schools, management schools, social science schools, and information schools. Furthermore, the service science community is not restricted to for-profit businesses and academics, the community also include government policy makers and concerned citizens seeking to improve the performance of government institutions and diverse types of non-profit organizations.
What are the largest and smallest service system entities that have the problem of interconnected systems? Holistic Service Systems like nations, states, cities, and universities – are all system of systems dealing with flows, development, and governance. =============\\ Nations (~100) States/Provinces (~1000) Cities/Regions (~10,000) Educational Institutions (~100,000) Healthcare Institutions (~100,000) Other Enterprises (~10,000,000) Largest 2000 >50% GDP WW Families/Households (~1B) Persons (~10B) Balance/Improve Quality of Life, generation after generation GDP/Capita Quality of Service Customer Experience Quality of Jobs Employee Experience Quality of Investment-Opportunities Owner Experience Entrepreneurial Experience Sustainability GDP/Energy-Unit % Fossil % Renewable GDP/Mass-Unit % New Inputs % Recycled Inputs
R&H/M&E/C&S = Retail & Hospitality/Media&Entertainment/Culture&Sports ICT = Information & Communication Technologies
There are many books to help teach aspects of service science, service system thinking, and stakeholder analysis Service Science Reading List – Many textbooks and reference-textbooks included: http://www.cob.sjsu.edu/ssme/refmenu.asp
In the Handbook of Service Science, and other publications, we have layed out the conceptual foundations of service science – the first approximation of terms we believe every service scientist should know… The world view is that of an ecology of service-system-entities. Ecology is the study of the populations of entities, and their interactions with each other and the environment Types of Service System Entities, Interactions, and Outcomes is what a service scientist studies. Service systems include: Person, Family/Household, Business, Citiy, Nation, University, Hospital, Call-Center, Data-Center, etc. – any legal entity that can own property and be sued We see that Resources (People, Technology, Information, Organizations) and Stakeholder (Customers, Providers, Authorities, Competitors) are part of the conceptual framework for service science.
In publications, we have also talked about foundational premises of service science, such as service system entities configure four type of resourves… Four key types of resources: People – example, a doctor or a nurse Technology – example, a computer or car, but can also be the environment, such as an agricultural-field or a coal-mine Organizations – example, IBM or a university like MIT or a government like the national government of Germany Shared Information – example, could be language, laws, measures, etc. Physicists resolve disputes about what is physical and non-physical Judges resolve disputes about rights, within their jurisdictions
Service system entities calculate value from multiple stakeholder perspectives Four Key Stakeholder Perspectives: P = Provider C = Customer A = Authority S = Substitute (Competitor)
Service system entities reconfigure access rights to resources by mutually agreed to value propositions Four key types of access rights: Owned Outright – buying a car or a house Leased/Contract – renting a car or hotel room Shared Access – most roads, the air, and common-pool-resources Privileged Access – your thoughts, governors access to the governor’s mansion, marriage, childbirth (follows from nature or roles)
Service system entities interact to create ten types of outcomes, which elaborates game theories four outcomes of a two player game, to reflect that even two players games take place in the context of four primary stakeholders – the customer, the provider, the authority, and the competitors. Normative – service systems judge each other and have expectations about expected and desired behaviors… (sometimes formalized as laws) The purpose of Service Systems is Value-Cocreation (North’s economic institutions, Barnard’s cooperative systems, Trist’s sociotechnical systems, Engelbart’s augmentation systems, Normann’s value creation systems, Malone’s coordination science, Flores, Williamson TCE/NIE/Contracting, etc.) Provider and client interact to co-create value Value is achieving desired change or the prevention/undoing of unwanted change Changes can be physical, mental, or social Value is in the eye of the beholder, and may include complex subjective intangibles, bartered – knowledge intensive trust matters transaction costs matter Boundary of service experience in space and time may be complex Service is value coproduction, or finding win-win interactions between a provide and a customer. If service is value coproduction, what is a service system? The simplest service system is a person (consumes and produces services), a business enterprise is also a service system (consumes and produces services), and a nation can be viewed as a service system (produces and consumes services). ------------------ Depending on time scale and outcome, both war and investment can be a lose-lose encounter.
