Unique & Modern Industrial Cottage print

1 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. francis_bukenya@yahoo.com +256783542432
UNIQUE & MODERN
COTTAGE INDUSTRIAL
HANDBOOK
EXPLORE YOUR INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL IN MSMEs
VOLUME I
Find the attached investment opportunities at the end of this book
Well researched formulations
BY
FRANCIS BUKENYA

World Copyright © 2012 by Francis Bukenya
Published by Paroma Author House
All rights reserved.
Francis Bukenya
(BA Social Sciences, DIP; Human Resource Management, DIP; Industrial Development)
Is a facilitator, writer, researcher, industrial business consultant, Poverty Eradication
projects consultant, experienced community capacity building agent and as an
international workshops conductor on peace, motivation, inspiration and Small Scale Enterprises
consultant
Languages
a. English- Fluent
b. Kiswahili- Fluent
c. Latin- Fluent
d. German-Basic
e. Luganda- Fluent
f. Kikuyu- Fluent
g. French-Basic
h. Hindi-Basic
i. Runyankole-Basic
j. Acholi-Basic
k. Kalenjin-Basic
Works by Francis Bukenya
a. Walking In the Pipeline of Success. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-0-0)
b. The Tycoon from within the Peasants. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-1-7)
c. The Entrepreneurs Mind. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-2-4)
d. The African Ideal Dream. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-3-1)
e. The Rainbow Woman. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-4-8)
f. Cost Cutting Methods. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-5-5)
g. Making Soap and Detergents. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-6-2)
h. Candle Making. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-7-9)
i. Ink Making Tips. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-8-6)
j. Making your Own Paint. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-9-3)
Refer to the Kenya National Library Service, P.O. BOX 30573, Nairobi, Kenya
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher and author, not be otherwise

circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
Printed in Uganda at Paroma Author House.
The Author is not to be held responsible for the usage of the content of this book by its readers. The
responsibility of taking up the advice and counselling in this manual as well as the usage of formulas and
safety precautions where the practicing of the mentioned formulas are concerned is the sole
responsibility of the practitioner.
ISBN: 978-9966-7490-6-2

Table of contents
1 INTRODUCTION 6
2 TOPICS COVERED DURING THE PROGRAMME 7
2.1 Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) 7
2.2 Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME Management 8
2.3 Import and export Trade – Market Requirements 9
2.4 Introduction to all Locally Productive Small and Medium Scale Projects 9
2.5 Resources Identification and Possible Utilization for Jobs Creation 9
2.6 Social Responsibility and Co-Existence 9
2.7 Environmental Protection and Development 10
2.8 Info on current Uganda Government Interventions/Incentives For MSME 10
2.9 Career Match 10
2.10 Self-Help Groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations 10
2.11 Legalities 10
2.12 Table on Industrial Possible Projects on Small and Medium Scale by PAROMA 23
3 SAFETY AND HEALTH 24
4 CLEANSING MATERIALS - Formulas and Procedures 25
4.1 Paroma Multi-purpose Liquid Detergent 25
4.2 Smiling Baby Jelly Moisturizer 25
4.3 Paroma Stripper Detergent 26
4.4 Paroma Bleach For white 26
4.5 Paroma Carpet Shampoo 26
4.6 Paroma Toilet Disinfectant 26
4.7 Paroma Super Disinfectant (Paromax Super) 27
4.8 Paroma Soft Disinfectant 27
4.9 Paroma Direct Distainer (Toilets/tiles) 27
4.10 Paroma Oxygen Bleach 27
4.11 Paroma Supa Degreaser 27
4.12 Paroma Tiles Shine 28
4.13 Paroma Germ x Hand Wash 28
4.14 Paroma Direct Germ x Sanitizer 28
4.15 Paroma Economy Powder soap 28
4.16 Paroma Moisturizer 28
4.17 Paroma Vim Powder soap 28
4.18 Paroma Beauty Soap Error! Bookmark not defined.
5 CANDLE MAKING 29
5.1 Some reference: 29
5.2 Materials needed 29
5.3 Tools 29
5.4 Formula 29
5.5 Procedure 29
5.6 Candle Making Equipment 30
5.6.1 Melting Pot 30
5.6.2 Thermometer 30
5.6.3 Wick 30
5.6.4 Moulds or Containers 31

5.6.5 Kitchen Scale 31
5.6.6 Safety goggles and Hammer 31
5.6.7 Work Surface Covering 31
5.6.8 Fire Extinguisher 32
5.7 In Summary 32
6 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS 33
6.1 Ingredients used in soap making 33
6.2 Basic Soap Instructions 33
6.3 Soap Making Equipment - What will you need? 34
6.4 Weights and Measures 35
6.5 Quality control measures 35
6.6 Paroma Metal Cleaners 35
6.7 Paroma Metal Shine 35
6.8 Paroma Liquid Metal cleaner 35
6.9 Naphthalene Balls / Paroma Rapic Toilet Balls 35
7 CREAMS AND LOTIONS 36
7.1 Standard Requirements for Creams and Lotions 36
7.2 General Lotion Formulations 37
7.3 Aloe Vera Lotion 37
7.4 Aloe Vera Petroleum jelly 38
7.5 Body Cream 38
8 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE ADDITION OF MUSHROOMS 39
8.1 Objectives of the training 39
8.2 General introduction to mushroom 39
8.3 Economic and nutritional importance of mushrooms. 39
8.4 Factors affecting mushroom production and processing in Uganda 40
8.5 Overview of mushroom production 40
8.6 Materials we shall use in the primary production of mushroom 40
8.7 Over view of value addition 40
8.8 Materials we shall use to develop mushroom soups and porridge 40
8.8.1 Mushroom porridge. 40
8.8.2 Mushroom soup 41
8.8.3 Starch making > Procedure 41
9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 41
10 TABLE OF AVAILABLE BOOK PAROMA ENTERPRISES LIMITED. 43
11 PAROMA PRODUCTS 46
12 CONTACTS AND REFERENCES Error! Bookmark not defined.

1 INTRODUCTION
Uganda’s population is estimated at 33 million people. The population is predominately youthful with about 77%
aged below 30 year; Uganda has one of the youngest populations in the world. The current global economic belt
down has grossly undermined youth opportunities to access job markets and has worsened unemployment. In
Uganda, Unemployment stands at 4.2% among the general population. However, youth share a disproportionate
burden of unemployment which stands at 4.7%.
The above challenge calls for changing of the mindset to ensure that youth take on enterprise development and
management as viable career path. This therefore necessitates investment in entrepreneurial education.
Entrepreneurial education promotes development of Positive skills, Attitudes and Behavioural practices that
enhance jobs creation, economic growth and improve human welfare.
The Uganda education system orients its graduates towards white collar jobs or wage employment. Rampant
unemployment therefore is a result of youth looking down upon self employment. There is worrying level of
idleness among young people that make them fall prey to several kinds of manipulations and as a result they are
the major combatants in violent situations.
Unemployed young people between the ages 15 to 24 has been recorded at 83 per cent in Uganda according to
the report of Africa Development Indicators (ADI) 2008/09, focusing on the youth and employment in Africa.
According to the report, Uganda’s population also has the highest dependency ratio in Africa — registered at
1:1. (Dependency ratio is the ratio of people younger than 15 or older than 64 to the working age population).
The report says youth unemployment is 68 per cent in Zimbabwe and 56 per cent in Burkina Faso, the other two
countries that face challenges similar to Uganda.
According to the UNDP Resident Coordinator Theophane Nikyema Report Uganda managed to reduce poverty
from 56 per cent in 1993 to 24.5 per cent in 2010 but unemployment has still remained a big challenge.
According to the World Bank Statistics of 2008/9, unemployed youth make up to 83 percent of the total
unemployed people in Uganda.
There is still a lot to be done especially in line with Practical Entrepreneurship like Hands on skill/adaptable/Life
skills, Resources utilization, Agricultural Value addition, Cottage Industries as means of creating more jobs for the
youth & encouraging self employment which approach Paroma Enterprises Limited uses.
This project therefore seeks to: (a) equip the youth with entrepreneurial skills to enable them initiate, run and
sustain their business. (b) To promote Entrepreneurship culture among the youth so that they are able to start
and successfully manage their own businesses as a lifetime career option. (c) To promote access to finances for
youth entrepreneurs. (d) to sensitize the young people on the need for self-employment, adaptable and practical
entrepreneurship skills with an aim of starting small and medium scale enterprises.

