UNIT 5

1. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
INTERACTION:
THE NERVOUS AND
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS

2. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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• The interac+on process
• The neuron
• Electric signals
• The central nervous system (CNS) (I)
• The central nervous system (CNS) (II)
• The peripheral nervous system
• The autonomic nervous system
• The endocrine system
• The nervous and endocrine systems
• Healthy habits. Diseases of the nervous
and endocrine systems

3. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
THE INTERACTION PROCESS
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4. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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Interac(on includes a series of processes whose objec+ves are:
• To adapt the body to changing condi+ons, in the internal as well as external
environment.
• To connect and coordinate the different parts of our body so that they work
together.
These objec+ves are carried out by two systems: the nervous and endocrine systems.
STIMULUS
EFFECTOR
RECEPTOR
NERVOUS SYSTEM
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
RESPONSE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
MUSCLE GLAND
nerve impulse

5. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
THE NEURON
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6. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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Neurons are the most specialised cells in the body. Their capacity for reproduc+on
is very limited. They are made up of a cell body, which is similar to all other
cells, and has two kinds of long extensions: dendrites and axons or neurites.
Cell body: this contains the
nucleus and other organelles,
and is filled with
cytoplasm.
Axon: this is a long extension that is
made up of cytoplasm and carries
nerve impulses from the cell body to
another neuron or cell.
Dendrites: these are short,
branched extensions of the
cell body that receive nerve
impulses from other neurons.

7. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
ELECTRIC SIGNALS
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8. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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Neurons have a unique ability: they generate and transmit nerve impulses. When
a neuron is s+mulated, some electrical changes originate in the membrane and
these transmit the electric signal from the dendrites towards the axon.
Neurons are not isolated. They work with one another to establish connec+ons
called synapses.
cell body
of first
neuron
dendrites axon
mitochondria
nerve
impulse
vesicles synap+c
cleL
synapse
impulse on
the dendrite
dendrite
axon
cell body of
adjacent neuron

9. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) (I)
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10. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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It is made up of nerve centres, which are
responsible for integra+ng informa+on received,
coordina+ng it and preparing a response.
The spine, a cord of nerve +ssue that runs
through the spinal canal.
The brain, the part of the nervous system that
is inside the skull. It is divided into four
sec+ons: the spinal bulb, the brains stem, the
cerebellum and the cerebrum.
skull
spine

11. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) (II)
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12. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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ventral root
dorsal root
spinal nerve
communica+ng
branch
sympathe+c
trunk ganglia
meninges
vertebra
spinal cord
dorsal
root
ventral
root
grey
maMer
white
maMer
dorsal horn
(sensory nerves)
sympathe+c trunks
dorsal
root
ventral
root
dorsal horn (motor
neurons)
brain stem
leL cerebral
hemisphere
hypothalamus
spinal
bulb spinal cord
cerebellum
cerebrum
skull
pituitary
gland
ependyma

13. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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14. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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The peripheral nervous system connects all of the receptors and effectors in the body to the
nerve centre. The peripheral nervous system is divided into:
• The soma(c nervous system, which connects the sensory receptors of the sensory organs
to the central nervous system and this to the skeletal muscle. It receives informa+on from
external s+muli. It also transmits signals for voluntary muscle contrac+ons.
• The autonomic nervous system rregulates and controls involuntary body func+ons. is
divided into two parts: the sympathe(c nervous system and the parasympathe(c nervous
system.
hypoglossal (tongue
movement)
vagus (diges+on,
respira+on
and circula+on)
auditory (hearing
and balance)
trigeminal (facial
sensa+ons and jaw
movement)
abducens
(eye movement)
op(c (vision)
spinal accessory
(neck and dorsal muscles)
glossopharyngeal
(taste and sensa+ons
in the throat)
facial (taste and
facial expression)
trochlear
(eye movement)
oculomotor
(eye movement)
olfactory (smell)
ventral root
spinal nerve
dorsal root
dorsal root ganglion
sensory
neuron
motor
neuron

15. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
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16. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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The parasympathe+c nervous system provokes relaxa+on and the organs work more slowly
and less intensely.
The sympathe+c nervous system controls most of the body’s organs so that they work more
effec+vely under stress.
controls pupils
s+mulates
saliva+on
slows the heart rate
contracts the bronchi
s+mulates
the gall bladder
s+mulates stomach ac+vity
inhibits urine release
speeds up diges+on process
contracts bladder muscles
s+mulates erec+ons
dilates pupils
inhibits
saliva+on
accelerates
the heart
rate
s+mulates produc+on
of glucose
dilates the bronchi
inhibits stomach
ac+vity
s+mulates urine release
slows down
diges+on process
relaxes bladder
muscles
s+mulates
ejacula+on
cervical spinal
nerves
thoracic
spinal
lower
lumbar
spinal nerves

17. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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18. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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The endocrine
system is made up of
a coordinated group
of glands called the
endocrine glands.
They are called
endocrine (endo
means internal)
because they
release hormones
directly into the
bloodstream.
Pituitary gland
Posterior lobe
An+diure+c (ADH)
Oxytocin
Anterior lobe
S+mula+ng hormones
Growth hormone
Thyroid gland
Thyrosine
Parathyroid
glands
Parathyroid
hormone
Adrenal glands
Adrenaline
Cor+costeroids
Aldosterone Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Tes(cles
Androgens
Ovaries
Estrogens
Progesterone

19. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE
SYSTEMS
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20. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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Nervous system Endocrine system
Conductor(s) nerves Circulatory system
Response fast
very specific
short in +me
slow
not very specific
prolongued
Coordina+on
ac+ons that require an
immediate response
ac+ons that develop during
a period of +me
How nerve impulses hormones

21. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
HEALTHY HABITS. DISEASES OF THE
NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
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22. Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems
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To keep the nervous system healthy, we should follow these recommenda+ons:
• Lead an orderly life.
• Do not consume any type of drugs.
• Perform intellectual and mental exercises regularly.
• Try to eat foods rich in vitamin B1, B3 and phosphorous.
• Avoid stress.
Othersl(vem diseases
Degenera+vas Mentales Otras
Alzheimer
Parkinson’s disease
Mul+ple sclerosis
ALS
Schizophrenia
Neurosis
Depression
Infec+ous diseases
Epilepsy
Narcolepsy
Endocrine system diseases
Diabetes
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Dwarfism
Gian+sm
Addison's disease
Cushing's syndrome