Service system entities learn to systematically exploit info & tech Add Rickets “Reaching the Goal” for Internal-External-Interaction Constraints. Explain Incremental-Radical-Super-Radical in terms of units (scientific measurement) For more on Exploitation-Exploration see below.. http://sonic.northwestern.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Keynote-Watts_Collective_Problems.pdf Lavie D & L Rosenkopf (2006) BALANCING EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN ALLIANCE FORMATION, The Academy of Management Journal, 49(4). 797-818. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.123.8271&rep=rep1&type=pdf “ Pressures for exploration. Whereas inertia drives firms’ tendencies to exploit, absorptive capacity facilitates counter pressures by furnishing the mechanism via which firms can identify the need for and direction of exploratory activities. Exploration is guided not only by inventing but also by learning from others (Huber, 1991; Levitt & March, 1988) and by employing external knowledge (March & Simon, 1958). Absorptive capacity, defined as the ability to value, assimilate, and apply external knowledge (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990), helps firms identify emerging opportunities and evaluate their prospects, thus enhancing exploration. It adjusts firms’ aspiration levels, so that they become attuned to learning opportunities and more proactive in exploring them. Indeed, prior research has demonstrated how absorptive capacity enhance organizational responsiveness and directs scientific and entrepreneurial discovery (Deeds, 2001; Rosenkopf & Nerkar, 2001). It also increases the likelihood of identifying external opportunities and can therefore lead to exploration in one or more domains of alliance formation.” For more on Run-Transform-Innovate see below… When I asked how he measures the performance and effectiveness of IBM's IT team, Hennessy pointed to its &quot;run-to-transform&quot; ratio. IBM's IT department is divided into three groups: a &quot;run&quot; organization that's responsible for keeping systems running smoothly; a &quot;transform&quot; team focused on business-process simplification and other business transformation; and an &quot;innovate&quot; unit that pursues leading-edge technology initiatives. Hennessy reports to Linda Sanford, IBM's senior VP of on-demand transformation and IT. Practicing what it preaches, IBM doesn't think of its IT organization as being merely an IT department. &quot;We call it BT and IT,&quot; Hennessy says, giving business transformation equal billing to the software, systems, and services side of its mission. http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2009/04/ibm_cio_turns_d.html IBM CIO's Strategy: Run, Transform, Innovate Posted by John Foley on Apr 30, 2009 11:05 AM Like other CIOs, IBM's Mark Hennessy knows that a dollar saved on data center operations is a dollar earned for business-technology innovation. IBM has moved the dial on its IT budget 10 percentage points toward innovation in recent years, and Hennessy says there are still more operational efficiencies to be gained.I sat down with Hennessy for more than an hour recently in New York to talk about how he has adapted to being a CIO. A 25-year IBM veteran, he took over as CIO about 18 months ago, having spent most of his career on the business side, in sales, marketing, finance, and, most recently, as general manager of IBM's distribution sector, which works with clients in the retail, travel, transportation, and consumer products industries. Hennessy's IT team supports the company's strategy in three broad ways: by running and optimizing IBM's internal IT operations, by working with IBM business units in support of their objectives, and by facilitating company-wide collaboration, innovation, and technology requirements across 170 countries. In times past, IBM had as many as 128 different CIOs across its businesses. These days--in support of CEO Sam Palmisano's strategy of establishing a global, integrated enterprise--it has only one, and Hennessy is it. When I asked how he measures the performance and effectiveness of IBM's IT team, Hennessy pointed to its &quot;run-to-transform&quot; ratio. IBM's IT department is divided into three groups: a &quot;run&quot; organization that's responsible for keeping systems running smoothly; a &quot;transform&quot; team focused on business-process simplification and other business transformation; and an &quot;innovate&quot; unit that pursues leading-edge technology initiatives. A few years ago, IBM was spending 73% of its IT budget on keeping systems and services running and 27% on innovation. This year, its run-to-transform ratio will hit 63%-37%. Roughly speaking, IBM is shifting an additional 2% of its IT budget from run to innovation each year, and Hennessy has every expectation that his group will continue moving the ratio in that direction. &quot;I don't see an end in sight,&quot; he says. In fact, Hennessy says that IBM's run-to-innovation ratio has improved more this year than last. &quot;So it's actually accelerating for us,&quot; he says. Where do the efficiencies come from? The same place other CIOs find them. Server virtualization, data center consolidation (IBM has consolidated 155 data centers down to five), energy savings, applications simplification (from 15,000 apps to 4,500 apps), end user productivity, organizational collaboration, shifting skills globally, and business-process simplification. IBM has internal IT projects underway now in the areas of its supply chain, finance, workforce management, and order-to-cash processes. Hennessy reports to Linda Sanford, IBM's senior VP of on-demand transformation and IT. Practicing what it preaches, IBM doesn't think of its IT organization as being merely an IT department. &quot;We call it BT and IT,&quot; Hennessy says, giving business transformation equal billing to the software, systems, and services side of its mission.