2 TOPICS COVERED DURING THE PROGRAMME
During the programme, various topics will be covered by Paroma and its staff. This manual lays out the topics that
will be focussed throughout the entire programme and will further specifically focus on the process involved with
product production. Specific manuals will be provided in addition to this manual focussing on other subjects then
this manual here covers.
The primary objective of this manual is to provide the general scope of the programme to the reader and detailed
information on the formulas and procedures that this project proposes. It serves as the main framework of
training for those that take their potential career path in practical entrepreneurs serious. All participants can refer
to the relevant section or part of the manual for guidance when needed.
During this programme we shall cover a range of different topics to assist the participants achieving their goals.
We shall convey the basic theory and practical demonstration provide information on resources and
governmental requirements. In short this manual is written to enable the project’s participants with
comprehensive knowledge and reference to practise their skills and get focussed on building up a business.
Paroma works with staff each focussing on different topics. Topics that are not covered in this manual but are
part of the programme will be covered in a separate specific manual on the topic.
Topics during this Programme:
 Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME)
 Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME management)
 Import and Export trade – The market requirements
 Introduction to all locally productive small and medium scale projects
 Resources identification and possible utilization for jobs creation
 Social responsibility and Co-existence
 Environmental protection and development
 Information on the current Uganda Government interventions/incentives for MSME
 Guide on industrial possible projects on small and medium scale
 Career match
 Self-help groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations
 Legalities
 Entrepreneurship Development, Customer care, Entrepreneurial Competencies, Entrepreneurship
process, Legal Issues in Business, Formulating Business Plan
2.1 Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME)
Capacity building and introducing basic methodology and information tools for strategic, financial, production
planning, establishing of business targets, relevant performance monitoring and development of best continuous
improvement practices to entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises is the goal of this programme. Youth
needs to understand the possibilities, requirements, challenges and planning that is involved and grow the skills
that allow them to live productive lives. Objectives for this topic are:

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sit at the heart of the economic development of Uganda and indeed the
world at large. Spread across all the other sectors of the economy, they are the key drivers of job creation, innovation and
growth in many countries. Uganda has an extensive MSME sector which accounts for approximately 90% of the entire
Private Sector, over 80% of manufactured output and contributes about 75% to the gross domestic product (GDP).
Furthermore, the sector employs more than 2.5 million people, which makes it one of the largest employers in the country.
Despite the sector’s enormous size and contribution to the economy, the World Bank ranks Uganda’s business environment
129th out of 183 countries and therefore not sufficiently enabling. MSMEs are predominantly informal and young
enterprises, majority of which are aged between 1 and 5 years. For every business created nearly another is closed; hence
the high mortality rate, with less than 10% of the enterprises having operated for more than 20 years. Overly, Uganda’s
MSME sector in is not competitive enough.
Through the Agri business technical working group of the PIRT, Government identified the sector as one of the key areas to
achieve growth, employment and socio-economic transformation in the medium to long term. This Policy has been
formulated in cognizance of the need to create and strengthen MSMEs in Uganda.
From: MSME Policy from Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2011, DRAFT
 Introducing basic knowledge, methodology and tools for enterprise strategic, financial and production
planning,
 Improving capacity for trade, exports, investments, access to markets
 Providing relevant training of entrepreneurs and management in its applications for business
performance management
 Introduce best practices, and knowledge on capital and on how to set up business targets, monitoring of
business results and continuous improvement,
 Managing innovations and investments,
Uganda has rich resources, great business opportunities as well as challenges to utilize these opportunities
effectively. Some of the challenges are lack of access to capital, inadequate business skills and knowledge, poor
record keeping and accountability and low level of governance, limited access to relevant information.
This topic aims to contribute to address these challenges.
2.2 Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME Management
Economic indicators are signalling tough times ahead, with the world global economy is a poor shape affecting
trade all over the world.
With these challenges ahead, it is important that the small and medium enterprise (SME) community focus on
basics -- including profiling of customers, marketing strategies, budget and cash flow management, and
advertising and promotional activities.
Most SMEs fail to define their "target market" clearly, something which is important for achieving success. Often
people persuade themselves to think that being appealing to the widest possible customer base would bring best
results.
So, what does a small business require to do to make marketing more effective?

How to select a market segment, which you can serve well than your market competitors? How to build a good
database of customers and keep track of your client relationship? What is needed to take care of cash flows,
collect accounts receivables, and make the best use of the existing inventories, and review expenses? A tight
grasp in cash management can help you determine your fortune at tough times.
2.3 Import and export Trade – Market Requirements
Import and export trading may feature in any medium and small scale business. Sales, marketing and
relationships are crucial elements affecting success, as is paying attention to all local legal issues.
A basic understanding of this topic will be provided during the programme. It covers subject such as required
licenses and permits. Establishing foreign and domestic contacts and compile lists of all foreign and domestic
businesses relevant to your chosen trade.
A copy of the manual is available to participants of the programme.
2.4 Introduction to all Locally Productive Small and Medium Scale Projects
The entrepreneur needs to be aware of locally productive small and Medium Scale projects. It is important to be
able to identify potential partners, but also potential competition. Handouts will be made available that are up to
date to assist participants.
2.5 Resources Identification and Possible Utilization for Jobs Creation
This topic is approach in a practical hand on way during the training and focus on how the entrepreneur will be
able to identify (locally) available resources and the possible use. Uganda’s economy is mainly – but not solely -
agricultural based; Agriculture value addition is an important subject to address here.
2.6 Social Responsibility and Co-Existence
Definition of Social responsibility: the ideal that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to
act to benefit society at large. Social responsibility is a duty every individual or organization has to perform so as
to maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystem.
A trade-off always exists between economic development, in the material sense, and the welfare of the society
and environment. Social responsibility means sustaining the balance between the two. It pertains not only to
business organizations but also to everyone whose action impacts the environment. This responsibility can be
passive, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or active, by performing activities that directly advance
social goals.
If you want to build a business based on these values then you need to consider how. How do you deal with your
staff? How do you protect the environment from damage it might have by the production on your product? Do
you apply policies in your business that offer equal opportunity to men and women alike?
Set goals. What do you want to achieve? What do you want your company to achieve? Do you want to enter a
new market? Introduce a new product? Enhance your business's image?
Paroma Enterprises itself works to contribute to Uganda Training of the Ugandan Youth and Women in Beginning
small and medium scale industries. Funding permitting it sponsors capacity building programmes for youth and
women such as on the 26tAug/2011 where the national Practical Entrepreneurship Training system was launched
and attended by more than 600 youth sponsored by PAROMA. In addition, on 29th
.-1st
April-May 2012 a jobs
creation practical Training conference was held at Bulange Sentema in Kampala Uganda that was free for all
Ugandan Youth and Women sponsored by PAROMA. Bukedde news Paper of 1st May 2012 covered the event.

2.7 Environmental Protection and Development
Depending upon the nature of your business entrepreneurs will need to make conscious decisions on how their
works has on impact the environment. Proper systems need to be in place to ensure that possible damage is
reduced to a minimum and the balance is made up positively by providing the best possible care. Chemicals need
to be dealt with safely, plastics need to be recycled.
Waste needs to be safely disposed of. Where possible; use biodegradable chemicals. All this requires study and
investment from the entrepreneur.
This topic will be covered in broad strokes during the programme.
2.8 Info on current Uganda Government Interventions/Incentives For MSME
Since the Youth are the most affected by unemployment in Uganda, H.E the president, in accordance with the
NRM Manifesto 2011-2016 pledged to support the youth trough various means including the provision of
financial resources to enable them engage in productive business enterprises for income generation and
employment creation.
This topic will introduce the participants to what interventions the government intends and how the participants
can ensure they are up to date with the possibilities this offers to the entrepreneur.
2.9 Career Match
If you can’t play the violin then don’t try to be the violist in a concert 
This topic is approached very practical and aims to assist the participant identity what career choice to make,
what they are or can become good at; and what that says they need to develop and learn. It is further handled in
a separate manual. Come to our offices and grab yourself a copy.
2.10 Self-Help Groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations
How to set up an entrepreneur partnership individually or with others. What is required by law? What banking
system is needed? How to make policy? In a separate manual this topic will be addressed.
2.11 Legalities
CHAPTER ON BUSINESS LEGAL ISSUES
A basic understanding regarding legal issues will be required for all those entering into business life. Licenses,
Permits, Contract writing, Legal requirements on industrial production, tax law, these are some of the issues that
any business person will need to cover to be able to be successful. The topics covered during this training will be
handled in a separate manual.
Bio Sketch
Ms. Mutonyi Flavia the bearer of this Chapter is a young Ugandan woman, open minded,
focused, hard working, self motivated, achievement oriented and with an enterprising mind.
She is a professional lawyer currently working with Mungoma, Mabonga, Wakhakha & Co.
Advocates and also handling legal issues in M/s Paroma Enterprises Limited as well as other
companies like M/s Trans-Cargo Engineering & Contractors (U) Limited

1. WHAT IS THE LAW GOVERNING BUSINESS LAW IN UGANDA?
a) The Companies Act Cap 110
b) The partnerships Act 2010
c) The Employment Act 2006
d) Contract Act Cap 73
2. WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW?
It refers to the laws that apply to business entities, such as partnerships and
corporations.
3. WHY DO WE STUDY BUSINESS LAW?
a) . To make a business men and women aware about law
b). Law is helpful in maintaining business in legal ways.
c). To have secured business.
d. To make us aware of the legal issues involving businesses and how to deal with them.
e). For Personal development
You will possess an understanding of values and attitudes consistent with your role as a
citizen and member of your professional community. You will have the capacity:
 To identify and deal with ethical issues.
 To interact effectively with and show sensitivity towards others.
 To exercise leadership in local, national, global and professional communities.
 To adapt to uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity.
f) To get Communication skills
All employers want graduates who are able to communicate knowledge, ideas,
recommendations and decisions effectively.
You will:
 Develop sound oral and written communication skills, including the ability to make
professional presentations.

 Develop coherent and justified arguments.
 Strengthen interpersonal communication skills, including the ability to work in
teams.
 Learn to effectively consult and negotiate.
 Use contemporary communication technologies effectively.
4. WHAT IS ENTALIED IN BUSINESS LAW?
Business law covers many aspects of the business world. Laws are in place to protect
business owners, individual companies, employers and consumers from the potential
risks of engaging in business transactions.
2.12 Description
o Business law constitutes the legal framework in which organizations conduct
business. Business law outlines the rules organizations must adhere to in
managing business relationships and determines how customer relations are
regulated.
2.13 Components
o The different aspects of business law are wide-reaching. Business law covers
organizational structures and the regulations that govern incorporated businesses.
Business law also includes consumer credit and consumer protection legislation.
Other areas of business law include employment law, contracts and taxes.
o
2.14 Significance
o Business laws are in place to protect the rights of those who engage in business
and the customers they serve. Business law is designed to regulate commerce and
discourage fraudulent activities within the business world.
5. AT WHAT POINT IS ONE REQUIRED TO SELLECT A BUSINESS NAME OR A COMPANY
NAME?

