This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources including hydroelectric, wind, tidal, solar, geothermal, biogas, and fuel cell power systems. It describes the basic principles, components, and types of each technology. For hydroelectric power, it covers classification of plants, typical layouts, turbines, and the working principle. It also discusses classification and components of wind turbines as well as the basic principles of tidal, geothermal, and bioenergy systems.

1. UNIT IV
POWER FROM RENEWABLE
ENERGY

2. • Hydro Electric Power Plants
Classification
Typical Layout and associated components
including Turbines.
• Principle, Construction and working of
» Wind
» Tidal
» Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)
» Solar Thermal
» Geo Thermal
» Biogas
» Fuel Cell power systems.

3. HYDROELECTRIC
POWER

4. Hydro electric power
Hydroelectricity is
electricity generated
the term referring to
by hydropower; the
production of electrical power through the use of
the gravitational force of falling or flowing water

5. • https://youtu.be/JC-2HIUQBjo
• https://youtu.be/Uhjhufhg3Xk
• https://youtu.be/q8HmRLCgDAI

7. Classification Of Hydro-Electric
Power Plants
1.Classification According To The Availability
Of head
– Low head power plant
– Medium head power plant
– High head power plant
2.Classification according to the nature of load
 Base load plant
 Peak load plant

8. 3. Classification according to the quantity of
water available
 Run-off river plant without pondage
Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or
a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage
reservoir is referred to as pondage. A plant without
pondage is subject to seasonal riverflows, thus the plant will
operate as an intermittent energy source.
 Run-off river plant with pondage
This type of plant is used to increase the capacity of pond.The
pond is used as a storage water of hydro electric power
plant.Increased the pond size means more water is available
in the plant,so such type of hydro electric power plant is
used fluctuating load period depending on the size of
pondage..
Such type of plant is suitable for both base load or peak load
period.During high flow period,this plant is suitable for base
load and lean flow period it may be used to supply peak
loads only.
During high flood period,one thing should keep in mind that flood
should not raise tail-race water level.Such types of power
plant save conservation of coal.

9.  Pumped storage plants/Reservoir Powerplants
Most hydroelectric power plant in
the world is reservoir power plant.
In this type of plant, water is stored behind
the dam (and water is available throughout
the second reservoir constructed near the
water outflow from turbine)year even in dry
season. This type of power plant is very
efficient and it is used both base and peak
load period as per requirement.most
importantly,it can also take a part of load
curve in grid system.

10. Conventional (dams)
•Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of
dammed water driving a water turbine and generator
•The power extracted from the water depends on the volume
and on the difference in height between the source and the
water's outflow .This height difference is called the head.
•The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the
head
•A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine

11. 12
Run-of-the-river
• Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with
small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming
from upstream must be used for generation at that
moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.

12. Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plant

15. Working of
• Dam: controls the flow of water and creates a reservoir
of water above for energy use when needed
• Penstock: pipe channeling water from the dam to the
turbines
• Turbines: large blades attached to a cylinder that move
when the water pushes against it
• Generator: parts connected to the turbines that create
the electricity by moving large magnets
• Inductor: changes the form of electricity to one that
can be used
• Transmission Lines: transport energy to places that
need it

16. Components of hydro-electric Power
Plant
 Water Reservoir
 Dam
 Spillway- are structures constructed toprovide safe release offlood
waters froma dam toa downstream.
 Trash rack- water from dam or from canal is provided with trash
rack to prevent the entry of debris which might damage the wicket
gates and turbine runners orchoke up the nozzles of the impulse
turbine
 Forebay- serves as temporary regulating reservoir which is used to
store water when the load on the plant is reduced.
 Water Tunnel- carries water from the reservoir to surge tank.
 Canals- a water channel required to the ater to the powerhouse

17.  Penstock
 Pipeline laid between surge tank and prime mover is known as
penstick
 Surge Tank
 Small reservoir in which the water levelraises or falls to reduce the
pressure cvariation so that the steady flowof water is supplied
toallloads.
 Water Turbine
 Water through the penstock ,enters into the turbine through the inlet valve.
 Draft tube
 Connected at the outlet of the waterturbine
 Tail race
 Water channel or cut and cover conduit.
 Powerhouse
 Turbine,generator,control panels,transformers,auxilliary equipments,etc
are kept.

18. • Classification based on the power developed
by the plant
– Large hydro (>100MW)
– Medium-hydro(15-100MW)
– Smallhydro(1-14 MW)
– Mini-hydro (> 100kW)
– Micro-hydra(5kW upto 100kW)
– Pico-hydro(few hundred watts upto 5kW)

19. spillway

20. Surge tank

23. Low Head Hydroelectrical Generators
Low head: Propellor
type Turbines
Power =
Change in Potential
Energy per Unit time
= weight*
Vertical drop/time
Energy =
Power*time

24. Moderate Head Hydro
Head: height difference
Between water level in
Reservoir and water Level
entering turbine
Head= height in potential
Energy equation
Penstock: tube water flows
Through

25. High Head Hydro

26. 27
• A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam

27. 28
Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia

28. Francis turbine
Turbine used for moderate
Head hydroelectrical power
statiosn

29. Water Flow in a Francis Turbine
Left: relative to turbine blades Right: true water path

30. 31
Reaction turbines
• Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes
pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its
energy
• They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or
suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow
• Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for
reaction turbines.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in
low (<30m/98 ft) and medium (30-300m/98–984 ft)head
applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both
fixed and moving blades.

