Unicorn chemicals catalog

UNICORN CHEMICALS COMPANYUNICORN CHEMICALS COMPANY
Vivekananda AEast Udayrajpur,
Beside Star Builders,
Kolkata - 700129,West Bedngal,India.
PHONE
+91-8420136936 / +91-8981728629
CONTACT

Vivekananda Nagar, East Udayrajpur,
Beside Star Builders, Kolkata - 700129,
West Bengal, India.
Phone: +91-8420136936/+91-8981728629
About Unicorn
Unicorn Chemicals Co. is a leading name in manufacturing
and trading an extensive range of chemicals which find wide application
in different industrial sectors.
What is Unicorn
Our Products
Our products are all manufactured using the most authentic and top
quality ingredients which are formulated in their correct ratio to bring
out the most desired results.
Our Establishment
Unicorn chemicals co. was Established in the year 2010, we are
specialized in the production of various high-professional and
efficient iso 9001: 2008 desiccants and anti-mold sticker.
Contact Details
Unicorn Chemicals Company

Aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound with the
formula Al2(SO4)3. It is soluble in water and is mainly
used as a flocculating agent in the purification of drinking
water[3][4] and waste water treatment plants, and also in
paper manufacturing.
ALUMINUM SULPHATE
Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound
with formula Ca(ClO)2. As a mixture with lime and
calcium chloride, it is marketed as chlorine powder
or bleach powder for water treatment and as
a bleaching agent.
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE

Caustic soda is also known as lye or sodium
hydroxide. Lye manufactured by Aditya Birla
Chemicals is widely used in alumina refineries
and in the manufacture of soaps and detergents,
viscose fibre production and zeolite.
CAUSTIC SODA, LYE

Anti-Mold Sticker
Anti-mold Sticker is derived from natural plants
essential oil; it is different from the conventional
chemically refined compounds of mold inhibitor.
Hence, it is natural, non-toxic and environmental
friendly.
This product is applied to food grade, save
And green initiative, heavy metal free, DMF free.
Can be applied on the Package of Shoes,
Handbag, Food, Medicinal, Materials, Leather,
Textile etc.
Our Anti Mold Stickers are
New BiotechnicalIn accordance
to the rule of ROHS and REACHDMF
Free MSDS Test Report Environmental
Pollution Protection

Aluminum Sulphate
Aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula
Al2(SO4)3. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a
flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water[3][4] and
wastewatertreatmentplants,andalsoinpapermanufacturing.
Aluminium sulfate is sometimes referred to as a type of alum.
Alums are double sulfate salts, with the formula
AM(SO4)2·12H2O, where A is a monovalent caption such as
potassium or ammonium and M is a trivalent metal ion such as
aluminium.[5] The anhydrous form occurs naturally as a rare
mineral millosevichite, found e.g. in volcanic environments and on
burning coal-mining waste dumps. Aluminium sulfate is rarely, if
ever, encountered as the anhydrous salt. It forms a number of
different hydrates, of which the hexadecahydrate
Al2(SO4)3•16H2O and octadecahydrate Al2(SO4)3•18H2O are
the most common. The heptadecahydrate, whose formula can be
written as [Al(H2O)6]2(SO4)3•5H2O, occurs naturally as the
mineralalunogen.
Aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound
with the formula Al䔖SO䔬䔡 It is soluble in
water and is mainly used as a flocculating agent
in the purification of drinking water and waste
water treatment plants, and also in paper
manufacturing.
Formula:Al2(SO4)3
Molarmass:342.15g/mol
IUPAC ID:Aluminiumsulfate
Meltingpoint:770°C
Density:2.67g/cm³
Solublein:Water
Classification:Alumcompounds

with formula Ca(ClO)2. As a mixture with lime and
calcium chloride, it is marketed as chlorine powder
or bleach powder for water treatment and as a
bleaching agent. This compound is relatively stable
and has greater available chlorine than sodium
hypochlorite (liquid bleach). It is a white solid,
although commercial samples appear yellow.
It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow
decomposition in moist air. It is not highly soluble
in water and is more preferably used in soft to medium-hard
water. It has two forms: dry and hydrated.
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
with formula Ca(ClO)䔖 As a mixture with lime
and calcium chloride, it is marketed as chlorine
powder or bleach powder for water treatment
and as a bleaching agent.
Formula: Ca(ClO)2
IUPAC ID: Calcium hypochlorite
Molar mass: 142.98 g/mol
Density: 2.35 g/cm³
Melting point: 100 °C
Boiling point: 175 °C
Soluble in: Water