When one has a written proposal explaining a new business or business idea and usually
covering financial, marketing and operational
6. WHAT IS A COMPANY?
It is a corporation or, less commonly, an association, partnership, or union that carries
on a commercial or industrial enterprise.
OR
It is a legal entity separate from its members.
The pros and cons
Advantages of a company include :
 it is a separate legal entity from the owners;
 you can own property in the name of the company;
 there is usually limited liability for the shareholders (unless they have given a personal
guarantee);
 you may be able to take advantage of tax minimization schemes (legal ones, of course!);
 it can be owned and operated by only one shareholder and director;
 it may make it easier to attract capital investment because of shareholders' limited
liability.
Possible disadvantages include:
 they can be complicated and expensive to establish and administer if it is a "large
company";
 if you are not a sole shareholder, the shares may be difficult to sell;
 if you have only a minority shareholding you may be allowed little or no input into the
affairs of the company;
 you will only be able to leave the shares in the company to your beneficiaries under your
will, not the assets of the company separately; and
 they require expensive procedures to comply with reporting regulations.
7. WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE FOR REGISTERING A COMPANY AND /OR A BUSINESS
NAME?

You must:
 choose a name for the company and ensure the name is acceptable for registration, e.g.
it is not identical to another name or otherwise unacceptable (e.g. it cannot be the same
as a pre-existing name). This can be checked with the Registrar of companies.
Remember, this refers only to the corporate name - if the company operates in the
public under a different business name, that name must be registered with the Office of
Fair Trading;
 reserve the company name. It will be reserved for 30 days. Otherwise you can apply to
use the name at the time you register, but remember it may already have been taken;
 decide on the names of members, directors and the secretary of the company - these
people must agree to taking on these roles. A company must have at least one company
secretary who may also be a director and member - the secretary has responsibility for
record-keeping including registers required by Company Law and minutes of meetings.
Changes to appointments and changes of addresses of directors must be supplied to the
registrar of companies.
 decide where the registered office will be;
 notify the registrar of companies of certain changes to the business practices of the
company e.g. changes to the registered office, operating hours, company name,
substantial transfers of shareholdings;
 lodge annual returns with the registrar of companies if this is needed (this is not always
the case for a small private companies);
 keep company books and records.
8. WHAT ARE TYPES OF COMPANIES?
There are four main types of company:
 private company limited by shares
 private company limited by guarantee
 private unlimited company
It is important to distinguish between public and private sector organizations, as they will have
very different characteristics and objectives.
The Public Sector
These organisations are financed by the state and they do not operate in order to make a profit
but to provide a public service. Examples of public sector organisations are schools, hospitals,
libraries, police and the national defence.

This type of company has a share capital and limits the liability of each member to the amount
unpaid on their shares. PLCs:
 can raise money by selling shares on the stock market
 must have at least two directors and a qualified company secretary
The Private Sector
This type of company may or may not have a share capital but there is no limit to the members'
liability. There are relatively few unlimited companies.
These organisations operate in order to make a profit and are split into 2 categories:
 Non-Limited Companies
This type of company can be set up with relatively few formalities. It can be either a sole
trader or partnership and the owner(s) will be personally liable for all of the debts if the
business fails. There is no legal requirement for non-limited companies to make any of
their financial information public. Non-limited companies are generally referred to as
"businesses".
Limited Companies
Limited companies can be either privately owned when they are referred to as Limited (often
abbreviated to Ltd) or publicly owned (Plc). Some Plc's can sell shares to members of the public
on the stock exchange, unlike Ltd's that cannot. The liability for both Ltd's and Plc is limited.
This means that if the company fails, the liability of the company's shareholders is limited to the
value of the shares and not their personal funds. Or, in the case of companies limited by
guarantee (with no share capital) the liability of its members is limited to the amount their
members wish to contribute to the assets of a company in the event of it being wound up This
structure is often used by charities, Right to Manage, common hold companies and social
enterprises to limit the personal liability of their directors and trustees. See our guide on how to
set up a social enterprise.
Note that for limited companies, the term in the commercial world to use is "company". All
Limited companies are legally required to submit Company Accounts and Annual Returns every
year. These documents are filed at the registrar of companies called Amamu House George
Street. This information is available to the public. A limited company has similar rights to a
person; for example it can buy assets, own property, and it can sue or be sued independently
of its directors. It can have detrimental information registered against it too.
9. WHAT IS THE DIFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC LIMITED AND LIMITED COMPANIES.

PLC's share holdings are usually sold to the public, ie the public part own them.
While
Limited companies, the shares stay in the company with the directors holding them, they
cannot sell them to the public
3 What is the difference between limited liability
and unlimited liability company?
A company can be a limited or unlimited. Limited liability company is one which limits the
liability of the members(shareholders) by (1) limited by shares or (2) limited by guarantee.
Therefore Company limited by guarantee is a type of limited company which means the liability
of the members' is limited by the guarantee given by them while becoming the member. The
members have agreed to be liable to the company at the time of liquidation of the company
upto an amount for which he is liable and does not have any other liability. Limited by shares
means the member (shareholder) is liable for the value of the shares only. Members of the
company with unlimited liability has unlimited liability for which they are liable even from their
personal property if required.
10.HOW DOES ONE ASCERTAIN THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY?
As a marketer or owner/operator of your own business, the importance of setting business
goals and objectives cannot be understated. Particularly for owner-operated enterprises,
objective setting is often done on an ad-hoc basis. (Sound familiar? That’s ok.)
Like all things in life, there is a first time for everything. You will find that setting goals for your
business is the best way to measure your success.
Here’s how it works.
Strategic business objectives are the stated milestones that you want your business or
organization to achieve. The benefit of developing defined, strategy objectives is that they
provide a benchmark against which the small business owner (that’s you!) can gauge their
progress.
Defining Strategic Business objectives
All successful organizations, from one-person home-based businesses to Fortune 500
companies, will define their objectives using these 3 rules.
1. Objectives must be measurable and quantifiable.

Lets say for example that you are the owner of Uganda’s Best Pizza, a pizzeria offering take out
and delivery services. (Watch out for that brand promise!) You set out to define your objective.
You write it down:
“I want to increase my sales.”
Lets build from here. Successful organizations select a goal that can be easily measured and
quantified – meaning you have to pick a number – and stick to it. This can be as simple as a
sales, revenue or profit number, or it can be expressed as a %. (See section below, Measure
what makes sense.)
By way of example, Uganda’s Best Pizza wants to increase sales of delivery pizza by 75% as
measured by number of units sold. A good objective? Not really.
2. Objectives must have a timeframe.
You have to set a time horizon for your objectives. If Toronto’s Best Pizza wants to increase
sales vs last year by 75%, that’s fine – but not so fine not if it takes 50 years to do so. Pick a
time frame: a year, a month, a week, a day. Running with our example,
Uganda’s Best Pizza has decided to increase sales of delivery of pizza(as measured by number
of units sold) from July to September by 75% versus the same period last year. Whew – hang
on, there’s more.
3. Objectives must be attainable.
This seems intuitive but you would be surprised how frequently this rule is overlooked. Consider
your knowledge of your industry and your competitors. Is it realistic to expect your sales to
double versus last year? Perhaps. But set your goals at a level that can be obtained, or perhaps
slightly above.
Our Pizzerial owner has considered this and realized that a 75% growth in sales is probably
unlikely. After reviewing past performance and the actions of competitors, the owner wisely
settles on an obtainable objective of 10% increase in sales.
11.WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE TERM SHARE CAPITAL OF THE COMPANY?
3.1 Definition of 'Share Capital'
Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a
company has can change over time because each time a business sells new shares to the public in
exchange for cash, the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both
common and preferred shares

Investopedia explains 'Share Capital'
The amount of share capital a company reports on its balance sheet only accounts for the initial
amount for which the original shareholders purchased the shares from the issuing company. Any price
differences arising from price appreciation/depreciation as a result of transactions in the secondary
market are not included.
How to Calculate Share Capital
Share Capital (or capital stock) is the fund raised by a listed company through the issuance of common
stock (ordinary shares) and preferred stock (preference shares).
There are different types of share capital such as the Authorized Share Capital, Issued Share Capital,
etc. The authorized capital of a company is the maximum value of securities that a limited company can
legally issue to its shareholders. Issued capital is the nominal value of the part of the share capital that
has been issued to shareholders.
Calculation:
Authorized capital = Number of permitted shares * par value
Issued capital = Number of shares actually issued * par value
3.1.1.1 How are shares transferred to new owners?
To transfer shares in a private company, a seller must complete and sign the appropriate
section of a 'stock transfer form' and pass it, together with the share certificate, to the new
owner. The new shareholder’s details should be recorded in the company’s Combined Register,
along with the number of shares they own. The date the former shareholder transferred their
shares should also be recorded. If you have opted for us to hold the first share upon
incorporation, we will include the Stock Transfer form in your pack. The name and address of
the new shareholder should be entered on the form, which should be filed with the limited
company’s records. You should then update your Combined Register to reflect the change.
3.1.1.2 Can my company arrange different share classes?
It is possible for your ltd company’s shares to be issued in different classes. There are several
reasons why companies choose to do this; your accountant will be able to help you decide if
your company needs different share classes. The main reasons for issuing shares in different
classes are:
 The company may wish to issue shares to friends or family, but retain full voting rights for the
main shareholder/s.

