The document discusses process models and agile methods for web application development. It provides an overview of the Rational Unified Process (RUP) model, including its goals, key aspects, phases, workflows, artifacts, and models. It then discusses agile methods like Scrum and eXtreme Programming (XP), contrasting them with more traditional "heavyweight" models. The document also summarizes various business models for electronic commerce, including business-to-consumer models like portals, e-tailers, content providers, transaction brokers, and market creators.

1. Unit 3
 Process Models for Web Application Development
 RUP
 Agile methods
 Business Models for Electronic Commerce
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2. Process Models
 A web/software development process model has four roles:
 Provide guidance about the order of a team's activities.
 Specify artifacts that should be developed.
 Direct the tasks of individual developers and the team as a whole.
 Offer criteria for monitoring and measuring the project's products
and activities.
 The process model should define the workflows, activities, artifacts, and
roles in the development process
 A workflow is set of activities—requirements, analysis, design,
implementation, testing, and deployment—that ultimately produce
tangible and observable results: artifacts
 An artifact is any persistent piece of information that is produced during
the process: models, source code, documents, etc.
 Artifacts often undergo significant change during the process, resulting in
series of versions that should be controlled and traceable.
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3. The Rational Unified Process (RUP)‫‏‬
 Goal: to support the development of a high-quality product
within a fixed period of time and at a fixed price.
 Use case driven
 Key aspects:  Architecture-centric
 Iterative and incremental
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4. RUP: Overview
Analyze
business and
perceived
problems
Analyze
Develop Develop
the Deploy
vision project Iterate
understood system
document plan
problem
[Pass acceptance critera]
Develop
domain
model Maintain
<<defines>> system
Manage artifact versions
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5. RUP: Iterate
UP Phases
Incept ion Elaborat ion Const ruct ion Transit ion Product ion
Workflows
Requirements
Analy sis
Design
Implementation
Test
Support
Iterations #1 #2 #n-1 #n
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6. RUP Models: Dependencies and traceabilities
Project
Management
Model
Requirements
Engineering
Model Test
Model
Domain
Model
Analysis Design Implementation
Model Model Model
Deployment
Model
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7. Artifacts in the Requirements Engineering Model
 Vision Document (revised)‫‏‬
 Functional requirements
 Non-functional requirements:
 Business requirements: standards, legislations, regulations
 Architectural requirements: acceptable response times,
acceptable Web browser versions, etc.

New! User experience (UX) document:
 Defines the targeted look-and-feel for the application, the
emotion that the application is trying to establish with the user
 The user experience (UX) team is responsible for both
developing and implementing this document .
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8. Artifacts in the Analysis Model
 Use Case Model
 Use Case diagrams
 Conceptual Model
 Domain class diagrams
 Textual integrity constraints
 System Behavior Model
 System’s sequence diagrams
 System’s operation contracts
 State Model
 State diagrams
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9. Artifacts in the Design Model
 Physical Architecture
 Description of architectural tiers, processes, protocols, etc.
 Logical Architecture:
 Web Presentation Layer:
 External Design (UX Model)‫‏‬
 Internal Design
 Class Diagrams using the Web Application Extension for
UML
 Sequence Diagrams
 Domain Layer
 Data Access Layer
 Database Design
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10. The Process Model should be tailored considering …
 The development team:
Large vs. small teams

 Heterogeneous vs homogeneous teams
 Skill level
 The nature of the application
 Human-critical applications: medical devices, spacecraft systems,
thermonuclear controls, etc.
 Web applications: they are not human-critical. Still, other factors
should be considered:
 Evolving technologies
 Greater emphasis on nonfunctional requirements: security, availability,
accessibility, etc.
 Priorities:
 Fast vs. complete
 Fast vs. correct
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11. Another way of building software is possible …
 Most process models are too “heavy”
 Too many things are done with no direct relation with
programming software.
 Traditional process models are too rigid
 The do not fit well when requirements are incomplete and
unstable.
 They are not appropriate when frequent releases and short
development iterations are required.
 Customers should participate more actively
 Lesser focus on the process and more on people
Alternative: Agile methods
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12. Agile Methods
 Examples:
 Agile Modeling
 Agile Unified Process (AUP)
 Agile Data Method
 DSDM
 Essential Unified Process (EssUP)
 Extreme Programming (XP)
 Feature Driven Development (FDD)
 Open Unified Process (OpenUP)
 Scrum
 Lean software development
 All of them are adhered to the Agile Alliance
(www.agilealliance.org) and its Manifesto
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13. Manifesto for Agile Software Development
We are uncovering better ways of developing
software by doing it and helping others do it.