Also, recently in the Handbook of Service Science, in Spohrer and Maglio we describe the importance of symbol processing in service systems for the calculation and innovation of value cocreation opportunities… Newell, A (1980) Physical symbol systems, Cognitive Science , 4, 135-183. Newell, A & HA Simon(1976). Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search. Communications of the ACM, 19, 113-126.
We can summarize these as the six foundational premises of service science, and empirical evidence for and against them can be marshaled… and studies are appearing that do just that…
In conclusion, a focus on smarter systems and modern service can help cities and universities (along with other industry and government partners) to invest together in sustainable innovations, that both reduces waste and expands capabilities. Perhaps someday we may even discover and equivalent of Moore’s Law for improving service systems… but until that time, I want to say… ================================ Moore’s Law is sustained by investments that improve computational systems according to a roadmap Can we create an investment roadmap that will improve service systems according to a roadmap? GIE (Globally Integrated Enterprise) uses a run-transform-innovate investment model for continuous improvement. Run = use existing knowledge, routine operations and maintenance Transform = use industry best practice knowledge to gain the benefits of known improvements Innovation = create new knowledge that allows improvements in both ends and means of service systems, and the resources they configure. As information about service systems doubles each year, and storage, processing, and bandwidth rise, making globally better decisions is an important opportunity to explore. FYI.... short history of transistors, integrated circuits, and data centers From transistors... 1. The transistor is considered by many to be the greatest technology invention of the 20th Century 2. While the concept of the transistor has been around since the 1920's (Canadian Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld's 1925 Patent - devices that use physical phenomenon of field electronic emissions)... 3. Commercially available individual transistors that could be wired into circuits, invented and commercialized in 1947 & 1948 (Bell Labs Shockley Point Contact/Junction Transistor Theory 1947, Raytheon CK703 first commercially available 1948) To Integrated circuits... 4. However, it was not until the late 1950's and early 1960's that manufacturing process advances and commercial applications began using many of them in integrated circuits (TI, Bell Labs, etc.) - Sept 1958 the first integrated circuit (Jack Kilby TI) To Moore's law.... 5. By 1965 Gordon Moore's (Intel) paper stated the number of transistors on a chip would double about every two years (and exponential increase that has over 40 years of confirmation)... 6. The number of transistors manufactured each year (in 2009) is estimated at 10**18 - 3.9 x 10**6 transistors produced in 1957 (tenth anniversary of first transistor) - abut 10**18 transistors manufactured in 2009 (62th anniversary of first transistor) To data centers and &quot;electricity consumption&quot; .... 7. By 2005, data centers and server farms consume 0.5% of total worldwide electricity production (1% if cooling is included) - 2005 consumption equivalent of seventeen 1000 MW powerplants - electric consumption for data centers doubled from 2000 to 2005 Sources: http://semiconductormuseum.com/HistoricTransistorTimeline_Index.htm http://www.mentor.com/company/industry_keynotes/upload/rhines-globalpress-low-power.pdf http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1748-9326/3/3/034008/erl8_3_034008.pdf?request-id=7cf4b6e5-498f-4ed4-bfc9-76eda96773ce
In conclusion, let’s consider the big picture – starting with the big bang…. and evolution of the earth, life on earth, human life, cities, universities, and the modern world… the evolution of observed hierarchical-complexity Age of natural systems (age of the universe): Big Bang http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_universe Age of urban systems (age of complex human-made world): Oldest city http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_time_of_continuous_habitation (end of last Ice Age was about 20,000 years ago, about 5 million people on earth by 10,000 years ago) http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ctl/100k.html (last Ice Age was probably started about 70,000 years ago when a super volcano erupted blocking sun light) Many people still ask -- where is the science in the “Service Science?” One answer is that the science is hidden away in each of the component disciplines that study service systems, scientifically from their particular perspective… However, the big picture answer is “Ecology” - Ecology is the study of the abundance and distribution of entities (populations of things) in an environment… and how the entities interact with each other and their environment over successive generations of entities. The natural sciences (increasingly interdisciplinary) study the left side, using physics, chemistry, and biology Service science (originated as interdisciplinary) studies the right side, using history, economics, management, engineering, design, etc. Service science is still a young area, but from the growth of service in nations and businesses to the opportunity to apply service science to build a smarter planet, innovate service systems, and improve quality of life… it is an emerging science with bright future, and yes… it will continue to evolve : - ) Most people think of ecology