 A company may wish to have the power to distribute dividends at different rates. They therefore
issue shares in different classes (e.g. A & B Class Shares) to enable different dividends to be
agreed for each class.
12.WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES HAVING THE HIGHEST SHARE CAPITAL TO THE
COMPANY
The higher the share capital in the company by a share holder, the higher his
responsibility for the liabilities of the company. Likewise, the higher his profit share.
It also calls for high tax charge by the respective government institutions
13.HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE REQUIRED WHEN STARTING UP A COMPANY?
Any seven or more persons, or, where the company to be formed will be a private company,
any two or more persons, associated for any lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to
a memorandum of association and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Act in
respect of registration, form an incorporated company, with or without limited liability as
section 3 of the Companies Act Cap 110
14.WHO IS A COMPANY DIRECTOR?
An appointed or elected member of the board of directors of a company who, with other
directors, has the responsibility for determining and implementing the company’s policy.
A company director does not have to be a stockholder (shareholder) or an employee of the
firm, and may only hold the office of director (see qualifications for directors). Directors act
on the basis of resolutions made at directors' meetings, and derive their powers from the
corporate legislation and from the company’s articles of association.
As the company's agents, they can bind the company with valid contracts entered into with
third-parties such as buyers, lenders, and suppliers (see powers of directors). Directors are
the trustees for the firm and not for individual stockholders, but they may be sued by the
stockholders as personally liable for the consequences of the acts that are fraudulent or
beyond their vested powers. Also, whether appointed validly or not, they are individually and
collectively liable for the acts and/or negligence of the firm. (see liabilities of directors).
Unlike stockholders, directors cannot vote by proxy and, unlike employees, cannot absolve
themselves of their responsibility for the delegated duties

4 qualification
1. Capacity, knowledge, or skill that matches or suits an occasion, or makes someone eligible
for a duty, office, position, privilege, or status. Qualification denotes fitness for purpose through
fulfillment of necessary conditions such as attainment of a certain age, taking of an oath,
completion of required schooling or training, or acquisition of a degree or diploma. Qualification
does not necessarily imply competence.
2. Precise limitation (from general to particular) of language, scope, or terms that would
otherwise be interpreted broadly or differently.
DUTIES OF DIRECTORS
Based on the principle that the directors must act with honesty, diligence, and prudence, these
duties include duty of
(1) Avoidance of conflict of interest: directors must declare their interest in any transaction in
which the firm is involved, and follow the instructions of the board of directors in this regard.
(2) Care and skill: directors must exercise caution and competence in all situations as
reasonable persons would under the circumstances.
(3) Confidentiality: directors must not make improper use of the privileged information obtained
as a board member.
(4) Fairness: directors must deal with other directors and stakeholders without bias or favor.
(5) Honor: directors must not engage in any conduct that may bring disrepute to the firm
and/or other directors.
(6) Independence: directors must not compromise on the right to exercise an independent
judgment but, at the same time, must restrict their independence in good faith to favor a
collective decision that will benefit the firm.
(7) Loyalty: directors must act in good faith in the best interest of the firm and whole heartedly
assist the chief executive in achieving the firm's success.
5 Powers of directors
Directors of a firm are vested with certain powers by the corporate legislation and the firm's
articles of association. These generally include power to (1) act as the firm's agents, (2) have
full access to the firm's accounts, (3) cause the firm to enter into valid contracts, (4) pledge the

firm's assets, (5) borrow and give security, and (6) determine terms and conditions under which
the firm's shares are issued, transferred, and forfeited.
6
liabilities of directors
Directors are usually not personally liable for ultra vires acts (or for the intra vires acts that
exceed the powers vested in them), but may be sued by the stockholders (shareholders) for
breach of the directors' duties. They are also generally not liable for errors of judgment, but
may be sued for negligence by third-parties or stockholders. However, they are held strictly
liable for failure to withhold and/or remit withholding taxes such as employee source
deductions, and sales and commodity taxes such as general sales tax or value-added tax.
15.WHAT COMPANY FORMS ARE REQUIRED WHEN REGISTERING A COMPANY?
a) Form A2 showing the Declaration of Compliance with the requirements of the
companies Act, on application for Registration of a Company.
b) Form A1showing the statement of the Nominal Capital
c) Company Form No.7 showing the particulars of Directors and Secretaries
d) Company Form No. 9 Stipulating the Location of the company offices
e) And many others as we may time to time discuss.
16.WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
OF THE COMPANY AND WHAT IS INVOLVED IN EACH?
The memorandum of association specifically comprises terms and conditions binding the
company alone. It is thus a peculiar contract binding the company. It comprises the
objectives of the company. BUT, the articles of association are specifically terms and
conditions binding only the members of the company. Its thus a peculiar contract binding
the company members. According to Katende on law of business organization in East
Africa, the former is the external constitution open for all third parties to see but the
latter is the internal constitution of the company basically dealing with the internal affairs
of the company members, their duties and rights. It’s not easily accessible for the third
parties.
17.WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF OPENING UP A COMPANY ACCOUNT AFTER
REGISTRATION?
a) Certified copy of the Certificate of Incorporation

b) Certified copy of Company Form No. 7
c) Company Form no. 9
d) Board Resolution fully registered by Registrar of Companies
18.WHY EVERY REGISTERED COMPANY SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO HAVE TAX
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER AND A VALUE ADDED TAX CERTIFICATE.
19.WHY IS A COMPANY REQUIRED TO FILE ANNUAL RETURNS AFTER EVERY END OF YEAR
OF OPERATION?
20.WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY DOCUMENTS WHEN YOU WANT TO CHANGE ANY OF THE
DIRECTORS OF THE Company OR ADD ORTHER DIERCTORS?
21.AND AT WHAT STAGE DO YOU NEED CHANGE THE DIRECTOR OR ADD?
a) When he/she has turned incompetent
b) incapacitated
22.WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU WANT TO ALTER OR ADD OTHER OBJECTIVES IN THE
MEMORANDUM OF THE COMPANY?
It is not easy to alter the memorandum of the company. However when such a need
arises, there has to be a vote to that cause by a 2/3 majority of the company’s share
holders.
23.IS IT POSSIBLE TO CHANGE FROM A PARTNERSHIP TO A LIMITED COMPANY? IF SO
WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE REQUIRED?
Yes, this may be done by surrendering the partnership registration certificate to the
Registrar of companies together with the Articles and Memorandum of Association for
registration
For any legal consultancy in the following
1. Tax registration (Vat, Tin, Tcc, Returns)
2. Company Registration
3. Both Civil and Criminal matters
Please Contact Mungoma, Mabonga, Wakhakha & Co. Advocates
Social Security House, 1st Floor, Western Wing, Plot 4 Jinja Road
p.o box 123 Mukono
Tel: 0774828247 / 0702375985/ 0752394615

6.1 Table on Industrial Possible Projects on Small and Medium Scale by PAROMA
LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5
Entrepreneurship training Introduction to small scale
industries
Multipurpose liquid detergent Scouring soap powder Washing bar soap
Self-help groups formation Business registration and
taxation details
Toilet disinfectants and antiseptic Degreasers and vehicle cleaners Bathing soap
Resources’ identification Quality control and National
bureau of standard
Bleaches and floor polishes Window cleaners Medicated soaps
Project formation and
management
Packaging and labelling Hand wash Carpet shampoo and maintainer Glycerine Transparent soaps
Bees, Fish and Poultry Keeping Sales and marketing Hand sanitizers Liquid Emulsifier (Booster) Cresol and phenol soaps
Savings and banking Specification of industries Packaging and labelling Packaging and labelling PH measuring and quality
Community development Chemical companies and contacts Pricing and profit calculation Pricing and costing Packaging and labelling
Hair shampoo Milking jelly Hand and body lotion Ceramic stubborn stain remover Shoe polish
Hair conditioner Moisturizer and night emollients Facial lotions and creams Linen rust stain remover Shoe cream
Hair treatment Shower gel Body scrubber Linen stubborn stain remover Leather dyes
Hair food Massage oils and natural extracts Body Toner Floor strippers/polish/maintainer Shoe dyes
Packaging and labelling Aftershave gels and creams Body cleansers Manual dishwasher and utensils
stain remover
General dye
PH measuring Packaging and Labelling Packaging and labelling Drainage unblocking products Pricing, costing, packaging, labels
Pricing and costing Pricing and costing Pricing and costing Pricing, costing packaging, labels Quality control
Introduction to paints making Candle making Printing Ink Tomato sauce making Fear blocks success
Pigments Floor polishes Ball point ink Tomato ketchup making Connecting dreams to action
Water paints Waste digester Fountain pen Ink Chilli sauce making Achievement, confidence,
courage and persistence
Oil paints Perfumes & fresheners for linen
and foul smelling, bathroom
Starch making and packing Ice cream making Change, choice, priorities, timing,
flexibility and determination
Lacquers Different waxes Glycerine packing Sweets making Stability like t the bald eagle
Enamels Chemical companies Castor oil packing Biscuits making Enthusiasm, optimism, ambition,
faith and hope
Chemical companies Designing machines and woods Olive oil packing Yoghurt making Excellence, integrity, leadership
Packing companies and designing White mineral oil packing Petty Baking Innovation, practicability,
entrepreneurship
Costing and pricing Costing and pricing Costing and pricing Costing and pricing Success, value, prosperity, power

7 SAFETY AND HEALTH
Your health, the health of your co-workers and staff, the health of the environment is very important, as is the
health of our mother planet. Make sure you inquire about the necessary safety measures whilst working with
chemicals. As long as you take the necessary safety precautions and apply normal common sense you will be able
to use the raw materials in a safe way. The products are manufactured primarily from biodegradable ingredients
that conform to the African standards.
CAUTION: Think about the children!!!
Make sure you close your workplace and that no children can get access to your chemicals. Keep all
containers safely sealed and in cupboards where kids can’t reach them! Any reckless actions should be
avoided while working with chemical
To help your awareness of safety measures:
 Only ever carry out authorized experiments.
 Use the necessary chemical protection gadgets: gloves, protective clothing, boots, eye protection glasses,
breathing protection.
 Make sure your work place is well ventilated and always avoid inhalation of any chemical fumes.
 Never eat or drink whilst working with chemicals.
 Always keep water within your work place.
 Follow all the instructions indicated on packages for any given chemical and
manufacturing process.
 Label all chemicals in your work place with their contents.
 Make sure you clear up any chemical spills, using authorized chemical dumping cans.
 All chemical waste has to be treated before dumping so that they are bio degradable. So you need to
make sure you get the information from the appropriate office in your district or municipality about
industrial chemical waste disposal!
 Make sure the waste cans are sealed.
 Put them in an authorized dumping ground for chemical waste as indicated by the proper
authorities.
 Clear up mercury spills with boric acid.
 Clear up the acid spills with sodium bi-carbonate.