Through this work we have come to value:
Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
Working Software over comprehensive documentation
Customer Collaboration over contract negotiation
Responding to Change over following a plan
That is, while there is value in the items on the right,
we value the items on the left more.
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14. The Twelve Principles of Agile Development
1) Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of
valuable software
2) Welcome changing requirements, even late in development
3) Deliver working software frequently (2 weeks – 2 months)‫‏‬
4) Business people and developers must work together daily
5) Build projects around motivated individuals
6) Face-to-face conversation
7) Working software is the primary measure of progress
8) Agile processes promote sustainable development
9) Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design
10) Simplicity
11) Self-organizing teams.
12) Regular adaptation to changing circumstances
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15. eXtreme Programming (XP)‫‏‬
 The four variables to be controlled
 Cost, Time, Quality, and Scope
 The five values to be promoted:
 Communication, Simplicity, Feedback, Courage and Respect
 The five principles that should guide us:
 Rapid feedback, Assuming simplicity, Incremental changes,
Embracing change, Quality work
 The twelve practices:
 Planning game, small releases, simple designs, automated
testing, continuous integration, refactoring, pair programming,
collective ownership, 40-hour week, on-site customer, coding
standard, metaphor
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16. The XP Process
[changed/new requirement] [next iteration]
[project end]
Release Iteration Publication
Planning [all acceptance
tests successful]
[otherwise]
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17. XP Iteration
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18. Scrum
Sprint: 2 – 4 weeks
SCRUM
PROCESS
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19. Scrum Roles
 Pigs
 Product Owner: The person responsible for maintaining the
Product Backlog by representing the interests of the
stakeholders.
 Scrum Master: The person responsible for the Scrum process,
making sure it is used correctly and maximizes its benefits.
 Scrum Team: A cross-functional group of people (5 – 9)
responsible for managing itself to develop the product.
 Chickens
 Stakeholders (customers, vendors): They are only directly
involved in the process during the sprint reviews.
 Managers: People who will set up the environment for the
product development organizations.
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20. Scrum Artifacts
 Product Backlog
 A list of product requirements – functional and non-functional -
prioritized by organizational value
 Each Product Backlog will decompose into several Sprint
Backlogs
 Sprint Backlog
 A prioritized list of tasks to be completed during the sprint.
 Tasks should last between 4 and 16 hours of work
 Sprint Burnout chart
 publicly displayed chart
showing remaining work in
the sprint backlog
 Updated every day
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21. Scrum Ceremonies
 Spring Planning Meeting
 At the beginning of the sprint cycle, the Team selects items
from the product backlog they can commit to completing
 Sprint backlog is generated
 Daily Scrum
 15 minutes, stand up, at the same location and same time
 All are welcome, but only pigs speak to answer the three
questions:
 What have you done since yesterday?
 What are you planning to do today?
 Is anything in your way?
 Helps avoid other unnecessary meetings
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22. Scrum Ceremonies (cont.)
 At the end of a sprint cycle, two meetings are held: The Sprint
Review Meeting and The Sprint Retrospective
 Sprint Review Meeting (The Demo)
 Team presents to management, customers, users and the Product
Owner the product increment that has been built during the Sprint
 All product backlog items selected for Sprint are included in the demo
 Afterward, product backlog might be re-arranged, or decision made
to release early (or fail fast)
 Sprint Retrospective:
 Team, Scrum Master, and (optionally) Product Owner reflect on the
past sprint:
 What went well?
 What can be improved?
