Unit 1: Part B - Purpose of Budgets
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Intro to Finance Notes - Unit 1 - Budgeting
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Open Budget Format
The document discusses making budget data more open and reusable in Russia. It proposes the Open Budget Format (OBF) as a standard to represent budget data in a simple, universal way using text formats like JSON and CSV. The OBF would include key fields like item ID, amount, and classification codes. It also supports versioning of budget documents and compatibility with other standards. The goals are to analyze current approaches, implement international open data methods for Russian budget data, and develop an initial OBF specification.
Budgeting.vid
The document discusses the importance of budgeting. Budgeting helps individuals understand where their money is going, lowers the risk of debt, and makes people more organized. Budgeting is meant to help protect people from financial struggles and help get out of financial struggles. When in debt, it is important to live below one's means by spending less than one earns. The document provides tips for getting started with budgeting, including creating a graph with categories to track every penny of spending and finding out where money is actually going. Receipts should be kept and unnecessary expenses eliminated once a full accounting of spending is made. A budget should set aside money for necessities so the amount left for other spending is clear.
The importance of budgeting
The document discusses the importance of budgeting. It defines a budget as an estimation of future revenue and expenses over a specified time period. Budgets can be made for families, businesses, and governments. The document outlines why budgeting is important, such as helping people figure out long-term goals, ensuring they don't spend more than they make, and preparing for emergencies. It also defines budgeting terminology like income, expenses, liabilities, and savings. The document provides steps to create a budget and includes an example budget as well as sources for additional information.
Budgeting and budgeting control
The document discusses key concepts related to budgetary control including:
- Static and flexible budgets which are used to control operations by comparing actual results to planned objectives.
- Responsibility accounting which involves accumulating and reporting revenues and costs based on the manager who has authority over decisions.
- Types of responsibility centers like cost centers, profit centers, and investment centers.
- Performance evaluation principles for responsibility centers and the use of budgets, reports, and metrics like residual income and return on investment to evaluate managers.
Budgeting and budgetary control
Budgeting faces several challenges: (1) estimating an uncertain future, (2) gaining buy-in from budget holders, and (3) responding to unplanned changes. To overcome these, companies use flexible budgets, involve stakeholders, and regularly update budgets. Effective budgeting requires open communication and adapting to new information.
Budget and Budgetary Control
The document discusses various types of budgets used in budgetary control including: sales, production, cost of production, purchase, personnel, R&D, capital expenditure, cash, master, fixed, flexible, and zero-base budgets. It also discusses capital budgeting techniques for evaluating investment proposals including payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return.
Budget and budgetary control
This document provides an overview of budgets and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a quantified financial plan for a defined future period. Budgets have benefits like helping control spending, focus on goals, and organize finances. The key types of budgets discussed include sales, production, costs, materials, purchases, labor, overhead, selling & distribution, administration, capital expenditures, and cash budgets. Budgetary control involves establishing budgets, comparing actuals to budgets, and taking corrective action for variances. The objectives of budgetary control are planning, coordination, communication, motivation, control, and performance evaluation.
Budgetary control
The document discusses budgeting and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a financial plan for a defined period. Budgets estimate profit potential, are stated in monetary terms, generally cover one year, and require management approval. The key aspects of budgets are setting objectives, understanding cost behavior, coordination, communication, flexibility, and accounting data support. Budgets are used for planning, coordination, responsibility assignment, performance evaluation, and adapting to changing conditions. Budgetary control involves establishing budgets, tracking actual performance, analyzing variances, and taking corrective actions.
Recommended
Open Budget Format
The document discusses making budget data more open and reusable in Russia. It proposes the Open Budget Format (OBF) as a standard to represent budget data in a simple, universal way using text formats like JSON and CSV. The OBF would include key fields like item ID, amount, and classification codes. It also supports versioning of budget documents and compatibility with other standards. The goals are to analyze current approaches, implement international open data methods for Russian budget data, and develop an initial OBF specification.