8 CLEANSING MATERIALS - Formulas and Procedures
8.1 Paroma Multi-purpose Liquid Detergent
 Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 1kg
 Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (Ufacid/labsa) 1/2kg
 Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg
 Coconut diethanolamine (C.D.E) 25g
 Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 25g
 Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide (1 table spoon)
 Colour of choice
 Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine, Lemon, Pine, Fauna etc.
 Water (cold) 20 litre
 Preservatives like sodium benzoate/ formalin 5g/10-20 cc respectively.
Procedure
 Put the first 6 ingredients in a plastic bucket and stir with a wooden stick as you add the water little by little.
 Keep stirring well until it is becomes a white paste.
 Continue adding the water until you used it all (20 litres); you now have a white solution.
 Take the powdered colour and stir it well in a little water in a separate container.
 Add that colour solution (of point 4) into the liquid white soap solution and stir well with the wooden ladle.
 Let this mixture settle for 24 hours before adding the perfume. (At times when you need it quickly you can)
 Also just wait for a few hours and put in the perfume and stir well, but preferably after 24 hours).
 Pack the liquid soap and you can start using or selling, and make money!
8.2 Smiling Baby Jelly Moisturizer
For the moisturizer “Smiling Baby Jelly”, Paroma Enterprises Ltd invented the formula.
You can easily make your moisturizers by using the following:
 Petroleum jelly 20kg (white or yellow pure p.j)
 White mineral oil/liquidum paraffinum 4 litres
 Pure olive oil 1/4ltr
 Pure castor oil 200ml
 Lanolin 1/2kg
 Colour (Oil soluble) as desired
 Perfume (Apple, Jasmine, Rose, Lemon, and lavender) as desired.
Procedure
 Put the petroleum jelly & Lanolin on a slow and low fire.
 When it turns to fluid add the rest of the above ingredients one by one as you stir with a wooden stick.
 Add colour after mixing it separately with mineral oil.
 Add perfume, stir and then put off the fire
 Pack the mass while it is still warm.
 Label if necessary and let the package settle.
 Ready to use and/or sell!

8.3 Paroma Stripper Detergent
 Sodium laurel Ether sulphate 70%
(Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 2kg
 Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid
(Ufacid/labsa) 1kg
 Coconut diethanolamine (C.D.E) 1/4ltr
 Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 1 tabs
 Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 4kg
 Colour of choice
 Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine,
Lemon, Pine, Chantia, Eucalyptus,
 Fauna etcetera.
 Water (cold) 20 litres
 Preservatives formalin 20 cc
The Procedure is like 4.2
8.4 Paroma Bleach For white
 Magadi Soda 1kg
 Chlorine 65% 1kg
 Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 1/4kg
 Sodium tripolyphosphate 2 tabs
 Eucalyptus perfume 50 ml (Optional)
 Water/Aqua 20 litres
Procedure
 Add to clean water the first 4 (four) ingredients and stir continuously until you have a white solution with
some residues.
 Filter/sieve the mass with a clean white cloth or a clean sieve to remove the residues.
 Cover the clear white liquid in a cool dry place for 24 hours
 Add the perfume of your choice but Eucalyptus is much recommendable although its optional
 Pack the bleach and label for use or sell.
8.5 Paroma Carpet Shampoo
 Sodium laurel Ether sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles)
 cosmetic grade 1kg
(Ufacid/labsa) 1/4kg
 Coconut diethanolamine (C.D.E) 1/4ltr
 Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 2kg
 Colour of choice (Optional)
 Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine, Lemon,
Pine, Chantia, Eucalyptus,
 Fauna etcetera.
 White vinegar 3 litres
Note: The procedure is like the first steps for liquid soap, only at the end of it all you add the vinegar. It may be
without colour. OR
 Paroma Dil compound 20 litres
 Vinegar 3 litres
 Apple oil 100 ml
 Simply add the vinegar into Paroma dil compound and later perfume
 Pack and label
You can get Paroma Dil Compound from all Paroma Sales Centres in East Africa.
8.6 Paroma Toilet Disinfectant
(Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 1kg
 NP9 200g 1/4kg
 Urea 300g

 Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 100gms
 Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 1 tabs
 Colour of choice (Optional)
 Pine oil ¼ litre
 Dodger 200gms
 Water 20 litres
8.7 Paroma Super Disinfectant (Paromax Super)
 Creosote Oil 1 kg
 Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70%
(Ungarol/SLES) 1 kg
 Sodium Chloride/salt 1/2kg
 Aqua/water 20 litres
Procedure
 Mix together Ungarol/sles with salt to get a white paste.
 Add water bit by bit into a white solution
 Add the creosote oil
 Pack and label
 It is best for pit latrines and public toilets
8.8 Paroma Soft Disinfectant
 NP9 ½ litre
 Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70%
(Ungarol/SLES) 1 kg
 Sodium Chloride/salt 1/2kg
 Pine oil 1 litre
 Formalin ½ litre
8.9 Paroma Direct Distainer (Toilets/tiles)
 Hydrochloric Acid ¼ litre
 Phosphoric Acid ½ litre
 Sodium Hydroxide/caustic soda 100g
 Pine oil 1/4
 Apple perfume 50 ml
8.10 Paroma Oxygen Bleach
 Hydrogen Peroxide 1 litre
8.11 Paroma Supa Degreaser
(Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 1/2kg
(Ufacid/labsa) 1kg
 Butyl Glycol 1/2kg
 Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 100g
 Sodium Meta Silicate ½ kg
 Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine,
Lemon, Pine, Chantia, Eucalyptus,
 Fauna etcetera.

8.12 Paroma Tiles Shine
 Phosphoric Acid 1 litre
 Hydrochloric Acid ½ litre
 Apple/pine perfume 50ml
8.13 Paroma Germ x Hand Wash
 Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate
70%/Sles/Ungarol(cosmetic grade) 2kg
 Sodium chloride/ salt 1kg
 Coconut Diethanolamine/C.D.E (Foam
Booster) ¼ liter
 Pearizer/Ufablend ¼ kg
 C.M.C (Carboxy methyl cellulose) 50g
 Formalin 10cc (Preservatives)
 White mineral oil 100 ml
 Glycerin ½ later
 Apple oil 100 ml
 Perfume like Lavender oil/rosemary oil/ tea
tree oil 25 ml
 Color (as desired) e.g. Pink
 Aqua/Water 20 litres
Procedure
 Put the first six (5) ingredients together in a plastic clean bucket and stir well.
 Later add water bit by bit as you stir.
 To the white solution add the oils one by one and stir well
 Add the preservative and stir
 Add colour if required and stir well
 Let it settle for around 6 hours
 Add the perfume oils and pack, label and use.
8.14 Paroma Direct Germ x Sanitizer
 Glycerine 1 litre
 I.P.A ½ litre
 Apple/perfume 50ml
8.15 Paroma Economy Powder soap
 Whiting 90 kg
 Ufaryl 10kg
 Sodium Meta Silicate 2kg
 Chlorine 90% ¼ kg
 Perfume like lemon 100 ml
All the above ingredients are in form of powder therefore, simply mix and add perfume.
8.16 Paroma Moisturizer
 Petroleum Jelly 80 kg
 White Mineral Oil 20 litres
 Shea oil 2 kg
 Colour (oil soluble type) as desired
 Perfume like lemon, Eagle, Lady J, Apple etc.
½ litre
8.17 Paroma Vim Powder soap
 Soda Ash 25 kg
 Sodium Meta Silicate 10 kg
 Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 65kg
 Perfume like lemon ¼ litre

9 CANDLE MAKING
Candles offer light, warmth and
create a pleasant atmosphere.
Here is your guide on how to make candles and what you need for them
9.1 Some reference:
Length : Length of candle in inch
Weight : Approximate weight of wax in one candle in grams
M.R.P. : Maximum Retail Price of candle in the Market
Cavities : Candle in the Mould for one cycle it takes approximately in 15 minute
Regular Mould : Ordinary Rough finished mould.
Mirror Polished : Smooth, Non stick metal & Best Finished to get Machine like Finish Candle.
Diameter in mm is given for reference. It may not be exact as Drill Size & mm vary. Hence sizes are approximate
size, subject to change as per changes in market size.
9.2 Materials needed
 Wax
 Wicks
 Stearic Acid
 Cooking oil
 Citronella
9.3 Tools
 Mould
 Charcoal stove
 2 sauce pans
 Jar
 Basin
 Masks
9.4 Formula
 5kg of wax
 15 spoons of stearic acid
 About 2 litres of water
9.5 Procedure
 Get a bigger saucepan of 2 litres of water and then put it on the charcoal stove