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23. Agile vs. Heavyweight: A comparison
Agile Methods Heavyweight Methods
Approach Adaptive Predictive
Success Business Value Conformation to plan
Measurement
Project Size Small Large
Management Style Decentralized Autocratic
Perspective to Change Change Adaptability Change Sustainability
Culture Leadership-Collaboration Command-Control
Documentation Low Heavy
Emphasis People-Oriented Process-Oriented
Cycles Numerous Limited
Domain Unpredictable/Exploratory Predictable
Team Size Small/Creative Large
Upfront Planning Minimal Comprehensive
Return on Investment Early in the project End of the project
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24. Agile vs. Heavyweight: When they should be used
Agile Methods Heavyweight Methods
Objective Rapid Value High Assurance
Scope (requirements)‫ ‏‬Subject to change Well Known
Largely emergent Largely Stable
Unknown, Uncertain
Resources (money, Uncertain budget Sufficient Budget
infrastructure)‫‏‬ Money tight
Time Unclear & Not well Defined Clear & Defined Milestones
Milestones
Risks Unknown risks Well understood risks
Major Impact New Minor Impact
Technology
Architecture Design for current needs Design for current and future
needs
Developers Agile, co-located, Process-oriented, Adequately
collaborative Skillful
Customers Collaborative, dedicated, Knowledgeable, representative,
co-located, knowledgeable collaborative
Refactoring/Cost of Inexpensive Expensive
Change
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25. From Agile to Heavyweight
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26. The Business Process Engineering Hierarchy
 Information strategy planning (ISP)‫‏‬
 strategic goals defined
 success factors/business rules identified
 business model created
 Business area analysis (BAA)‫‏‬
 processes/services modeled
 interrelationships of processes and data
 (Web) Application Engineering
 modeling applications/procedures that
address (BAA) and constraints of ISP
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27. Business Models
 Business Model
 A set of planned activities (sometimes referred to as business
processes) designed to result in a profit in a marketplace.
 E-commerce Business Model
 A business model focused to use the characteristics and
opportunities of Internet and the Web in a strategic way
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28. E-commerce Business Model Categories
 Business-to-Consumer (B2C)‫‏‬
 Business-to-Business (B2B)‫‏‬
 Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)‫‏‬
 Peer-to-Peer (P2P)‫‏‬
 Mobile commerce (M-commerce)‫‏‬
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29. B2C Models (1/3)‫‏‬
 Portal
 Offers an integrated package of services and content such as search,
news, e-mail, chat, downloads, etc.
 Variants:
 Horizontal/General: Yahoo.com, MSN.com
 Vertical/Specialized (Vortal): Universia.es
 Revenue model: Advertising, subscription fees, transaction fees.
 E-tailer (Electronic retailer)‫‏‬
 Online version of retail store.
 Variants:
 Virtual merchant: Amazon.com
 Click-and-mortar: capraboacasa.com
 Online mall: fashionmall.com
 Manufacturer-direct: dell.com
 Revenue model: Sales of goods, transaction fees.
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30. B2C Models (2/3)‫‏‬
 Content Provider
 Information and entertainment providers such as newspapers, sports
sites, etc.
 Revenue model: Advertising, subscription fees, affiliate referral fees.
 Transaction broker
 Processors of online sales transactions, such as stockbrokers and
travel agents.
 Revenue model: transaction fees
 Market creator
 Creators of virtual markets that bring buyers and sellers together.
 Variant: online auctions (eBay.com)‫‏‬
 Revenue model: transaction fees
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31. B2C Models (3/3)‫‏‬
 Service provider:
 Companies that make money by selling a service, rather than a
product.
 Revenue model: sales of services.
 Community Provider
 Sites where individuals with particular interests, hobbies and
common experiences can come together and compare notes.
 Revenue model: Advertising, subscription, affiliate referral fees.
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32. B2B Models
 B2B Hub: Brings buyers and sellers together to reduce
procurement costs.
 E-Distributor: Connecting businesses directly with other
businesses, reducing sales cycles and mark-up.
 B2B Service Provider
 Traditional: Supports companies through online business services.
 Application Service Provider (ASP): Rents Internet-based software
applications to businesses.
 Matchmaker: Helps businesses find what they want and need on
the Web
 Infomediary
 Audience Broker: Gathers information about consumers and uses it to
help advertisers find the most appropriate audience
 Lead Generator: Gathers customer data, and uses it to direct vendors
to customers.
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33. Emergent Business Models
 Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)‫‏‬
 Electronically-facilitated transactions between consumers
through some third party
 Existent model: Market Creator (B2C)‫‏‬
 Peer-to-Peer (P2P)‫‏‬
 Use of P2P networks for business: besides File Sharing,
companies are also interested in Distributing Computing,
Content Distribution, e-market place, Distributed Search
engines, Groupware and Office Automation via P2P network.
 M-commerce
 A new distribution channel: mobile devices
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34. References
 CONALLEN, J. Building Web Applications with UML Second
Edition. Addison-Wesley 2002.
 KAPPEL, Gerti et al: Web Engineering. Wiley, 2006. Chapter
10
 KHAN, Ali. A Tale of two Methodologies: Heavyweight versus
Agile. Minor Research Project in IS 615-690, University of
Melbourne, 2004.
 R. G. Pressman, D. Lowe: Web Engineering. A Practitioner’s
Approach. McGraw Hill, 2008. Chapters 2-3.
 Agile Software Process Models:
http://www.rspa.com/spi/process-agile.html
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