in terms of living organisms, like plants and animals in a natural environment. However, the concept of ecology is more general and can be applied to entities as diverse as the populations of types of atoms in stars to the types of businesses in a national economy. I want to start my talk today on “service,” by first thinking broadly about ecologies of entities and their interactions. Eventually, we will get to human-made service system entities and human-made value-cocreation mechanisms… but for today, let’s really start at the very beginning – the big bang. About 14B years ago (indicated by the top of this purple bar), our universe started with a big bang. And through a process of known as fusion, stars turned populations of lighter atoms like hydrogen into heavier atoms like helium, and when stars of a certain size have done all the fusion they could, they would start slowing down, and eventually collapse rapidly, go nova, explode and send heavier atoms out into the universe, and eventually new stars form, and the process repeats over and over, creating stars with different populations of types of atoms, including heavier and heavier elments. So where did our sun and the earth come from…. Eventually after about ten billion years in the ecology of stars and atoms within stars, a very important star formed our sun (the yellow on the left) – and there were plenty of iron and nickel atoms swirling about as our sun formed, and began to burn 4.5B years ago, and the Earth formed about 4.3B years ago (the blue on the left)… In less than a billion years, the early earth evolved a remarkable ecology of complex molecules, including amino acids, and after less than a billion years, an ecology of bacteria took hold on early earth (the bright green on the left). The ecology of single cell bacteria flourished and after another billion years of interactions between the bacteria, the first multicellular organisms formed, and soon the ecology of sponges (the light blue on the left) and other multi-cellular entities began to spread out across the earth. Then after nearly two billion years, a type of division of labor between the cells in multicelluar organism lead to entities with cells acting as neurons in the first clams (the red on the left), and these neurons allowed the clams to open and close at the right time. After only 200 million years, tribolites appeared the first organisms with dense neural structures that could be called brains appeared (the black on the left), and then after about 300 million years, multicelluar organisms as complex as bees appeared (the olive on the left), and these were social insects, with division of labor among individuals in a population, with queens, drones, worker bees. So 200 million years ago, over 13B years after the big bang, the ecology of living entities is well established on planet earth, including social entities with brains and division of labor between individuals in a population…. Living in colonies that some have compared to human cities – where thousands of individuals live in close proximity and divide up the work that needs to be done to help the colony survive through many, many generations of individuals that come and go. Bees are still hear today. And their wingless cousins, called ants, have taken division of labor to incredible levels of complexity in ant cities in nearly every ecological niche on the planet, except under water. Now let’s look at the human ecology,and the formation of service system entities and value-cocreation mechanisms, a small portion of which is represented by the colored bar on the right. Recall bees appeared about 200 million years ago, a small but noticeable fraction of the age of the universe. Now take 1% of this little olive slice, which is 2 million years… that is how long people have been on earth, just one percent of this little olive slice here. What did people do in most of that 2million years? Basically, they spread out to every corner of the planet, and changed their skin color, eye colors, and hair colors, they spread out and became diverse with many different appearances and languages. It took most of that 200 millions just to spread out and cover most of the planet with people. When there was no more room to spread out the density of people in regions went up…. Now take 1% of that 2million years of human history which basically involved spreading out to every corner of the planet and becoming more diverse, recall ecology is the study of abundance and distribution and types of interactions, and 1% of that 2million years is just 20,000 years, and now divide that in half and that represents 10,000 years. The bar on the right represents 10,000 years or just 500 generations of people, if a generation is about 20 years. 500 generations ago humans built the first cities, prior to this there were no cities so the roughly 5M people spread out around the world 0% lived in cities, but about 500 generations ago the first cities formed, and division of labor and human-made service interactions based on division of labor took off – this is our human big bang – the explosion of division of labor in cities. Cities were the big bang for service scientists, because that is when the diversity of specialized roles and division of labor, which is at the heart of a knowledge-based service economy really begins to take off... So cities are the first really important type of human-made service system entities for service scientists to study, the people living in the city, the urban dwellers or citizens are both customers of and providers of service to each other, and division of labor is the first really important