The Mongol Empire existed from 1206-1368 CE and was based north of the Gobi Desert. The Mongols lived a nomadic lifestyle in tents called gers that could be easily transported. Under Genghis Khan, the Mongols conquered vast territories across Asia and Europe through effective military tactics like feigning retreat, surrounding enemies with cavalry, and using spies to gather intelligence. Their military strength relied on skilled horsemen and archers armed with powerful composite bows.

1. MONGOL LOGISTICS
Janelle Abad

2. The Mongol Empire existed from 1206 CE to 1368 CE and resided in the north of the
Gobi Desert. They lived in gurs, also known as yurts, which is a tent that could be
easily transported. The chief of a band of Mongols was known as “khan.”

3. The Mongols invaded
Xixia in China from
1205 to 1209 as well
as the Jin Dynasty.
They seized the city of
Zhongdu, which
became the capital of
the Yuan Dynasty,
which was instituted
by the Mongols. The
Mongols fully
vanquished China
when they defeated
the Song Dynasty in
the south.

4. From 1241 CE to 1285 CE, the Mongols invaded Europe as well. They combated
Poland, Serbia, Thrace, Lithuania, Hungary, and Bulgaria. These conquests led to
these areas to be exhausted and inferior to Mongolian power.

5. Genghis Khan united Mongol and Turkish tribes and vanquished as much territory
possible. His reign was replaced by Mongke who let Hulagu Khan attempt to eradicate
Islam by taking control of Egypt, Persia, and Syria. In 1258 the Mongols destroyed
Baghdad and exterminated at least one million people in just one week.

6. Batu Khan’s forces burned Vladimir-Suzdal and raided Rus. The Mongols established
their own capital and rule. However, the natives of Rus were able to continue to live
the lifestyle they’ve always lived.

7. The Mongols would terrorize their captives as an offensive strategy. Another strategy
they used was to siege cities, especially ones that were already protected.

8. The Mongols would use an extensive attacking front line to diminish sturdy cities.
These lines could range up to 1,300 kilometers.

9. The Mongols would simulate surrender to entice their enemies to move closer to them.
Once they got near them, prepared archers would shoot at them.

10. A tumen is a division
made up of 10,000
Mongol soldiers. A
cavalry can surround
the tumen to quickly
approach the enemy.
The Mongols would
also put dummies on
horseback to make the
size of the army to
look more massive
than they appear.

11. The Mongols had an effective method for collecting data. They used spies that can
cover one hundred miles in a day, who in turn passed information to officers,
commanders, and the khan.

12. The bow that the Mongols used
were made from sheep horns, birch,
and sinew. Soldiers often used
these light weapons while on
horseback.

13. The arrows that the Mongols
created had three kinds of
distinct, separate uses. One
was used for killing enemies,
another is used for combat, and
the third for instructing the
soldiers of where to march.

14. The Mongols
heavily utilized
horses in combat.
A Mongol would
learn from when
they were young
on how to care for
and use a horse.
When they finally
became a soldier
they would
receive several
horses to use in
combat.

15. Mongol soldiers on the ground would use the curved Turco-Mongol sabre to
penetrate armor. They would also used lances and spears, which could be utilized
while on horses or the ground, which could be thrown to long distances.

16. The halberd was used by
wealthy Mongol warriors.
These were as tall as six feet,
had two blades, and were used
to take down several enemies
at once while on horseback.

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18. SOURCES (CITATIONMACHINE.NET):
http://ryanwolfe.weebly.com/weapons.html
"Ancient Mongolian Weaponry - Weapons." Ancient Mongolian Weaponry - Weapons.
N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2016.
http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat65/sub423/item2696.html
Hays, Jeffrey. "MONGOL ARMY: TACTICS, WEAPONS, REVENGE AND TERROR."
MONGOL ARMY: TACTICS, WEAPONS, REVENGE AND TERROR | Facts and
Details. Facts and Details, 2013. Web. 04 Dec. 2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumen_(unit)
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