Caustic soda is also known as lye or sodium hydroxide. Lye
manufactured byAditya Birla Chemicals is widely used in alumina
refineries and in the manufacture of soaps and detergents, viscose
fibreproductionandzeolite.
It is also a raw material for a large number of chemicals used in the
paper, textiles, dyes, refinery and other industries. Considered to
be the most common base in chemical laboratories, caustic soda
alsofindsuseintheproductionof foodadditives.
Caustic soda, Lye
Product specifications:
NaOHFormula
Synonyms Caustic soda lye, sodium hydroxide
Specifications
Specific gravity at 30°C: Min. 1.514
Purity: Min. 47% w/w
Sodium chloride: Max. 0.03% wt
Sodium carbonate: Max. 0.20% wt
Iron: Max. 0.001% wt
Applications
Alumina refineries
Pulp and paper
Soaps and detergents
Viscose fibre
Textile processing
Organic chemicals such as dyes, etc.
Inorganic chemicals such as sulphites,
phosphites, etc

Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a
highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular
formula H SO and molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a2 4
pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid that
is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sometimes, it is dyed
dark brown during production to alert people to its hazards. The
historicalnameofthisacidis oilofvitriol.
Sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid and shows different properties
depending upon its concentration. Its corrosiveness on other
materials, like metals, living tissues or even stones, can be mainly
ascribed to its strong acidic nature and, if concentrated, strong
dehydratingand oxidizing properties. Sulfuric acid at a
high concentration can cause very serious damage upon contact,
since not only does it cause chemical burns via hydrolysis, but
also secondary thermal burns through dehydration. It can lead
to permanent blindnessif splashed onto eyes and irreversible
damage if swallowed. Accordingly, safety precautions should be
strictly observed when handling it. Moreover, it is hygroscopic,
readilyabsorbingwatervapourfromtheair.

Sulfuric acid has a wide range of applications including in domestic
acidic drain cleaners, as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteriesand in
various cleaning agents. It is also a central substance in
the chemical industry. Principal uses include mineral processing,
fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing,
and chemical synthesis. It is widely produced with different
methods, such as contact process, wet sulfuric acid process, lead
chamberprocessandsomeothermethods.
Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid
with the molecular formula H䔖SO䔬 and molecular
weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless
to slightly yellow viscous liquid that is soluble in water
at all concentrations.
Formula : H SO2 4
Molar mass : 98.079 g/mol
Density : 1.84 g/cm³
IUPAC ID : Sulfuric acid
Boiling point : 337 °C
Melting point : 10 °C
Classification : Sulfuric acids

Hydrochloric acid
H y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d i s a c l e a r, c o l o r l e s s ,
highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) in water.
It is a highly corrosive, strong mineralacid with many industrial
uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid.When
itreactswithanorganicbaseitformsahydrochloridesalt.
It was historically called acidum salis, muriatic acid,
and spirits of salt because it was produced from rock
salt and green vitriol(by Basilius Valentinus in the 15th
century) and later from the chemically similar common
salt and sulfuric acid (by Johann Rudolph Glauber in the 17th
century). Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in
the 16th century by Libavius . Later, it was used by chemists
such as Glauber , Priestley, and Davy in their scientific
research.
With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution,
hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical
reagent in the large-scale production of vinyl
chloride for PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for polyurethane. It has
numerous smaller-scale applications, including
household cleaning, production of gelatin and other food
additives, descaling, and leather processing. About 20
million tonnes of hydrochloric acid are produced worldwide
annually.
General Information
Systematic name Hydrochloric acid
Other names Muriatic acid, Spirit of salt
Molecular Formula Hcl in water (H O)2
Molar Mass 36.46 g/mol (HCl)
Appearance Clear colorless to
light-yellow liquid
CAS number [7647-01-0]

PROPERTIES
Density, phase
1.18 g/cm³,
37% solution.
Solubility in water Fully miscible.
−26 °C (247 K)
38% solution.
110 °C (383 K),
20.2% solution;
48 °C (321 K),
38% solution.
Boiling point
Acid dissociation
constant pKa
Melting point
−8.0
Viscosity
1.9 mPa·s at 25 °C,
31.5% solution
H CI

Ferric chloride
Iron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale
commodity chemical compound, with the formula FeCl and with iron in3
the +3 oxidation state. The colour of iron(III) chloride crystals depends on
the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but
by transmitted light they appear purple-red. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride
is deliquescent, forming hydratedhydrogen chloride mists in moist air. It is
rarely observed in its natural form, mineral molysite, known mainly from
somefumaroles.
When dissolved in water, iron(III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis and gives
off heat in an exothermic reaction. The resulting brown, acidic,
and corrosive solution is used as a flocculant in sewage
treatment and drinking water production, and as an etchant for copper-
based metals in printed circuit boards. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is a
fairlystrongLewisacid,anditisusedasacatalystinorganicsynthesis.
Iron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride,
is an industrial scale commodity chemical
compound, with the formula FeCl䔡nd with
iron in the +3 oxidation state.
Formula : FeCl3
Molar mass : 162.2 g/mol
Density : 2.9 g/cm³
Boiling point : 315 °C
Melting point : 306 °C
Soluble in : Water
IUPAC ID : Iron trichloride, Iron(III) chloride
CI
CI CI
Fe
6H O2