type of human-made value-cocreation mechanism for service scientists to study. (Note families are a very important type of service system entity, arguably more important than cities and certainly much older – however, family structure is more an evolution of primate family structure – and so in a sense is less of a human-made service system entity and more of an inherited service system entity… however, in the early cities often the trades were handed down father to son, and mother to daughter as early service businesses were often family run enterprises in which the children participated – so families specialized and the family names often reflect those specialization – for example, much later in England we get the family names like smith, mason, taylor, cooper, etc.) So to a service scientist, we are very excited about cities as important types of service system entities, and division of labor as an important type of value-cocreation mechanism, and all this really takes off in a big way just 500 generations ago when the world population was just getting to around 5M people spread out all around the world – so 10,000 years about about 1% of the worlds population was living in early versions of cities. It wasn’t until 1900 that 10% of the world’s then nearly 2B people lived in cities, and just this last decade that 50% of the worlds 6B people lived in cities, and by 2050 75% of the worlds projected 10B population will be urban dwellers. If there is a human-made service system that we need to design right, it is cities. It should be noted that the growth of what economist call the service sector, parallels almost exactly the growth of urban population size and increased division-of-labor opportunities that cities enable – so in a very real sense SERVICE GROWTH IS CITY GROWTH OR URBAN POPULATION GROWTH… in the last decade service jobs passed agriculture jobs for the first time, and urban dwellers passed rural dwellers for the first time. But I am starting to get ahead of myself, let’s look at how the human-made ecology of service system entities and value-cocreation mechanisms evolved over the last 10,000 years or 500 generations. The population of artifacts with written language on them takes off about 6000 years ago or about 300 generations ago (the yellow bar on the right). Expertise with symbols helped certain professions form – and the first computers were people writing and processing symbols - scribes were required, another division of labor – so the service of reading and writing, which had a limited market at first began to emerge to help keep better records. Scribes were in many ways the first computers, writing and reading back symbols – and could remember more and more accurately than anyone else. Written laws (blue on right) that govern human behavior in cities takes off about 5000 years ago – including laws about property rights, and punishment for crimes. Shortly there after, coins become quite common as the first type of standard monetary and weight measurement system (green on right). So legal and economic infrastructure for future service system entities come along about 5000 years ago, or 250 generations ago, with perhaps 2% of the population living in cities…. (historical footnote: Paper money notes don’t come along much until around about 1400 years ago – bank notes, so use of coins is significantly older than paper money, and paper money really required banks as service system entities before paper money could succeed.). About 50 generations ago, we get the emergence of another one of the great types of service system entities – namely universities (light blue line) – students are the customers, as well as the employers that need the students. Universities help feed the division of labor in cities that needed specialized skills, including the research discipline skills needed to deepen bodies of knowledge in particular discipline areas. The red line indicates the population of printing presses taking off in the world, and hence the number of books and newspapers. This was only about 500 years or 25 generations ago. Now university faculty and students could more easily get books, and cities began to expand as the world’s population grew, and more cities had universities as well. The black line indicates the beginning of the industrial revolution about 200 years ago, the sream engine, railroads, telegraph and proliferation of the next great type of service system entity – the manufacturing businesses - that benefited from standard parts, technological advances and scale economies, and required professional managers and engineers. About 100 years ago, universities began adding business schools to keep up with the demand for specialized business management skills, and many new engineering disciplines including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and electrical engineering, fuel specialization and division of labor. By 1900, just over 100 years ago, or 5 generations ago 10% of the worlds population, or about 200 million people were living in cities and many of those cities had universities or were starting universities. Again fueling specialization, division of labor, and the growth of service as a component of the economy measured by traditional economists. Finally, just 60 years ago or 3 generations ago, the electronic semiconductor transistor was developed (indicated by the olive colored line on the right), and the information age took off, and many information intensive service activities could now benefit from computers to improve technology (e.g., accounting) and many other areas. So to recap, cities are one of the oldest and