1. ENGINEERING DESIGN AND MODELLING
(MEE2014, LTP, 4 CREDITS)
Dr Shiv Manjaree Gopaliya
Assistant Professor and Program Chair (BTech ME with AI and Robotics)
School of Mechanical Engineering,
VIT Bhopal University
2. Course Outcomes (CO)
CO1
• Learn and apply the concept of engineering design
and design thinking
CO2
• Understand the detailed design approaches
knowledge in real time and societal context
CO3
• Understand the concept of sustainability and its
implications
CO4
• Effectively articulate ideas, work as a team, develop
professional behaviour, teamwork and leadership skills
CO5
• Learn about mechanical properties and modelling of
various parts
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4. Professional and societal context of
Design
‘Context’ is a term used in
design to refer to
circumstances,
or environment in which a
person, thing or idea exists
or occurs.
‘Designers need to be
keen on creating useful
designs that suit the
context of how and
users are using them’.
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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
5. Why should you consider social,
professional and cultural contexts in your
design?
Different social, professional and cultural contexts may affect
relationships and the way people communicate due to a lack
of understanding or knowledge of one another’s background
and culture.
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6. Examples: How behaviors are perceived
globally?
In western culture, it often means ‘I am
bored or sleepy’.
In Japan, Thailand and China, it means
‘I am listening and concentrating’.
In America and Europe, it shows
confidence.
In most Asian countries and Africa, it
means rudeness.
A handshake in meeting etc. shows
gratitude or completing an agreement.
In sports, handshake is a sign of good
sportsmanship.
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7. Examples: How to develop global
designs without being offensive?
In western culture, white
is the auspicious color
for weddings and events.
In India, red is the
auspicious color of
festivities.
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Usage of colors
8. Examples: How to develop global
designs without being offensive?
Colored bandages by
Johnson and Johnson
related to skin tone.
Dresscode
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Cultural differences
and design
innovations
9. Examples: How to develop global
designs without being offensive?
Types of houses based
on geography and
demographics
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Design innovations
based on
geography and
demographics
13. What is a ‘Conceptual Design’?
It is the part of the
design process where
by identifying the
essential problems
through abstraction,
establishing function,
searching for
appropriate principles
and combining these
into working solutions
It specifies the
‘principle solution’.
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14. 15
Steps of
Conceptual Design
1. Abstracting to
identify the
essential problems
Broadening the
problem
formulation
Identifying the
essential problems
from the
requirements list
2. Establishing
function structures
Overall function
Breaking down
function into sub-
functions
Practical
applications of
function structures
3. Developing
working structures
Searching for
working principles
Combining working
principles
Selecting and
applications of
working structures
18. Let’s take an example
How to process a conceptual design as a company
trying to manufacture a new smartphone?
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19. 20
Step-by-
step process
for
conceptual
design of a
new
smartphone
1. Add customer needs
and ratings
Size
Lightweight
Easy to use
Reliable
Cheap
Big screen
Long lasting battery
High quality camera
2. List design
requirements
3. Weigh the relationship
between customer needs
and design requirements
4. Add competitor
research
22. What is an ‘Embodiment design’?
It is the part of design process in which starting from
the concept of a technical product, the design is
developed in accordance with technical or economic
criteria and in the light of further information, to the
point where subsequent detailed design can lead
directly to production.
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29. What do you mean by ‘detailed
design’?
Detailed design is the phase where the design is
refined and plans, specifications and estimates are
created.
This phase is where the full cost of the project is
estimated.
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31. 32
Design for
Manufacture
Reduce
total
number
of parts Develop
modular
design
Use standard
components
Multi-
functional
parts
Multi-use
parts
Ease of
fabrication
Avoid
separate
fasteners
Minimize
assembly
directions
Maximize
compliance
Minimize
handling
32. 33
Geometrical symmetry should be encouraged
Avoid parts that may cause jamming or entanglement
Include guidance for ease of joining of parts
Unidirectional vertical assembly should be encouraged
Design for Assembly
• Effort should be made to reduce assembly
costs by minimizing total number of parts and
avoidance of multiple directions of assembly.
33. Design for Shaping
Shape and
size of a
product is
very
important
Designer
must maintain
aesthetic
shape and
size
Customer is
interested in
product with
pleasant
shape
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34. Design for Maintenance / Maintainability
It is the degree to
which the product
allows safe, quick
and easy
replacement of its
component parts.
If not taken care of:
• High maintenance costs
• Long out-of-service
times
• Possible injuries to
maintenance engineers
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Preventive
Breakdown
35. Lines of
Repair
1st line 2nd line 3rd line
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Modularity
To make
complexity
manageable
To enable parallel
work
To accommodate
future
uncertainty
36. Design for Use
A product should be usable with extreme dexterity for everyone.
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38. Design Checks
• Sub divide the system
into ‘modules’ which
can be used
independently in
different applications
• Designer is bound to
be extra cautious
about the safety
measures
• Simple design
functions
• Clear thinking about
shape, size and
functions of a
particular product
Clarity Simplicity
Modularity
Safety
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39. Standards, preferred numbers and size
ranges
Standardization
• Process of
establishing
standards or
units of
measure for
comparing
quality,
quantity or
performance
Preferred
Numbers
• Standard
guidelines
for choosing
exact
product
dimensions
within a
given set of
constraints
Range sizes
• Extensively
used sizes
are
produced in
large
quantities
while odd
sizes are
produced in
limited
quantities
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40. Points to consider while opting for
standardization
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• Physical properties, chemical
composition and type of heat treatment
processes undergone by the product.
1. Material
standards
• Standards for fits, tolerances and surface
finish of the components.
2. Tolerance
standard
• Different shapes and sizes of commonly
used products or elements.
3. Geometric
standard
41. Design for Aesthetics
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‘Aesthetics’ is a core design principle that defines a
design’s pleasing qualities.
In visual terms, aesthetics include factors such as
balance, colour, movement, pattern, scale, shape and
visual weight.
Designers use aesthetics to complement their
design’s usability and so enhance functionality with
attractive layouts.
42. What makes something beautiful and
how to use it in a design?
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Beauty
captivates
Beauty in
simplicity
Beauty is
changeable
45. 49
Aesthetics is a study of the
mind and how our brains
interpret something as
beautiful or ugly.
A ‘design aesthetic’ is
actually a style.
46. 50
How to use aesthetics
to make things
beautiful?
Visual appeal exists in
objectivity and
subjectivity
Let form follow function
Use timeless rules such
as golden ratio to
optimize your choice
Remember the context
48. The value of beauty and Halo effect
Act of admiring
aesthetics is emotionally
fulfilling and gives us
pleasure, becoming an
ultimate goal
Halo effect is a cognitive bias
which makes it difficult to
separate content of work from
its form. Beautiful should be
interesting, good and usable.
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49. Risk
‘unappreciated risks will lead to failure’
Contingency plan
to reduce risk
Identify the
risks
Assess
danger of
risks
Address
the
greatest
risks first to
reduce the
overall risk
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Reasons of failure
Wasted time
Extra costs
Lost business
Loss of morale
Serious damage
Loss of project