Budgeting.vid
The document discusses the importance of budgeting. Budgeting helps individuals understand where their money is going, lowers the risk of debt, and makes people more organized. Budgeting is meant to help protect people from financial struggles and help get out of financial struggles. When in debt, it is important to live below one's means by spending less than one earns. The document provides tips for getting started with budgeting, including creating a graph with categories to track every penny of spending and finding out where money is actually going. Receipts should be kept and unnecessary expenses eliminated once a full accounting of spending is made. A budget should set aside money for necessities so the amount left for other spending is clear.
The importance of budgeting
The document discusses the importance of budgeting. It defines a budget as an estimation of future revenue and expenses over a specified time period. Budgets can be made for families, businesses, and governments. The document outlines why budgeting is important, such as helping people figure out long-term goals, ensuring they don't spend more than they make, and preparing for emergencies. It also defines budgeting terminology like income, expenses, liabilities, and savings. The document provides steps to create a budget and includes an example budget as well as sources for additional information.
Budgeting and budgeting control
The document discusses key concepts related to budgetary control including:
- Static and flexible budgets which are used to control operations by comparing actual results to planned objectives.
- Responsibility accounting which involves accumulating and reporting revenues and costs based on the manager who has authority over decisions.
- Types of responsibility centers like cost centers, profit centers, and investment centers.
- Performance evaluation principles for responsibility centers and the use of budgets, reports, and metrics like residual income and return on investment to evaluate managers.
Budgeting and budgetary control
Budgeting faces several challenges: (1) estimating an uncertain future, (2) gaining buy-in from budget holders, and (3) responding to unplanned changes. To overcome these, companies use flexible budgets, involve stakeholders, and regularly update budgets. Effective budgeting requires open communication and adapting to new information.
Budget and Budgetary Control
The document discusses various types of budgets used in budgetary control including: sales, production, cost of production, purchase, personnel, R&D, capital expenditure, cash, master, fixed, flexible, and zero-base budgets. It also discusses capital budgeting techniques for evaluating investment proposals including payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return.
Budget and budgetary control
This document provides an overview of budgets and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a quantified financial plan for a defined future period. Budgets have benefits like helping control spending, focus on goals, and organize finances. The key types of budgets discussed include sales, production, costs, materials, purchases, labor, overhead, selling & distribution, administration, capital expenditures, and cash budgets. Budgetary control involves establishing budgets, comparing actuals to budgets, and taking corrective action for variances. The objectives of budgetary control are planning, coordination, communication, motivation, control, and performance evaluation.
Budgetary control
The document discusses budgeting and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a financial plan for a defined period. Budgets estimate profit potential, are stated in monetary terms, generally cover one year, and require management approval. The key aspects of budgets are setting objectives, understanding cost behavior, coordination, communication, flexibility, and accounting data support. Budgets are used for planning, coordination, responsibility assignment, performance evaluation, and adapting to changing conditions. Budgetary control involves establishing budgets, tracking actual performance, analyzing variances, and taking corrective actions.
Budget ppt
The document provides information about budgeting and personal finances. It discusses that the average person spends money 3 times per day and common daily expenses like soft drinks can add up to hundreds per year. It emphasizes that having a budget is important to avoid money problems and control spending. The key aspects of creating a budget are to track income, categorize expenses as fixed, variable or periodic, and ensure expenses do not exceed income each month. Paying yourself first by saving 10% of income is also recommended. Implementing a budget requires monitoring spending using methods like cash envelopes or a checking register to stay on track financially.
Budgeting ppt
The document discusses guidelines for developing comprehensive budgets for research studies. It emphasizes assessing the feasibility of study protocols and identifying all costs required to conduct the study. The key steps include developing an internal budget by reviewing study documents to list all procedures, visits, supplies, and patient care costs per participant as either standard of care or research only. Determining the appropriate classification helps identify the true costs to conduct the study for negotiation purposes. Common core budget components are also outlined.
