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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 , Theories of the family Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Childhood Families and HouseholdsHaleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Changing Patterns and Family diversity (5)Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Theories of the family (3)Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 , Theories of the family Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2: Education, Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2: Education, Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
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For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 2 Education- Gender differences and educat...Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2: Education, Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 2 Education- Functionalist and the New Rig...Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2: Education, Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 2 Education- Ethhnic differences in achiev...Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2: Education, Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2 Class differences in achievement (1)Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 2 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
2nd year BSc Nursing - UNIT - 7 Population control.pptxthiru murugan
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – IPopulation & Its Control
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
Population and its control (II BSc –Unit VII)
Population and its control
Population explosion and its impact on social, economic development of individual, society and country
Population control
Overall development: Women empowerment, social, economic and educational development
Limiting family size
Promotion of small family norm
Methods :
Spacing (natural, biological, chemical, mechanical methods etc)
Terminal : surgical methods
Emergency contraception
Population explosion
India is second largest country according to population
There are two things that affect the population size of the world
Birth rate- the number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
Death rate- the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, more people are being born than are dying, so the population grows. This is called Natural increase
When the death rate is higher than the birth rate it is called the natural decrease.
Causes of Population explosion
Early attainment of puberty in girls.
Early marriage at the age of 15.
Low standard of living.
Illiteracy.
Lack of awareness regarding method of family planning.
Due to tradition & faith of god.
Stages of Population explosion
Countries go through five stages of population growth
High Stationary
Early Expanding
Late Expanding
Low Stationary
Declining
1.High Stationary
Stage 1:
Birth rate is high because there's no use of contraception, and people have lots of children because many infants die.
Death rate is high due to poor healthcare.
Population growth rate is zero.
Population structure- life expectancy is low, so the population is made up of mainly young people
2.Early Expanding
Stage 2:
Birth rate is high because there's no use of contraception
Economy is based on agriculture so people have lots of children to work on farms.
Death rate falls due to improved healthcare.
Population growth rate is very high.
Population structure- life expectancy has increased but there are still more young people than older people
3.Late Expanding
Stage 3:
Birth rate is rapidly falling due to the empowerment of women and better education.
The use of contraception increases
The economy also changes to manufacturing, so fewer children are needed to work on farms.
Death rate falls due to more medical advances.
Population growth rate is high
Population structure- more people are living to be older
4. Low Stationary
Stage 4:
Birth rate is low- people move to urban areas
This means there is less money available for having children.
Death rate is low and fluctuating.
Population growth rate is zero.
Population structure- life expectancy is high, so even more people are living to be older
5.Declining
Birth rate slowly falling
Death rate slow and fluctuating
Population growth rate is negative
Population structure: more older peoples then
Public Health: Developed as a discipline in the mid 19th century in UK, Europe and US. Concerned more with national issues.
Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations, social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs cure.
What is global health?
Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, which may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and which are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions (Institute Of Medicine, USA- 1997)
International Health: Developed during past decades, came to be more concerned with
the diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) and
conditions (war, natural disasters) of middle and low income countries.
Tended to denote a one way flow of ‘good ideas’.
Global Health: More recent in its origin and emphasises a greater scope of health problems and solutions
that transcend national boundaries
requiring greater inter-disciplinary approach
These slides give an overview of public health and the role of local public health departments in keeping people healthy, presents housing, health and some of the vulnerable populations who are the primary focus of our work, and shows the Healthy Chicago Public Health Agenda - the blueprint for our work at the Chicago Department of Public Health. Lastly, it highlights some of our work and accomplishments with vulnerable groups.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. Population growth
• Demography: is the study of population,
including factors affecting its size and growth
• Whether a population is growing, declining or
stable is affected by four factors:
Births and Immigration increases the
population
Deaths and Emigration decreases the
population
3. cont. Population growth
• Natural change: is the number of births minus
the number of deaths
• Net migration: is the number immigrating into