most important type of service system and universities are an important and old type of service system, as well as many types of businesses. Service science is the study of service system entities, their abundance and distribution, and their interactions. Division of labor is one of the most important types of value cocreation mechanisms, and people often need specialized skills to fill roles in service systems. Service science like ecology studies entities and their interactions over successive generations. New types of human-made service system entities and value-cocreation mechanisms continue to form, like wikipedia and peer production systems. Age of Unvierse (Wikipedia) The age of the universe is the time elapsed between the Big Bang and the present day. Current theory and observations suggest that the universe is 13.75 ±0.17 billion years old. [1] Age of Sun The Sun was formed about 4.57 billion years ago when a hydrogen molecular cloud collapsed. [85] Solar formation is dated in two ways: the Sun's current main sequence age, determined using computer models of stellar evolution and nucleocosmochronology , is thought to be about 4.57 billion years. [86] This is in close accord with the radiometric date of the oldest Solar System material, at 4.567 billion years ago. [87] [88] Age of Earth The age of the Earth is around 4.54 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%). [1] [2] [3] This age has been determined by radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples . The Sun , in comparison, is about 4.57 billion years old , about 30 million years older. Age of Bacteria (Uni-cellular life) The ancestors of modern bacteria were single-celled microorganisms that were the first forms of life to develop on earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, all organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. [22] [23] Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites , their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny , and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. [24] The most recent common ancestor of bacteria and archaea was probably a hyperthermophile that lived about 2.5 billion–3.2 billion years ago. [25] [26] Cities (Wikipedia) Early cities developed in a number of regions of the ancient world. Mesopotamia can claim the earliest cities, particularly Eridu, Uruk, and Ur. After Mesopotamia, this culture arose in Syria and Anatolia, as shown by the city of Çatalhöyük (7500-5700BC). Writing (Wikipedia) Writing is an extension of human language across time and space. Writing most likely began as a consequence of political expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable means for transmitting information, maintaining financial accounts, keeping historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration outgrew the power of memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form [2] . In both Mesoamerica and Ancient Egypt writing may have evolved through calendrics and a political necessity for recording historical and environmental events. Written Law (Wikipedia) The history of law is closely connected to the development of civilization . Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books. It was based on the concept of Ma'at , characterised by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartiality. [81] [82] By the 22nd century BC, the ancient Sumerian ruler Ur- Nammu had formulated the first law code , which consisted of casuistic statements (&quot;if ... then ...&quot;). Around 1760 BC, King Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law , by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae , for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi . The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British Assyriologists, and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages, including English, German, and French. [83] Money (Wikipedia) Many cultures around the world eventually developed the use of commodity money . The shekel was originally both a unit of currency and a unit of weight. [10] . The first usage of the term came from Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. Societies in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia used shell money – usually, the shell of the money cowry ( Cypraea moneta ) were used. According to Herodotus , and most modern scholars, the Lydians were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coin . [11] It is thought that these first stamped coins were minted around 650–600 BC. [12] Universities (Wikipedia) Prior to their formal establishment, many medieval universities were run for hundreds of years as Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools ( Scholae monasticae ), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD. [7] The first universities were the University of Bologna (1088), the University of Paris (c. 1150, later associated with the Sorbonne ), the University of Oxford (1167), the University of Palencia (1208), the University of Cambridge (1209), the University of Salamanca (1218), the University of Montpellier (1220), the University of Padua (1222), the University of Naples Federico II (1224), the University of Toulouse (1229). [8] [9] Printing and Books (Wikipedia) Johannes Gutenberg's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn—a man he had previously instructed in gem-cutting—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill. [34] However, it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record exists; witnesses' testimony discussed Gutenberg's types, an inventory of metals (including lead), and his type molds. [34]