Budgeting
Budgets are financial statements prepared in advance that outline objectives and policies for a defined period. They are an important management tool used for planning, coordination, and control. There are different types of budgets, including long-term vs short-term, capital budgets, operating budgets, and departmental budgets. Budgets have both advantages in providing direction and performance measurement, and disadvantages like being time-consuming. Budget preparation involves departments providing estimates that are combined and approved by management. Variance analysis is used to compare actual results to budgets and identify differences.
Basic framework of budgeting
The document discusses the basic framework of budgeting. It defines a budget as a detailed quantitative plan for acquiring and using financial resources over a specified time period. Budgeting involves preparing budgets and using budgets to control an organization's activities. Budgets help communicate plans, think about the future, allocate resources, uncover bottlenecks, and coordinate activities. Advantages of budgeting include bringing efficiency, communicating plans, motivating managers, controlling ongoing operations, developing team spirit, reducing wastage, evaluating performance, and educating managers. The document also discusses responsibility accounting, types of budgets including direct labor, production, direct materials, sales, and inventory purchase budgets, and provides an example direct labor budget.
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To ensure your business achieves its targets and stays on course for reaching its full potential, it is critical to regularly measure its performance. This free resource will ensure that you have the proper understanding of why and how a business budget is the only tool that will enable you to do just that. Following this easy step-by-step guide will empower each and every business owner to take ownership of the business’ financial position and fully comprehend the importance of not only cashflowmanagement, but also cashflowplanning. Most importantly, it will assist you in implementing a financial control through which you can forecast the financial results of your business, consistently and timeously -all prerequisites for a system through which you can manage by the numbers.
Budget, Budgeting & budgetary control
Presentation on Budget, budgeting and budgetary control..
Contents-
1) Budgeting [characteristics]
2) Budgetary control
3) Difference in budget, budgeting, budgetary control
4) Essentials in budgetary control
5) Requisites for budgetary control system
6) Merits & limitations
7) Zero-based budgeting
8) Difference in Traditional & Zero based budgeting.
How the budget will be prepared
The document provides an overview of the Indian budgeting process. It discusses the history and constitutional provisions related to budgets in India. It describes key budget documents such as the annual financial statement, demands for grants, receipts budget, and expenditure budget. It also outlines the roles of various bodies like the President, Cabinet, and Parliament in approving and discussing the budget.
Budget Preparation
The document discusses several budgets for a company including a production budget, selling and administrative budget, direct materials budget, direct labor budget, cash budget, and sales budget. It provides details on projected sales figures and units for a quarter, manufacturing overhead costs, labor hours and rates, inventory levels from a previous period, and sections of the cash budget including expected cash collections, disbursements, excesses, deficiencies, and financing activities including anticipated borrowings and interest. For the month of April, the document notes an expected cash deficiency of $20,000.
Budgeting.
Budgeting involves creating detailed financial plans to help manage a business. The document defines budgets and discusses different types of budgets including sales, production, cost of production, purchase, personnel, research and development, capital expenditure, cash, master, fixed, flexible, and zero-base budgets. It also explains budgetary control as the process of establishing budgets, continuously comparing actual performance to budgets, and taking action based on any variances in order to meet organizational objectives or revise plans.
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The document discusses budgetary control and flexible budgets. It defines budgetary control as the establishment of budgets relating to executive responsibilities and requirements of policy, with the continuous comparison of actual to budgeted results to ensure objectives are met or require revision. Flexible budgets vary based on activity levels, like preparing budgets for production of 7,000 and 9,000 units based on variable and fixed cost schedules. Budgetary control involves planning, coordination, communication, and control to improve overall efficiency.
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The document discusses budgets and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a written plan of action prepared in advance based on objectives to be attained, expressed in monetary and/or physical units. Budgets are prepared for the implementation of management policy and may provide sales targets or production targets. Budgets are used as a means of control by comparing actual results to the budget and taking corrective action for deviations. Budgetary control refers to using budgets to control a firm's activities.