country minus the number emigrating from it
• The UK’s population grew from 37m. in 1901 to
61m. today and should reach 71m. by 2031
• Growth has been mostly due to natural change
rather than net migration
4. Interpretation
• Address all parts of the question
• E.g. If it’s about causes and effects of a
population change, make sure you deal with
both
6. 1. The birth rate
• The birth rate: is the number of live births per 1,000 of
the population per year
• There has been a long-term decline in the birth rate
• In 1900, it was almost 29
• By 2007, it had fallen by more than 60%, to under 11
• But there have been fluctuations
• There were 3 ‘baby booms’: after the two world wars,
and in the 1960’s
• The rate fell sharply in the 1970’s, rose during the 1980’s
and early 1990’s, and then fell until the recent increase
since 2001
7. 2. The total fertility rate
• The total fertility rate: is the average number of
children a woman will have during her fertile years
(aged 15-44)
• In the 1960’s baby boom, it reached an average of 2.95
children per woman, declining to an all-time low of
1.63 in 2001, before rising slightly to 1.84 in 2006
• The total fertility rate obviously affects family and
household size – the more children a woman has, the
bigger the family:
1. More women are remaining childless nowadays
2. Women are having children later: the average age is
now almost 30
8. Analysis
• Family size doesn’t just depend on the
number of children
• E.g. Divorce divides a family into two smaller
ones and reduces the chances of the woman
having more children
9. Reasons for the fall in birth rate
Many social, economic, legal and technological factors are responsible for the
falling birth rate and total fertility rate:
1. Changes in the position of women
2. Fall in the infant mortality rate
3. Children as an economic liability
4. Child-centredness
10. 1. Changes in the position of women
• Increased educational opportunities
• More women working
• Changes in attitudes to family life and
women’s role
• Easier access to divorce
• Access to abortion and contraception
11. Analysis
• Explain how such factors affect the birth rate
• E.g. ‘Better-educated women have more
options: they can choose a career rather than
marriage and family’
12. 2. Fall in the infant mortality rate
• The infant mortality rate (IMR): is the
number of infants who die before their first
birthday, per 1,000 babies born alive, per
year
• The IMR has fallen greatly in the last century
• In 1900, it was 154; by 2007, it was 5
• A fall in the IMR may cause a fall in the birth
rate: if infants survive, parents will have fewer
of them
13. Reason for the fall in IMR
• Reasons include improvement in:
- Housing
- Sanitation
- Nutrition
Mothers:
- Knowledge of hygiene and child health
- Health services for mothers and children
• Medical factors did NOT play much until the 1950’s,
when the IMR began to fall due to mass immunisation,
antibiotics, and improved midwifery and obstetrics
14. 3. Children as an economic liability
• Until the late 19th century, children were an
economic asset because they went to work from
an early age
• Now they are an economic liability:
Laws banning child labour: and introducing
compulsory schooling mean they remain
economically dependent for longer
Changing norms: about children’s right to a high
standard of living raises their cost
As a result, parents may be unable to afford to
have a large family
15. 4. Child-centredness
• Childhood is now socially constructed as a
uniquely important period and this has led to
a shift from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’: parents
now have fewer children and lavish more
attention and resources on these few
16. Application
• Use your knowledge of the social
construction of childhood (Topic 2) to show
how the factors that created modern
childhood also lead to smaller families
17. Effects of a falling birth rate
• Lower birth rates and fertility rates have
several effects on the family and society
• E.g. Having fewer children means women
are freer to go out to work, creating the
dual earner couple
18. cont. Effects of a falling birth rate
1. The dependency ratio: is the relationship
between the size of the working population and
the size of the non-working (dependent)
population
the working population’s earning and taxes
support the dependent population
children are a large part of the dependent
population, so fewer children reduces the
‘burden of dependency’ on the working
population
19. cont. Effects of a falling birth rate
• Public services: Fewer schools and child
health services may be needed, and less
needs to be spent on maternity and
paternity leave
• However, these are political decision – e.g.
government can choose either to reduce
the number of schools or to have smaller
class sizes instead
20. Deaths
The number of deaths has been fairly stable since 1900 (about 600,000 per year),
but there have been fluctuations, e.g. The two world wars and the 1918 flu
epidemic
The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
It has almost halved from 19 in 1900, down to 10 by 2007
21. Interpretation
• Be clear about the differences between rates
and numbers or totals
• Rates are always ‘out of’ something (usually
1,000)
• The death rate fell despite the number staying
constant because population grew
22. The death rate
• The death rate began falling from about 1870,
continuing until 1930
• It rose slightly during the 1930’s and 1940’s
due to economic depression and World War 2
• Since the 1950’s it has declined slightly
23. Reasons for the fall in death rate
• Up to 1970, about ¾ of the decline was due to a
fall in deaths from infectious diseases such as
TB, measles, smallpox, diarrhoea and typhoid
• This decline was largely brought about by
changing social factors including:
1. Improved nutrition
2. Medical improvements
3. Public health improvements
4. Other social changes
25. 1. Improved nutrition (McKeowan (1972)
• According to McKeowan (1972): better diet
accounted for at least ½ the reduction in the
death rate, by increasing people’s resistance
to infection
26. 2. Medical improvements
• Before the 1950’s, medical improvements played
almost NO part in reducing death rates from
infection
• From the 1950’s, the death rate fell due partly to
medical factors i.e.
