Planning is the primary function of management and helps achieve future objectives. There are several types of planning managers engage in including standard, single-use, long-range, short-term, intermediate, marketing, production, financial, and manpower plans. The planning process involves setting objectives, conducting a situational analysis using tools like SWOT and PEST, evaluating alternatives, developing a course of action, allocating budgets, implementing the plan, and reviewing progress. Key planning techniques include forecasting, break-even analysis, scheduling, and management by objectives.

1. Planning
function of the Management
By – Hijratullah Tahir
Introduction to Management

2. 1. Contribution of Objectives:
• Planning helps to achieve Future objectives.
2. Primary function of management:
• Each Managerial function ignite with
planning
3. Planning is essential for future prediction:
• Managerial level most of the time Managers
plan for the far future and near future.
Nature of Planning or Features:

3. Following are the types of planning…
1. Standard Plans:
• Act as a Guide line, path or way for the
Management to make a decisions.
• Also called as organizational Policies or standards.
2. Single use Plans:
• Designed for a specific purpose or period with
the expectation to avoid the threats.
• Also called Development Plans.
Types of Planning:

4. 3. Long Range Plans:
• Used to achieve long term Goals.
• When organizations set objectives the also decide
about the course of action to achieve as how to
achieve the Goals.
4. Short term Plans:
• Short-term plans provide guidelines for day-to-day
operation .
5. Intermediate Plans:
• Designed to follow the long-range plans
Types of Planning …

5. 6. Marketing Plans:
• Used to get more Market Share and it includes;
• Product features, qualities, Price, place for
availability, distributional channel and promotional
activities.
7. Production Plans:
• Used to Focus on production and scheduling of
desired levels of Goods and Services.
• Production plans includes;
• Routine, Scheduling, Dispatching and Quantity
Types of Planning …

6. 8. Financial Plans:
• Financial Plans includes activities like: (Finance,
Investing, Capital structure and Dividend policy.
• Resources for Financing:
• Equity Finance and Debt Finance
9. Man Power Plans:
• Manpower means Human Resources
• Plan about the Employees need
Types of Planning …

7. Planning Process includes the following steps…
Step 1. Setting up objectives or goals
• Estimation and result expected in future.
• Objectives are usually specific and Quantifiable
• General objectives or Primary objectives - which
includes Customers, Satisfaction, low cost.
. Specific objectives or Collected objectives - when
general objectives are divided or break is sub tasks.
• Like: (Contract with Supplier)
• Objective setting approaches; Trickle up or Trickle
down
Planning Process:

8. Step2: Situational Analysis:
• Here we scan our Internal and External factors
• SWOT Analysis;
• S – Strengths ( Internal)
• W – Weaknesses ( Internal)
• O – Opportunities (External)
• T – Threats (External)
Planning Process …

9. Step 3. Environmental analysis or PEST Analysis
• P - Political variable
• E - Economical variable
• S - Social variable
• T - Technological variable
• Environmental analysis also includes…
i. Explore alternatives – Different Chances
ii. Evaluate alternatives – Different Decisions
Planning Process …

10. Step 4. Course of Action:
• based on internal and external analysis.
• Detail information about implementation schedules,
timing order for each activity or phase.
Step 5. Budget allocation:
• Financial plans. It includes Revenues and Expenditures.
• Types of Budget; Fixed and Flexible budget
Planning Process …

11. Step 6: Implementation and Review:
• Putting the plans into action and distribution of
resources to start the work.
• Control, through review and time to time supervision
of activities.
• Planning Techniques:
1. Forecasting
2. Break-even analysis
3. Scheduling and 4. Management by Objectives
Planning Process …

12. 1: Forecasting:
• Used to predicate future events.
• For both financial and non-financial Purposes.
• Forecasting has (3) following methods…
1. Survey method – Through Asking questions
2. Trend analysis – Prediction based on past
information
Planning Process …

13. 2. Break-even analysis:
• Point where organization neither observes profit nor
loss
3. Scheduling:
• Planning of different activities and assign time for
each task.
• Methods; PERT, CPM and Gantt Chart
Planning Process …

14. 4. Management by Objectives:
• Managers and workers set their individual and
group objectives
• Monitor those set objective by comparing actual
with expected performance.
Planning Process …

15. • Please read out the Case study and Answered the given
questions
• No more than two pages
• Deadline; Before upcoming class
• Submission, Hard copy with CR or mailed me on
hijrat.hrm@gmail.com within given time
• For any consultation call on; +93 794 30 33 33
• No imitation or replication from the colleague. In case, found
such kind of guilty then both parties will carry Zero Marks
Case study # 01

16. The End