Types of budget
There are several types of budgets that can be used by organizations depending on their time horizon and nature. Long term budgets span 5-10 years and are used by senior management for research and development or long term financing. Short term budgets cover 1-2 years and are used by industries like textiles. Current budgets focus on months and weeks and cover current activities. Budgets can also be categorized by their functions such as production, sales, expenses, cash flow, capital expenditures, and more. Master budgets integrate the various functional budgets into a single summary budget that is used to coordinate departments. Budgets can also differ in their flexibility, with fixed budgets being less adaptable to changes compared to flexible budgets.
Budget
This document discusses budgeting and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a quantitative plan, usually monetary, for a specific time period, often one year. Budgets can be capital budgets for new projects or operating budgets for short-term goals. An effective budgetary control system involves preparing budgets, continuous comparison of actual to planned performance, and revising budgets as needed. Installing such a system requires determining objectives and constraints, and establishing an organization structure with a budget controller and committee responsible for the budget process.
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This document provides an overview of Section A of the 2010 CMA Part 1 exam, which covers planning, budgeting, and forecasting. It discusses key topics that will be covered in this section, including planning concepts, types of budgets, budget methodologies, forecasting techniques, and standard costing. The document also summarizes best practices for budget development, characteristics of effective budgets, and considerations for setting standard costs for direct materials, direct labor, and overhead. It emphasizes the importance of linking budgets to company goals and objectives and involving managers in the budgeting process.
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The document discusses a research study that aimed to assess the perceived effectiveness of student assistants assigned to selected offices at Holy Cross of Davao College. Specifically, it sought to understand the student assistants' perceived level of job performance, relationships with coworkers and clients, job satisfaction, ability to cope with stress, and overall effectiveness. The study used a descriptive research design and questionnaires to gather data from 37 student assistants in the guidance office, internet laboratory, and library. The findings showed that the student assistants generally felt they performed their tasks well and often maintained good relationships and satisfaction in their roles, though those in the library reported higher performance levels. The researchers recommended the student assistants be responsible in fulfilling their duties and that effective service comes from serving
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Budget ppt
The document provides information about budgeting and personal finances. It discusses that the average person spends money 3 times per day and common daily expenses like soft drinks can add up to hundreds per year. It emphasizes that having a budget is important to avoid money problems and control spending. The key aspects of creating a budget are to track income, categorize expenses as fixed, variable or periodic, and ensure expenses do not exceed income each month. Paying yourself first by saving 10% of income is also recommended. Implementing a budget requires monitoring spending using methods like cash envelopes or a checking register to stay on track financially.
Budgeting ppt
The document discusses guidelines for developing comprehensive budgets for research studies. It emphasizes assessing the feasibility of study protocols and identifying all costs required to conduct the study. The key steps include developing an internal budget by reviewing study documents to list all procedures, visits, supplies, and patient care costs per participant as either standard of care or research only. Determining the appropriate classification helps identify the true costs to conduct the study for negotiation purposes. Common core budget components are also outlined.
Budgeting
Budgets are financial statements prepared in advance that outline objectives and policies for a defined period. They are an important management tool used for planning, coordination, and control. There are different types of budgets, including long-term vs short-term, capital budgets, operating budgets, and departmental budgets. Budgets have both advantages in providing direction and performance measurement, and disadvantages like being time-consuming. Budget preparation involves departments providing estimates that are combined and approved by management. Variance analysis is used to compare actual results to budgets and identify differences.
Basic framework of budgeting
The document discusses the basic framework of budgeting. It defines a budget as a detailed quantitative plan for acquiring and using financial resources over a specified time period. Budgeting involves preparing budgets and using budgets to control an organization's activities. Budgets help communicate plans, think about the future, allocate resources, uncover bottlenecks, and coordinate activities. Advantages of budgeting include bringing efficiency, communicating plans, motivating managers, controlling ongoing operations, developing team spirit, reducing wastage, evaluating performance, and educating managers. The document also discusses responsibility accounting, types of budgets including direct labor, production, direct materials, sales, and inventory purchase budgets, and provides an example direct labor budget.