 You also get the other smaller sauce pan with wax in it and put it in the sauce pan of water
 Then heat from the water will melt down the wax and then apply Stearic acid in it as it melts
 After the wax and acid has melted you put citronella the mosquito repellent in the solution.
 After that u put the solution in your mould with wicks properly put in using a jar of cup.
 Then you wait for 15 minutes for the solution to melt.
 You can put the mould in a basin of cold water for the solution to cool down.
 After that cut the wicks which are hanging on the top of the mould and then open the mould and remove
the candles carefully.
9.6 Candle Making Equipment
Like every other craft, candle making require some equipment. Fortunately, the candle making
equipment required to get started is quite affordable. You can experiment making several
different types of candles and gradually add equipment has your interest grows. Here are some
suggestions to get you started.
9.6.1 Melting Pot
The simplest and safest way to melt wax is in a double boiler. Most waxes have a melting point under
200°. The flashpoint, that is the temperature at which the wax will burst into flame, is usually over 300°.
Since water boils at 212° using a double boiler insures that the wax temperature stays in a safe range.
Metal pot with a handle and spout used to pour wax is called a pouring pot. You can improvise a
double boiler simply by placing the pour pot in a larger pan filled about halfway with water.
This is the way most hobbyist candle makers begin. However, there are dedicated wax melting pots that can
handle 50, 75 or even 100 pounds of wax at the time. Many of these use circulating hot water in a metal jacket
surrounding the melting pot to maintain a constant, safe temperature.
9.6.2 Thermometer
Although some beginners try to get by without a thermometer, I think that is foolish. Use of the monitor not only
ensures safety, it improves the quality of the finished candle.
If you pour wax too hot, it tends to shrink as it cools and you may have to re-pour several times. On the other
hand, if the wax is too cool when you pour it, you are more likely to have trapped air bubbles and blemishes both
in the candle itself and on the surface.
In addition, pouring at the wrong temperature will make it more difficult to get a candle out of the mould.
9.6.3 Wick
There is as much art as science in selecting the proper wick. The general rule is that the larger the diameter
candle, the larger the wick should be. Some wicks are braided. Others have a filament down the centre to make
them more rigid.
Since wicking is relatively inexpensive, it's a good idea to have several types of wick available so you have several
options when producing the candle. As you gain more experience you wick selection will become better and
better.

To help this process, it's good idea to keep a notebook recording which wick you used in which candle. Even
things such as the colouring or fragrance added will affect your wick selection.
9.6.4 Moulds or Containers
With a mould, melted wax is poured into a form, allowed to cool and harden
and then removed.
If you use a container, the candle is never removed - you burn it in the container
in which it was formed.
Moulds are generally plastic or metal. Plastic melds are usually less expensive,
but metal melds are more durable. I suggest starting with aluminium melds in a
simple shape such as a square or cylinder.
Containers should be heat resistant for the obvious reasons. Heat resistant glass or metal containers work well.
Never use wood, baskets, coconut shells or any other flammable material. I also recommend against using non-
heat resistant glass such as ordinary drinking glasses or wineglasses.
9.6.5 Kitchen Scale
You don't have to use a scale, but it will give you more consistent results. The recommended
amounts of a fragrance or die are usually so much per pound of wax. You could
"guesstimate" but you'll have a hard time re-creating the exact same result again in the
future.
If you use a scale and keep notes you can re-create a successful candle any time you choose.
9.6.6 Safety goggles and Hammer
A hammer? For candle making? Well yes, but these are necessary only if you buy paraffin
wax in large blocks. If you do, you'll need to break the wax into smaller pieces that you can
add to your melting pot. The easiest way to do that is to strike it with a hammer, but that can
cause shards of wax to break off. That's why you need the eye protection of safety goggles.
As a neatness tip, put the large block of wax in an empty cardboard carton before you start
hitting it with a hammer. This will keep the smaller wax pieces from scattering all over the room and make them
easier to collect.
You can avoid all of this if you buy wax in flakes or pearls, which is the way many people start out.
9.6.7 Work Surface Covering
Making candles can get messy, particularly when you're starting out. You probably have had to clean candle wax
off a surface at some point in time, so you realize that it can be a problem.
In addition to the wax itself, the dyes and fragrances you'll probably be using have problems of their own. If a few
flakes of dye are enough to stain a pound of wax, you can imagine what it might do to your clothing or kitchen
table. Fragrances can be very irritating and many of the essential oils used in candle making would damage the
finishes on furniture if spilled.
For all these reasons, it's a good idea to cover your work surface. Most of us start out working in a kitchen.
Kitchen surfaces are generally durable and we're going to use the stove to melt the wax. Our work surface will
probably be a countertop or the kitchen table.

Several layers of newspaper is a reason protective layer (be sure to keep it away from the stovetop though). I like
to use inexpensive plasticized tablecloths. These are neater than newspaper and liquids won't soak through the
plasticized surface.
9.6.8 Fire Extinguisher
I hope you never have to use this, but let's face it - when you're making candles you're working with flammable
materials so fire is a definite possibility. It's a good idea to have a fire extinguisher readily available. At the very
least, have a heavy pot lid handy that you could use to smother the fire in a pot.
9.7 In Summary
As you can see, candle making does not require an extensive collection of equipment. You can make wonderful
candles with relatively little candle making equipment: a simple pour pot, a thermometer and a mould.
Most candle makers collection of equipment grows predominantly as they want to increase the number of
candles they make at one time.
10

10 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
Below we shall describe the difference between soaps and detergents and their different types, formulas and
procedures, soap analysis and how to control the quality of soap or a detergent.
10.1 Ingredients used in soap making
OILS & FATS CHEMICALS
Coconut oil Alkali below (saponifying agents)
Palm oil Sodium hydroxide/caustic soda
Potassium hydroxide/caustic potash
Beef tallow oil Builders below (Increase detergency power)
Cotton seed oil Sodium silicate
Borax
Lard Fillers below (add weight to soap)
Mahua oil Talc and clay
Starch and magnesium carbonate
Rosin Antioxidants below (prevent rancidity in soap)
Olive oil Ethyl Diamine Tetra Acetic Acids (E.D.T.E.As)
Sodium thiosulphate
Castor oil Colours below ( For attracting customers)
Ground nut oil Blue, yellow, green, red. Etc.
Greases Perfumes/fragrances below
Soya bean oil Lavender, Rose, Jasmine, Lemon, Fauna, Baby Q, Pine, Aloe Vera. Etc.
Other vegetable Water (Aqua)
10.2 Paroma Beauty Soap
 Palm Oil 20 kg
 Coconut oil 5 litres
 Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 1.5 /2kg
 Sodium Silicate 1 kg
 Lemon/Jasmine/Eagle perfume 200 ml
10.3 Basic Soap Instructions
Read directions for recipe to make sure you have the required ingredients and gear.
1. Use safety gloves and goggles or eyeglasses.
2. Weigh the required amount of water (distilled is best) into one of the pitchers. To do this places an empty
pitcher on the scale and set to zero. Now measure the amount of water.
3. Using the same method as above weigh the lye needed in the second pitcher.
4. Carefully pour the lye into the pitcher containing the water. You must avoid splashing-this is the most
dangerous step! Never add the water to the lye.
5. Stir solution gently with a wooden spoon until dissolved. Make sure you have sufficient ventilation. Resist the
temptation to lean over the pitcher to get a good look. You do not want to breathe anywhere near this
container.
6. While the lye is cooling, melt the fats. The temperature of both must eventually be brought to 100 degrees
simultaneously. If the lye solution cools too much, put the pitcher in a pan or bowl of hot water.

7. Double-check the temperatures of the lye and fat solutions to be sure they are 100-110 degrees (equal
temperature is desired).
8. While stirring the fats, pour the lye solution into the melted fat/oil in a thin stream. Stir continuously to
ensure the lye mixes into the fat.
9. Continue stirring in a carefully manner to avoid splashing. The mixture should start thickening. You will
eventually see "trailing" or lines on the surface. This could take 20 minutes to an hour, usually closer to one
hour. Be careful using hand mixers as they can speed things up too much.
10. Pour this liquid soap into your large plastic container mould. Put the lid on and wrap with the towel.
11. Put the wrapped mould in a warm place and allow setting for 48 hours.
12. After 48 hours, un-wrap the mould. The soap should still be warm. If the surface is still very soft leave lid off
for a day. If soap looks abnormal refer to give us a call. When it is as firm it is ready to be removed from the
mould.
13. Remove soap from mould. To do this, first pull the plastic mould away from the soap on all sides. Then, turn
the mould over onto the needle point screen or plastic. If it doesn't fall out of the mould, push down on the
upside down mould and it should pop out. You should have a nice clean block of soap ready to be cut into
bars.
14. First, score the surface where the cuts will be made. Then, warm the knife to be used in water. Dry the knife
and cut the block into bars of soap.
15. The hand cut bars still need to cure. They will become lighter in weight and slightly smaller. Place them on
the plastic needlepoint screen for about three weeks.
16. After one to two weeks, depending on the type of basic soap.
10.4 Soap Making Equipment - What will you need?
1. Kitchen Scale
The scale need not be expensive, but you must be able to re-adjust it to zero each time it
is used. This will allow you to weigh ingredients in a container (you first weigh empty and
zero the scale - not counting the weight of the container when used). It should be large
enough to weigh five pounds.
2. Soap Pot
This must be either an enamel or stainless steel kettle. Lye can be corrosive to most other materials. Note
that soap made in deeper posts requires less stirring. Pick up an old pot at a tag sale-it will look brand new
when you are done!
3. Two plastic pitchers
These will be used for mixing and pouring the lye solution. Make sure they have pouring spouts and lids that
secure tightly. Each should hold two quarts. They should also be "dishwasher safe" to accommodate the
solution that heats up to 200 degrees.
4. Plastic Spoons (the same size as wooden spoons, but plastic ones will not break down with usage)
Reserve these spoons, and any other items used with lye, for soap use only!
5. Two Kitchen Thermometers
Use only thermometers with glass or stainless steel probes. Aluminium will be destroyed by the lye. Make
sure they have attached hooks to secure on the containers. A candy thermometer will be sufficient.
6. Safety Glasses and Rubber Gloves include picture here
Always protect your eyes and skin from any contact with the lye or lye solution!
7. Wood or Stainless Steel Ladle
You will need a ladle to transfer the soap into the mould(s).
8. Large Plastic Container with Lid