31. 32
Impulse turbines
• Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the
turbine's curved blades which changes the direction of the flow
• The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the
turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a
distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy
• Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy)
is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine
• No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't
require a housing for operation
• Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines
• Impulse turbines are most often used in very high (>300m/984 ft) head
applications

32. Pelton Water Wheel
Used for high head applications:
(above 250 meters)
Are impulse turbines.
Francis and Propeller type turbine
Are reaction turbines.
Reaction turbines: run submerged.
Impulse turbines: run in normal air

33. 34
Types of water turbines
Various types of water turbine runners. From left to
right: Pelton Wheel, two types of Francis Turbine
and Kaplan Turbine

34. WIND ENERGY RESOURCES

35. Characteristics of Wind Energy
a. Do not pollute the atmosphere
b. Fuel provision and transport are not required
in wind-power systems
c. Is a renewable source of energy
d. Wind energy when produced on small sclae is
cheapbut it is competitive with
conventionalpower generating system when
produced on a large scale.

36. Principle of Wind Energy Conversion

37. Types of Wind Energy System
Based on the force exerted on blades
•Lift type wind turbine
– A high speed turbine depends onlift forces tomove the blades
of the wind turbine. The linear speed of the blades is usually
several times higher than the wind speed. The torque oflift
force islow as compared to the drag type
•Drag type wind turbine
– Low speed turbines are slower than the wind. They are mainly
driven by the drag force. The torque at the rotor shaft is
relatively high.
Based on the axis of rotation of the rotor
– Horizontal – axis wind machines
– Vertical-axis wind machines

40. Components of Wind Turbine
• Wind turbine
• Nascelle(gearbox,lowand high speed
shafts,generator controller and brake)
• Rotor i.e the assembly of blades
• Hub and shaft
• Transmission system
• Electric generator
• Yaw control system
• Storage
• Energy converters
• Tower to support the rotor system

41. GENERATING WIND POWER
1
2
3
Attach a voltage probe
Attach a current probe
POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

43. Types of vertical axis wind turbines
1. Darrieus rotor
2. Savonius rotor
3. Multiple blade rotor
4. Musgrove rotor
5. Evans rotor

44. https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&cad=rja&
uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj2qq65rI_dAhVMo48KHeqiDSkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%
2F%2Fwww.mechanicalbooster.com%2F2017%2F01%2Ftypes-of-wind-
turbines.html&psig=AOvVaw11zXvVPrcpavI3GoRJPMe_&ust=1535531959661304

46. TIDAL ENERGY
TIDAL ENERGY

47. Tidal Energy
– It is a form of hydropower that converts the energy
of tides into useful forms of power ,mainly
electricity.
– It is the only form of energy whose source is the
moon

49. • https://youtu.be/VkTRcTyDSyk

51. Types of tidal energy Technologies
• Tidal barrages
• Tidal steam generators
• Dynamic tidal power
» (explanation in video)

52. Components of Tidal Barrage
Power Plants
• Barrage or Dyke or Dam
• Sluice ways
• Embankments
• Power house

53. COMPONENTS OF TIDAL
BARRAGE POWER
PLANTS
• Main Components are:
– Barrage or Dyke/Dam
– Sluice Ways
– Embankments
– Power House

54. Modes of operation of Tidal Barrage
Power Plants
• Ebb generation
• Flood generation
• Two way genberation
• Pumping and turbinig

55. Tidal Barrage
from http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-
02/RE_info/tidal1.htm

57. Modes of Operation of Tidal
Barrage Power Plants
• Ebb generation
• Flood generation
• Two-way generation

58. 1.Ebb generation

59. • Flood generation

61. Modes of generation of tidal barrage
power
• Single basin arrangement
– Single ebb-cycle system
– Single tide-cycle system
– Double tide –cycle system
• Double basin arrangement

66. GEO THERMAL ENERGY

68. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
• Utilize temperature of
the earth’s core.
• Direct use: District
Heating System
• Electricity generation
• Heat pump

71. Direct District Heating System
• Use hot water from
springs or reservoirs near
the surface.
• Hot water near the
earth's surface can be
piped directly into
buildings and industries
for heat.

72. Electricity Generation
• Dry Steam Power Plant: Uses the
superheated, pressurized steam (180°-
350°C)

73. Electricity Generation
• Flash Steam Power Plant: use hot water
above 182°C (360°F) from geothermal
reservoirs.

74. Electricity Generation
• Binary Cycle Power Plant:
– Insufficiently hot resource to efficiently
produce steam
– Too many chemical impurities to allow
flashing.

75. Heat Pumps
• Utilizes constant
temperature of upper
10 feet of the Earth’s
surface.
• Similar to ordinary
heat pumps, but they
rely on more stable
source than air.

77. BIO ENERGY
• Energy obtained from organic matter derived
from biological organisms (plants and animals)
is known as bio energy.
• Biomass energy may be transformed either by
chemical/biological process to produce
intermediate bio fuels such as methane,
producer gas, ethanol & charcoal etc.,

80. BIOMASS RESOURCES:
– Biomass from cultivated fields, crops &
forests
– Biomass from municipal waste, animal
dung, forest waste, agricultuiral waste
USE OF BIO MASS
for producing the process heat, electricity,
gaseous &solid fuels,liquid & chemicals

81. Factors affecting Digestion Process
1. pH Ocncentration
2. Total Oslid content
3. Seeding
4. Temperatuure
5. Loading rate
6. Type of feed
7. Pressure
8. Nutrients

82. 10.Diameter to depth ratio
11.Mixing of content
12.Retention time/rate of
feeding 13.Carbon to nitrogen
ratio 14.Uniform feeding

87. FLOATING DOME TYPE