The need for establishing Smoking Zone in public places like College
This is a research proposal on the need of establishing smoking zone in public places. I had prepared it as a project work for the course of Research methodology.
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This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines key terms like policy, analysis, and public policy. Public policy is described as a course of action by governments to address citizen needs and maintain order. Policy analysis involves assessing alternatives to satisfy goals. The document outlines the main actors in policymaking like legislatures and executives. It also describes characteristics of public policy, the stages of the policy process, and the theory of public choice, which applies economic concepts like rational self-interest to political behavior. Public choice theory posits that politicians, voters, bureaucrats, and interest groups act in their own self-interest in the policy process.
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The document outlines the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the purpose of a research proposal, which is to present the research question and importance, discuss previous related work, and suggest necessary data. It then describes the typical sections included in a research proposal, such as the executive summary, problem statement, research objectives, literature review, research design, data analysis, qualifications, budget, and schedule. The document emphasizes that the proposal allows the researcher to plan the project and serves as a guide throughout the investigation.
An Introduction To Business Budgeting
To ensure your business achieves its targets and stays on course for reaching its full potential, it is critical to regularly measure its performance. This free resource will ensure that you have the proper understanding of why and how a business budget is the only tool that will enable you to do just that. Following this easy step-by-step guide will empower each and every business owner to take ownership of the business’ financial position and fully comprehend the importance of not only cashflowmanagement, but also cashflowplanning. Most importantly, it will assist you in implementing a financial control through which you can forecast the financial results of your business, consistently and timeously -all prerequisites for a system through which you can manage by the numbers.
Budget, Budgeting & budgetary control
Presentation on Budget, budgeting and budgetary control..
Contents-
1) Budgeting [characteristics]
2) Budgetary control
3) Difference in budget, budgeting, budgetary control
4) Essentials in budgetary control
5) Requisites for budgetary control system
6) Merits & limitations
7) Zero-based budgeting
8) Difference in Traditional & Zero based budgeting.
How the budget will be prepared
The document provides an overview of the Indian budgeting process. It discusses the history and constitutional provisions related to budgets in India. It describes key budget documents such as the annual financial statement, demands for grants, receipts budget, and expenditure budget. It also outlines the roles of various bodies like the President, Cabinet, and Parliament in approving and discussing the budget.
Budget Preparation
The document discusses several budgets for a company including a production budget, selling and administrative budget, direct materials budget, direct labor budget, cash budget, and sales budget. It provides details on projected sales figures and units for a quarter, manufacturing overhead costs, labor hours and rates, inventory levels from a previous period, and sections of the cash budget including expected cash collections, disbursements, excesses, deficiencies, and financing activities including anticipated borrowings and interest. For the month of April, the document notes an expected cash deficiency of $20,000.
Budgeting.
Budgeting involves creating detailed financial plans to help manage a business. The document defines budgets and discusses different types of budgets including sales, production, cost of production, purchase, personnel, research and development, capital expenditure, cash, master, fixed, flexible, and zero-base budgets. It also explains budgetary control as the process of establishing budgets, continuously comparing actual performance to budgets, and taking action based on any variances in order to meet organizational objectives or revise plans.
Budgetary control final ppt
The document discusses budgetary control and flexible budgets. It defines budgetary control as the establishment of budgets relating to executive responsibilities and requirements of policy, with the continuous comparison of actual to budgeted results to ensure objectives are met or require revision. Flexible budgets vary based on activity levels, like preparing budgets for production of 7,000 and 9,000 units based on variable and fixed cost schedules. Budgetary control involves planning, coordination, communication, and control to improve overall efficiency.
Types Of Budgets
The document discusses budgets and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a written plan of action prepared in advance based on objectives to be attained, expressed in monetary and/or physical units. Budgets are prepared for the implementation of management policy and may provide sales targets or production targets. Budgets are used as a means of control by comparing actual results to the budget and taking corrective action for deviations. Budgetary control refers to using budgets to control a firm's activities.