This will be a large mould to hold your liquid basic soap and should be about 12 quarts. The lid should be
secure and the shape a nice rectangle or square. This will make it easy to cut into bars for use or milling.
9. Towel
While the basic soap sets it must be kept from cooling too quickly. Wrap your container mould with a towel.
This is called "putting the soap to bed".
10. Plastic Needlepoint Screen
Once the basic soap is sliced it must cure-surrounded by air. The screen is a thin drying rack that doesn't
leave marks behind. You can get this at any store that sells craft supplies.
11. Kitchen Grater
You will need this to make milled soap which requires the cured basic soap to be grated before melting.
12. Soap Moulds
If you are going to all the trouble to make milled soaps, you should get some nice melds. Special melds are
made for soap making but those used for candy or candle-making will do just as well. You could also use tart
pans, microwave containers, or even sardine cans! Moulds made for soap work best though when trying to
remove the soap once it has set.
10.5 Weights and Measures
8 ounces = 1/2 pound = 226 grams
16 ounces = 1 pound = 454 grams
24 ounces = 1 1/2 pounds = 679 grams
32 ounces = 2 pounds = 907 grams
40 ounces = 2 1/2 pounds = 1.1 kilograms
10.6 Quality control measures
Quality control is determined by the National Bureau of Standards, which is also where you will need to apply for
your operational license. For more information please contact: UNBS website for those in Uganda and KEBS
website for those in Kenya.
The following are the general quality control considerations.
1. Keep the fatty acid content to at most 73.33%
2. Keep the content of matters insoluble in soap to around 1.3%-2.6%
3. Caustic soda/caustic potash PH around 7.5-9 %
10.7 Paroma Metal Cleaners
 Oxalic Acid 20 kg
 Sodium Bi Fluoride 20 kg
 Soap stock 20 kg
10.8 Paroma Metal Shine
 Soda Ash 10 kg
 Sodium Meta Silicate 50 kg
 Soap stock 10 kg
10.9 Paroma Liquid Metal cleaner
 Phosphoric Acid 15-25 litres
 Ethylene Glycol Môn butyl Ether 7-20 kg
 Water 20 litres
10.10Naphthalene Balls / Paroma Rapic Toilet Balls

 Naphthalene 200kg
 Camphor 20 kg
 Phenol 30 kg
 Ceresin 50 kg
 Colour/Spirit
 Dye
11 CREAMS AND LOTIONS
We all know that beauty comes from the inside and shines through in the outside! But some creams and lotions
might help 
11.1 Standard Requirements for Creams and Lotions
Creams and Lotions should meet certain Criteria. The quality of your product is important. Value for money is
what your customers will be looking for. If they have bought cream from you that is causing skin irritation once,
they will not buy from you again!
So some guidelines:
 The preparation shall be clear or of uniform colour
 The cream, lotion or gel shall be free from visible impurities.
 All ingredients used, dyes, pigments and colours shall conform to all parts of the East Africa standard for
cosmetic raw materials (KS 03-(474))
 The cream, lotions or gel shall contain acceptable amounts of the ingredients necessary to affect the
intended endues performance as stipulated on the label.
 The manufacturer shall certify that all the ingredients used, e.g. mineral oils, extracts from natural herbs,
dyes, and perfume etc. shall be in pure form and shall not be harmful or irritating to the skin, potentially
harmful substances shall not exceed acceptable limits.
 The total amounts of heavy metals shall not exceed 20 PPM
 All creams, lotions and gels for skin care shall also comply with the requirements given in the table below
when tested.
Standard Requirements for creams, lotions and gels for skin care:
NO CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENT METHOD OF TEST
1. Thermal stability To pass test 37% +1 o c for 48 hrs
2. PH range 4.5 to 8.5 10% solution (of product)
3. Total fatty substance content by mass
minimum
5 Hydrolysis with an acid (HCL)
50% and extraction with
petroleum spirit 40-60oC and
evaporation of solvent
4. Microbiological examination micro-
organism per gm. Maximum
100 Colony counts
5. Lead ,PPM max 20 AAS
6. Arsenic PPM max 2 AAS
7. Mercury PPm max 2 AAS

11.2 General Lotion Formulations
 Conditioner Base 1kg
 White Mineral Oil 2 litres
 Glycerine 2 litres
 Preservatives e.g. Formalin/borax/citric acid 1 tabs
 Colour (Oil soluble) as desired
 Perfume (Eagle, apple, Lady J, Real, Baby Bucky, Lemon, Honey & Aloe Vera)
 Hot Water 20 litres
Procedure
 Heat the conditioner base to fluid form plus all that is in solid form into one mass.
 Add the mass into the hot water and stir continuously to a white solution.
 Add the oils that are available and stir well
 Add the preservatives and stir
 Add colours if any like green, yellow, and pink & brown that are oil soluble. You will mix the colours with
the any oil like mineral oil separately before adding to the lotion.
 Add the perfume like Eagle, Lady J, Real, Baby Bucky, Lemon, Apple, Jasmine, Honey etc.
Note: Lotions are given names according to Essential oils, Perfumes and Natural Herbal Extracts added to the
above formulas
1. Essential oils
Olive oil
Castor oil
Coconut oil
Almond oil
Neem oil
Chamomile oil
Shea oil
Aloe Vera oil
Lemon grass oil
Ginger oil
2. Herbal Extracts
Aloe Vera
Other additives
Lanolin
Glycerine
Coco butter
3. Perfumes
Real
Jasmine
Eagle
Baby Bucky
Apple
Honey
Lemon
11.3 Aloe Vera Lotion
 Conditioner base 1 kg
 Aloe Vera oil 25 ml
 Castor oil 10 ml
 Olive oil 100 ml
 Mineral oil 2 litres
 Glycerine 2 litres
 Lavender oil few drops
 Colour & perfume as desired
 Citric Acid (Preservative)
 Hot water 20 litres
Procedure

Pour conditioner base into a clean pan and put on fire into fluid form. (Slow heat) Then stir as you add
aloe Vera oil and other oils. Then add colours and perfume as you contribute stirring. Then remove from
fire then cool and pack. Colours may be added after making the white lotion. Preservatives may be
added.
11.4 Aloe Vera Petroleum jelly
 Petroleum Jelly (white) 20 kg
 Lanolin ¼ kg
 Castor oil 50 ml
 Mineral oil 4 litres
 Olive oil 100 ml
 Aloe Vera oil 25 ml
 Colour & perfume as desired
Procedure
Melt the petroleum jelly on moderate heat and when it has melted then add Lanolin and all the oils as you stir.
Remove from fire then add colours and perfume. Then pack in that liquid state.
11.5 Body Cream
 Lanolin 28 g
 Beeswax or other Soft wax 212 g
 Petroleum jelly 57 g
 White mineral oil 57 ml
 Water 1 litre
Procedure
 Mix well and use Setting lotion for babies hair
 Glycerine 198 g
 Gum tragacanth 14 g
 Water 1 kg
Procedure
 Dissolve the gum in the water by heating and then add the Glycerine mixing well.
 N/B Rose perfume is quite suitable for all.
For other formulas that involve use of Cetyl, Polar wax, Stearic Acid e.t.c please come to our offices for Training

12 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE ADDITION OF
MUSHROOMS
The overall purpose of the training is to equip the youth with appropriate knowledge and skills that will enhance
their ability to produce and process mushroom produced by them into mushroom soup and porridge.
12.1 Objectives of the training
 To impart skills and knowledge to youth in adding value to mushrooms to make soups and porridge so that
they can process the mushrooms produced by youth.
 To help youth to form collective marketing groups within communities where they work which will be
managed in a sustainable manner for easy processing of the mushrooms.
 To improve mushroom production project though value addition for increased incomes amongst the
community members and youth itself.
12.2 General introduction to mushroom
Mushroom are fungi belonging in the class of basidiomycetes which have been grown in Uganda since the 1990s
on non-edible lingo cellulose waste material or agricultural wastes like cotton husks. Coffee husks, rice straws,
sawdust and many more others. Mushrooms are very different from other crops in that they require very small
space and are cultivated with a variety of agricultural and industrial wastes. They are also an excellent source of
Vitamins B, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid; therefore they can be used to supplement human dietary
requirements.
12.3 Economic and nutritional importance of mushrooms.
Nutritional
 Mushrooms contain about 85-95% of water, 3% proteins, 4% carbohydrates, 0.1% fats, 1% minerals and
vitamins (Tewari 1986).
 They can be used as a supplement to diet therefore important to human health and they also have a high
nutritive content.
 They are important source of proteins comparable to maize, milk and legumes (Quimio 1976)Mushrooms
protein is intermediate between that of animals and vegetables (Kurtzman 1976
 They are also an excellent source of vitamin B, their carbohydrate ranges between 3-38% on fresh weight
basis (Hakes 1981) and they contain appreciable amount of niacin, penetothenic acid and biotin
(Subramanian 1986).
 They also contain an appreciable amount of potassium, phosphorus, copper and iron but low levels of
calcium (Anderson 1942)
 They have immune stimulating chemicals and serum cholesterol reducing properties so they are beneficial to
HIV Suffers. (Suzuki and ohshima 1974).
Economic
 Mushroom cultivation creates employment opportunities for many since it is done purely in doors therefore
it booms women, children and landless individuals with limited land resource. (Peter oyei 1996).
 It is an immense potential both in export and domestic market thus providing income both to the farmers
and the country.