- Vaccination,
- Antibiotics,
- Blood transfusion
- Better maternity services
- The creation of the NHS (1949)
27. 3. Public health improvements
• More effective government with the power to
pass and enforce laws led to improved public
health
• E.g. Better housing
- Purer drinking water
- Cleaner air
- Laws against the adulteration of food
- Improved sewage disposal
28. 4. Other social changes
• Other social changes that reduced the death
rate include: the decline of more dangerous
manual occupations
• E.g. Mining
- smaller families reduced the transmission of
infection
- Greater public knowledge of the cause of
illness and higher incomes
29. Evaluation
• Evaluate the reason for the falling death rate
by noting that although the medical
profession often claim the credit, social and
economic factors had much more impact
overall
30. Life expectancy
• Life expectancy: refers to how long on average a
person born in a given year can expect to live
• Life expectancy has greatly increased since
1900:
For babies born in 1900
it was 50 years for M, 57 for F
For babies born in 2005
it was 77 for M, 81 for F
31. cont. Life expectancy
• Falling infant mortality: low life expectancy in
1900 was largely due to the IMR pulling down
the average life expectancy of the population
as a whole
• As the IMR fell life expectancy rose
32. Application
• Apply your knowledge of reasons for the fall
in the IMR to explain how this led to an
increase in life expectancy
33. The ageing population
The UK population is ageing.
In 1971, the average age was 34 years; it is now nearly 40.
By 2031, it will reach 42.6.
The number of over-65’s will over-take the number of under-16’s for
the first time ever in 2014
There are 3 main reasons for this ageing...
34. 3 main reasons for this ageing
• Increasing life expectancy people are living
longer
• Low infant mortality babies no longer die
in large numbers
• Declining fertility fewer young people are
being born
35. Effects of an ageing population
• An ageing population has several social and
economic effects:
1. Public service
2. More one-person pensioner households
3. The rising dependency ratio
4. Ageism
37. 2. More one-person pensioner
households
• These now account for (1/7) one in every
seven households
38. 3. The rising dependency ratio
• The non-working old need to provided for by
those of working age
• E.g. Through taxation to pay for pensions and
health care
• As the number of retired people rises, the
dependency ratio increases
39. 4. Ageism
• Age statuses are socially constructed
• Old age is often constructed as a problem
• Negative stereotyping often portrays the old
as incompetent and a burden
(contrast this with traditional societies,
where age brings higher status, not lower)
40. Analysis
• Explain how old age is constructed as
dependency because of a compulsory
retirement age
• Compare it with childhood: both old and
young are excluded from the labour market
41. Hirsch (2005): Policy implications
• Hirsch (2005) argues that we will need new
policies to finance a longer old age
• This could be done either by paying more in
taxes or by raising the retirement age, or
both
• E.g. The increase in women’s pensionable age
from 60 to 65
42. Migration
Migration is the movement of people. It can be internal (within a country)
or international. Migration affects the size and age structure of the
population. Until the 1980’s, more people left the UK than entered it.
43. Immigration
• From 1900 to the 1940’s, the largest
immigrant groups in the UK were the Irish,
Europeans Jewish and people of British
descent from Canada and the USA
• Very few immigrants were non-white
44. cont. Immigration
• White and non-white immigrants:
• During the 1950’s -70’s, non-white
immigrants began to come from the
Caribbean, Africa, and South Asia
• By 2001, minority ethnic groups accounted
for 7.9% of the population
• However, most immigrants to the UK were
white Irish and Europeans
45. cont. Immigration
• Despite this, immigration and nationality acts
from 1962 to 1990 placed severe restrictions
on non-white immigration
• By the 1980’s, non-white accounted for barely
a quarter (1/4) of immigrants
• The mainly white countries of the European
Union (EU) became the chief source of
immigrants
46. Application
• If the question asks about the consequences
of migration, discuss the impact of
immigration on family diversity
• E.g. Asian extended families and black lone
parent families
47. Emigration
• Since 1900, most emigrants have gone to the
USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and
South Africa
• The main reasons for emigrating have been
economic:
‘Push’ factors, e.g. Unemployment and
economic recession
‘Pull’ factors, e.g. Higher wages or better
opportunities
48. Evaluation
• Assess the importance of economic factors by
referring to the role of non-economic reasons
for migrating
• E.g. To flee political or ethnic persecution