Types of budget
There are several types of budgets that can be used by organizations depending on their time horizon and nature. Long term budgets span 5-10 years and are used by senior management for research and development or long term financing. Short term budgets cover 1-2 years and are used by industries like textiles. Current budgets focus on months and weeks and cover current activities. Budgets can also be categorized by their functions such as production, sales, expenses, cash flow, capital expenditures, and more. Master budgets integrate the various functional budgets into a single summary budget that is used to coordinate departments. Budgets can also differ in their flexibility, with fixed budgets being less adaptable to changes compared to flexible budgets.
Budget
This document discusses budgeting and budgetary control. It defines a budget as a quantitative plan, usually monetary, for a specific time period, often one year. Budgets can be capital budgets for new projects or operating budgets for short-term goals. An effective budgetary control system involves preparing budgets, continuous comparison of actual to planned performance, and revising budgets as needed. Installing such a system requires determining objectives and constraints, and establishing an organization structure with a budget controller and committee responsible for the budget process.
CMA Part 1: Planning, Budgeting and Forecasting
This document provides an overview of Section A of the 2010 CMA Part 1 exam, which covers planning, budgeting, and forecasting. It discusses key topics that will be covered in this section, including planning concepts, types of budgets, budget methodologies, forecasting techniques, and standard costing. The document also summarizes best practices for budget development, characteristics of effective budgets, and considerations for setting standard costs for direct materials, direct labor, and overhead. It emphasizes the importance of linking budgets to company goals and objectives and involving managers in the budgeting process.
Presentation1.ppt on budget
The document defines what a budget is according to various sources and provides details about the key components of a government budget. A budget is a financial plan that estimates revenues and expenditures for a set period, usually a year. It includes estimates of taxes, borrowing, expenditures on programs and services. The budget helps allocate resources and implement economic policies.
Research proposal sample
The document discusses a research study that aimed to assess the perceived effectiveness of student assistants assigned to selected offices at Holy Cross of Davao College. Specifically, it sought to understand the student assistants' perceived level of job performance, relationships with coworkers and clients, job satisfaction, ability to cope with stress, and overall effectiveness. The study used a descriptive research design and questionnaires to gather data from 37 student assistants in the guidance office, internet laboratory, and library. The findings showed that the student assistants generally felt they performed their tasks well and often maintained good relationships and satisfaction in their roles, though those in the library reported higher performance levels. The researchers recommended the student assistants be responsible in fulfilling their duties and that effective service comes from serving
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Unit 5 - Global Business Notes
1. The document discusses the global economy and international trade. It defines the global economy as the interconnected economies of nations fueled by trade.
2. Domestic trade occurs within a country, while international trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. Imports are goods a country buys abroad, and exports are goods a country sells abroad.
3. Countries have reasons for both protectionism, like protecting local jobs, and free trade, which opens new markets and creates competition. Major trade alliances aim to reduce trade barriers.
Unit 2: Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
Businesses can exhibit social responsibility through providing quality products and services to customers, treating employees fairly through practices like equal pay and safe working conditions, and being environmentally conscious. Some ways businesses demonstrate this include following regulations from agencies like the FDA and EPA, having mission statements about environmental protection, and ensuring truthful financial reporting to creditors and owners through laws like Sarbanes-Oxley. Social responsibility is an important part of business ethics.
Unit 4 Business Ownership & Operations Notes
The document discusses different types of businesses and their functions. It identifies five types of businesses: producers, processors, manufacturers, intermediaries/wholesalers, and retailers/service businesses. It also outlines five key business functions: production and procurement, marketing, management, finance, and accounting. An example is given of how the different functional areas can both depend on and conflict with each other as businesses work to meet their goals.
Business Olympics 2012 Training Materials (Hennings/Elsesser)
This document provides guidance for students participating in a Business Olympics competition. It discusses proper business attire for the event, tips for creating an effective sales pitch and PowerPoint presentation, and how to conduct a S.W.O.T. analysis to strategize strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Guest presenter Mrs. Coloe will offer a fashion presentation and judges will evaluate participants' appearance.