 Oyster mushroom production is labour-intensive because it involves different activities right away from
production up to processing if to be consumed in a processed way and therefore creates employment
opportunities to very many people.
 The mushrooms have a short growth cycle of only 4 weeks and can be grown throughout the year and since
their cultivation does not completely depend on rainfall therefore they can be grown any time of the year
(Zadrazil 1978).
12.4 Factors affecting mushroom production and processing in Uganda
Brainstorm session in groups of two participants, two to brain on the
following:
 Lack of enough knowledge on mushroom production and processing
 Little production due to lack of spawn or expensive spawn, poor quality
spawn.
 Having one variety in Uganda apart from local mushrooms
 Expensive packaging and processing machines
 Limited research
 Lack of guiding manuals
 Limited knowledge on value addition especially on product formulation
and development
12.5 Overview of mushroom production
Group exercise; on mushroom growing and what it takes to grow it > Practical session
12.6 Materials we shall use in the primary production of mushroom
 Spawns
 Substrate
 Plastic containers
 Strings
 Poles
 Drums
 Cotton seed cake
 Gloves
 Paroma Bleach
 Firewood
12.7 Over view of value addition
Group exercise; on meaning of value addition and what it takes to add value to a product > Practical session
12.8 Materials we shall use to develop mushroom soups and porridge
12.8.1Mushroom porridge.
 Starch
 mushroom powder
 soya flour
 rice flour
 millet flour
 oat flour

12.8.2Mushroom soup
 starch
 wheat flour
 carrots
 onions
 pumpkins
 tomatoes
 garlic
 spices like; cardamom, cinnamon, white
pepper
 sodium glutamate
12.8.3Starch making > Procedure
 Wash sweet potatoes thoroughly and peel them,
 Rewash them again to remove any dirt.
 Smash them with a knife as you put the smashed pieces in water,
 Wash the smashed pieces in water and squeeze water out of them
 Put aside the squeezed smashed potatoes and leave water alone to settle for about 45 minutes
 When water settles drain off of the water and dry the starch that remains down and pack your starch
or use it.
13 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Here are some of the most FAQ’s about this package and getting into this industry
Question: How do I know that I will be able to make these products? You see, I dropped out of school last
year and it all sounds too difficult and complicated for me.
Answer: These manuals have been especially written with the complete beginner in mind. Everything is
explained in simple terms. If you can do 6th
class mathematics and can follow step-by-step
instructions, then you will have no problem whatsoever.
Question: Do I need any prior skills in chemistry?
Answer: No, you do not need any skills, previous knowledge or experience to be able to manufacture these
products and operate this business.
Question: Can an average person make money in this business?
Answer: As I have said before, if you simply follow the instructions as laid out for you, you will have no
problem whatsoever. Anyone who will be able to commit to make the right products can make
money in this business.
Question: Where will I get the raw materials from?
Answer: The raw materials that you will need to make your products are very easy to source in the
chemical manufacturing industries that you will find in this very manual. The chemical mentioned
are as common to chemical manufacturing as flour, eggs, milk and sugar are to baking. The manual
contains information showing you where from and how to get your raw materials.
Question: What about packaging and labelling?
Answer: You will also be able to find the details on sources packaging and product labelling in this
manufacturing manual.
Question: Aren’t the formulas very expensive? And will the formulas allow for making top quality products?

Answer: Our formulas are all made from scratch. Only raw materials are used, producing top quality
products. In fact these very formulations have been bought and used by different Government
Departments and institutions.
Question: What happens if I run into a manufacturing problem and need help or advice? Can I contact you?
Answer: The author and the team of researchers are always eager for you to succeed. We are more than
willing to help you with technical assistance as well as other queries you might have.
Question: I’m convinced about this business but if too many people get into it, won’t the market become
flooded?
Answer: That is highly unlikely as these are necessary, consumable items used in every household and
industry worldwide. The market is absolutely enormous. The particular market you decide to focus
on will determine which products you will manufacture. It is highly unlikely for any two readers to
manufacture identical products to the same markets in the same region. Your product will be
entirely unique as a result of your chosen colour; fragrance and the branding you give it. This can
also be further enhanced by other specifics you decide for your product such as foaming, viscosity
or thickness.
Question: This business sounds like an answer to my prayers, a dream come true. What is the catch?
Answer: The catch is that you must be prepared to do something! Like any business, to make it work you
have to work at it. This is a serious business that demands your commitment as any other
business. Do not expect to become a millionaire overnight as this is impossible in any business;
only winning the lottery can do that for you. In this business, like in any other, you must be
prepared to invest a certain amount of effort to reap its great rewards. If you are not prepared to
do this then save your money and don’t buy start.
Question: How come you are prepared to share the Trade Secrets of the manufacturing industry? Aren’t you
scared of competition?
Answer: The market is too enormous for anyone to be worrying about competition. Man can only succeed
by helping others succeed.
Question: Is manufacturing these products safe?
Answer: As long as you take the necessary safety precautions and use normal common sense as with any
activity it is safe. This manual contains further information and safety guidelines to follow.
Question: I’m concerned about our environment, are these products biodegradable?
Answer: These products are manufactured primarily from biodegradable ingredients that conform to the
African standards.
Question: What equipment is necessary and will it cost a lot?
Answer: As explained before you don’t need to invest in expensive machinery to start-up. You can get
everything you need to start for about 6, 500, - KES ($80). As your business begins to grow, you
may wish to invest in mechanical mixers which will make mixing big quantities much easier.
Questions: I don’t want to quit my job. All I want is a bit of extra income. Is this possible?
Answer: It is certainly possible, but it all depends on the amount of customers you decide to take on. You
can only accommodate a few small clients when working in you spare time or you can take on
some larger clients and, if you don’t have the time, you can get someone to work for you on a
temporary basis whenever a bigger order comes in.
Questions: How long does it take to get started?
Answer: This depends on how much time you have available to spend on the business. You are strongly
recommended to read through all the material and fully acquaint yourself with the manufacturing
process.

14 TABLE OF AVAILABLE BOOKS PAROMA ENTERPRISES LIMITED.
Walking in the Pipeline of
Success
MINDSET CHECK
1. P.O.OR
2. R.I.C.H
3. Y.E.S
4. N.OW
5. F.E.A.R
6. Fear blocks success
7. Connecting dreams to
action
8. Achievement,
confidence, courage &
persistence
9. Change, choice,
priorities, timing,
flexibility &
determination
10. Stability like that of
the bald Eagle
11. Enthusiasm, optimism,
ambition, faith and
hope
12. Innovation,
practicability &
Entrepreneurship,
Success, Value,
Prosperity & power
Laundry, Kitchen and
Household soaps
Handbook
1. FAQ
2. Safety precautions
3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and
business registration
4. Toilet disinfectants
5. Bleach
6. Hand Wash
7. Window/Glass
Cleaners
8. Dish washing soaps
9. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics
supplier companies
10.Packaging and labelling
Powder Soap Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. General powder soap
formulas
5. Scouring powder
6. Vim soap powder
7. Metal polishing soap
powder
8. List of Chemical,
tools, Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
9. Packaging and
labelling
Lotions and Cream
Making
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Body and hand lotions
5. Baby lotions
6. Cold lotions
7. Cleansing lotions
8. Body creams
Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
10. Packaging and
labelling
Shoe polish Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Shoe cream
5. Shoe polish
6. She dyes
7. General dyes
8. Leather dyes
Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
10. Packaging and
labelling
Special detergent
cleaners Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Carpet shampoo
5. Degreasers
6. Car shampoo
7. Terrazzo detergents
8. Naphthalene Balls
supplier companies
Paints making Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Water Paint
5. Oil Paint
6. Lacquers
7. Enamel
plastics supplier
companies
9. Packaging and
labelling
Ink Technology
Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Printing ink
5. Ball point ink
6. Fountain ink
Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
8. Packaging and
labelling

Modern Cosmetics
Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Glycerine
5. Castor oil
6. Olive Oil
7. White mineral oil
8. Petroleum jelly
Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
10. Packaging and
labelling
Tomato sauce Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Tomato sauce
5. Tomato ketchup
6. Chilli Sauce
supplier companies
8. Packaging and labelling
Sweets and Yoghurt
Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Sweets
5. Yoghurt
6. Ice cream
plastics supplier
companies
8. Packaging and
labelling
Hair Care Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Hair Shampoo
5. Hair Conditioner
6. Hair food
7. Hair treatment
Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
9. Packaging and
labelling
Special Hair products
Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Hair Relaxer
5. Hair Brilliantine
6. Hair lotions
7. Hair Anti-dandruff oils
8. Hair Dyes
9. Permanent waving
creams
10. Setting lotions
Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
12. Packaging and
labelling
Skin Cleansers and
Treatment Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Facial scrubbers
5. Facial toners
6. Body cleansers
7. Anti-wrinkle oils and
creams
8. Massage oils
9. Muscle relaxers
10.List of Chemical, tools,
supplier companies
Candle Making Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. Ice candles
5. Shell candles
6. Water candles
7. Tin foil candles
8. Angled candles
9. Jam jar candles
10. Chunky candles
11. Scented candles
12. Floating candles
13. Tapered candles
14. Cinnamon candles
15. Single colour candles
16. Egg shaped candles
17. Multi-collared
candles
18. Rolled beeswax
candles
19. Orange scented
candles
20. Mosquito
Chalk Making Handbook
1. FAQ
UNBS, URA and
4. School Chalk
5. Collared Chalk
6. Dustless Chalk
Equipment and
plastics supplier
companies
8. Packaging and
labelling

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