Unit 2B: Players on the Stock Exchange Notes
This document defines key players in the stock exchange such as stockbrokers, specialists, and floor brokers. It also outlines different types of stock orders like market orders, limit orders, and stop loss orders. Finally, it provides explanations of common trade terminology including round lots, odd lots, ticker tapes, and trading posts.
Unit 6: Analyzing Common Stock Notes
This document discusses how to analyze common stocks through fundamental and technical analysis. It provides details on four methods of fundamental analysis: earnings per share, price to earnings ratio, dividend yield, and revenue per employee. These metrics use a company's financial data to evaluate its stock and predict future market performance. The document also briefly mentions technical analysis, which analyzes stock price trends, patterns, and market indices to predict future stock performance.
Unit 4: Investments Notes
This document provides guidelines for different types of investors and investments. It defines investors as those seeking safe returns through dividends and capital gains, while speculators take bigger risks seeking quick profits. It describes various stock types like income stocks, growth stocks, emerging stocks, blue chip stocks, cyclical stocks, and defensive stocks. It also defines risky penny stocks and explains tools like dollar cost averaging, stock dividends, stock splits, institutional buying, buying on margin, and margin accounts. The document discusses factors that contributed to the crashes of 1929 and 1987.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 4
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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Unit 1: Part B - Purpose of Budgets
- 1. Mr. Elsesser Introduction to Business
- 2. Answer these questions… What steps do you think need to be taken in order to create a budget? What can happen if you do not have a spending plan? Identify some circumstances that may dictate when a budget needs to be changed.
- 3. Start by tracking income & expenses for one or two months to prepare a realistic budget. Budget: A spending and savings plan for using your money to best meet your wants and needs based on your income and expenses. Your goal is to create a balanced budget: Balanced Budget: Ensuring that the total of savings and expenses are the same as your total income amount.
- 4. Your budget/spending plan should have the following categories: Income Money earned by individuals. Fixed Expenses Expenses that stay the same each month. Variable Expenses Expenses that can change each month. Investments Money that you hope will generate interest or appreciation. Savings Money that you have left over after all expenditures.
- 5. Step 1: Setting Financial Goals What do you wish to do with your money? Step 2: Estimating Your Income Include all take home pay, income on investments and savings. DO NOT INCLUDE MONEY YOU MAY NOT GET OR NOT YET EARNED (Bonuses, gifts, scheduled jobs). Step 3: Budgeting for Unexpected Expenses and Savings Deposit money to vacation accounts, personal goals, and emergency funds.
- 6. Step 4: Budgeting for Fixed Expenses What are all of your monthly bills? Step 5: Budgeting for Variable Expenses Expenses your incur that are either unexpected or varied. Heating and cooling, pleasure or fun, medical expenses Can sometime depend on CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI): Measure of change in prices for commonly purchased goods and services in the United States.
- 7. What kind of cost??? FIXED, VARIABLE, OR PERIODIC? Expense Fixed Loan Payment Electric Bill Variable Periodic X X Twice-yearly Insurance Payment X Dinner and Movies X Gas X
- 8. Step 6: Recording What You Spend BUDGET VARIANCE: Difference between the budgeted amount and the actual amount that you spend. Step 7: Reviewing Spending & Saving Patterns Reviewing your financial progress Are you falling behind on bills? Have money left over? Revising your goals and adjusting your budget. What changes in your actions do you need to make?
- 10. …Helps you determine where you are spending your money currently. …Helps you decide where to spend your money in the future. …You have an organized way to save for things that cost more. …Puts you in control of your financial future, beginning NOW.
- 11. …Are less likely to know what they have. …Have no plan, often coming up short before their next paycheck or allowance. …Are almost certain to have no plan to save for more expensive spending goals.
- 12. Having a budget will not solve financial problems. Budgets need to be well planned and include ALL expenses/incomes. Budgets need to be practical. Budgets should be flexible. Budgets should AIM to help you create savings. Budgets may need to be adjusted or changed due to various circumstances.