Citric acid, monohydrate
Citric Acid Monohydrate is an acidic compound from citrus fruits; as a
starting point in the Krebs cycle, citrate is a key intermediate in
metabolism. Citric acid is one of a series of compounds responsible for the
physiological oxidation of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins to carbon
dioxide and water. It has been used to prepare citrate buffer for antigen
retrieval of tissue samples.The citrate solution is designed to break protein
cross-links, thus unmasking antigens and epitopes in formalin-fixed and
paraffin embedded tissue sections, and resulting in enhanced staining
intensity of antibodies. Citrate has anticoagulant activity; as a calcium
chelator, it forms complexes that disrupt the tendency of blood to clot.
May be used to adjust pH and as a sequestering agent for the removal of
tracemetals
Information
Physical State
Solubility
Storage
Melting Point
Density
Refractive Index
pK Values
Solid
Soluble in water (59.2 g/100 ml) at 20° C,
ethanol, ether, and water (84.0 g/100 ml)
at 100° C.
Desiccate at room temperature
153° C(anhydrous)
3
1.54 g/cm
20
n 1.36 (lit.)D
pK : pK : 3.13, pK : 4.76, pK :a 1 2 3
6.4

Citric Acid Monohydrate
Synonym:
CAS Number:
Purity:
Molecular Weight:
Molecular Formula:
propanetricarboxylic
acid monohydrate
5949-29-1
≥98%
210.14
C H O •H O6 8 7 2

Formic acid
Formic acid(HCO H), also called methanoic acid, the2
s i m p l e s t o f t h e c a r b o x y l i c a c i d s , u s e d i n
processing textiles and leather. Formic acid was first isolated
from certain ants and was named after the Latinformica,
meaning “ant.” It is made by the action of sulfuric acid upon
sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and
sodiumhydroxide.
CO
Carbon
monoxide
Sodium
Hydroxide
NaOH+
H O2
HCOONa
Sodium
Formate
H SO2 4
HCOOH
Formic
acid
Formic acid is also prepared in the form of its esters by treatment
of carbon monoxide with an alcohol such as methanol (methyl
alcohol)inthepresenceof acatalyst.
Formic acid is not a typical carboxylic acid; it is distinguished by
its acid strength, its failure to form an anhydride, and its reactivity
as a reducing agent—a property due to the −CHO group, which
imparts some of the character of an aldehyde . The methyl and
ethyl esters of formic acid are commercially produced.
Concentrated sulfuric acid dehydrates formic acid to carbon
monoxide.
Pure formic acid is a colourless, fuming liquid with a pungent
colour; it irritates the mucous membranes and blisters the skin. It
freezesat8.4°C(47.1°F)andboilsat100.7°C(213.3°F).

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid.
The chemical formula is HCOOH or HCO䔖.
It is an important intermediate in chemical
synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in
some ants.
Formula: CH O2 2
IUPAC ID: Formic acid
Boiling point: 100.8 °C
Melting point: 8.4 °C
O
C
H OH

Hydrazine/- hydrate
Hydrazine hydrate is widely used as a reducing agent or an
intermediate of synthesis in various industrial sectors like water
treatment (effluents, industrial boilers), chemical treatment
process (metals, mine extraction) or active ingredients synthesis
(pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals).Hydrazine hydrate is
marketed as a water-based solution at different hydrazine
concentration.
Property
mp −51.7 °C(lit.)
bp
Density
Vapor
Density
120.1 °C(lit.)
1.03 g/mL at 20 °C
>1 (vs air)
Vapor
Pressure 5 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
Refractive
Index
n20/D 1.428(lit.)
Fp 204 °F
Storage
Temp
0-6°C
Merck 14,4771

Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula
N 2H 4. It is a colorless flammable liquid with an ammonia-
like odor. Hydrazine is highly toxic and dangerously unstable
unless handled in solution.
Formula: N H2 4
Boiling point: 114 °C
Melting point: 2 °C
H
N N
H
H
H
Sodium sulfide, -hydrogen sulfide
Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with
the formula Na S, or more commonly its hydrate Na S·9H O.2 2 2
Both are colorless water-soluble salts that give
strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, Na S2
and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten
eggs. Some commercial samples are specified as Na S·xH O,2 2
where a weight percentage of Na S is specified. Commonly2
available grades have around 60% Na S by weight, which2
means that x is around 3. Such technical grades of sodium
sulfide have a yellow appearance owing to the presence
of polysulfides.These grades of sodium sulfide are marketed as
'sodium sulfide flakes'. Although the solid is yellow, solutions
ofitarecolorless.
Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with
the formula H 2S. It is a colorless gas with the characteristic
foul odor of rotteneggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous,
corrosive,flammable,andexplosive.

Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula Na䔖,
or more commonly its hydrate Na䔖·9H䔖. Both are colorless
water-solublesaltsthatgivestronglyalkalinesolutions.
Formula:Na S2
Molarmass: 78.0452g/mol
Meltingpoint: 1,176°C
Density: 1.86g/cm³
Na
S
Na
Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula H
2S. It is a colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten
eggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous, corrosive,
flammable, and explosive.
Formula: H S2
Bo
iling point: -60 °C
Density: 1.36 kg/m³
Melting point: -82 °C
Soluble in: Water
Classification: Sulfide, Sulfur compounds
S
H H

Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H O .2 2
In its pure form, it is a colourless liquid, slightly more viscous
than water; however, for safety reasons it is normally used as
an aqueous solution. Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a
compound with an oxygen–oxygen single bond) and finds use as a
strong oxidizer, bleaching agent and disinfectant. Concentrated
hydrogen peroxide, or "high-test peroxide", is a reactive oxygen
speciesandhasbeenusedasapropellantinrocketry.
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being "water but with one
more oxygen atom", a description that can give the incorrect
impression of significant chemical similarity between the two
compounds. While they have a similar melting point and appearance,
pure hydrogen peroxide will explode if heated to boiling, will cause
serious contact burns to the skin and can set materials alight on
contact. For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3–6% in the U.S. and somewhat
higher in Europe). Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its
unstableperoxidebond.

Properties
H O2 2Chemical formula
Molar mass
Appearance
34.0147 g/mol
Very light blue color; colorless
in solution
Odor Slightly Sharp
Density
3
1.11 g/cm (20 °C, 30% (w/w)
solution )
Melting point −0.43 °C (31.23 °F; 272.72 K)
Boiling point 150.2 °C (302.4 °F; 423.3 K)
(decomposes)
Solubility in water
Solubility
Vapor Pressure
Acidity (pK )a
Refractive index(n )D
Miscible
Soluble in Ether, Alcohol, I
Nsoluble in Petroleum Ether
[
5 mmHg (30 °C)
11.75
1.4061
Viscosity
Dipole moment 2.26 D
1.245 c P (20 °C)
Uses
Hydrogen peroxide is a mild antiseptic used on the skin to prevent
infection of minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. It may also be used as
a mouth rinse to help remove mucus or to relieve
minor mouth irritation (e.g., due to canker/cold sores, gingivitis).This
product works by releasing oxygen when it is applied to the affected
area. The release of oxygen causes foaming, which helps to remove
deadskinandcleanthearea.
This product should not be used to treat deep wounds, animal bites, or
seriousburns.

Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H
2O 2. In its pure form, it is a colourless liquid, slightly more
viscous than water; however, for safety reasons it is normally used
as an aqueous solution.
Formula: H O2 2
IUPACID: hydrogen peroxide
Boiling point: 150.2 °C
Melting point: -0.43 °C HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
H
O H
O

Silica gel is a granular, vitreous, porous form of silicon
dioxide made synthetically from sodium silicate. Silica gel
contains a nano-porous silica micro-structure, suspended inside of
a liquid. Most applications of silica gel require it to be dried, in
which case it is called silica xerogel. For practical purposes, silica
gel is often interchangeable with silica xerogel. Silica xerogel is
tough and hard; it is more solid than common
household gels like gelatin or agar. It is a naturally occurring
mineral that is purified and processed into either granular or
beaded form. As a desiccant, it has an average pore size of 2.4
nanometersandhasastrongaffinityfor watermolecules.
Silica gel is most commonly encountered in everyday life as beads
in a small (typically 2 x 3 cm) paper packet. In this form, it is used
as a desiccant to control local humidity to avoid spoilage or
degradation of some goods. Because silica gel can have added
chemical indicators (see below) and absorbs moisture very well,
silica gel packets usually bear warnings for the user not to eat the
contents.
Silica gel
Properties
Chemical formula SiO2
Molar Mass
Appearance
Odor
60.08 g/mol
Transparent beads
Odorless

Activated alumina is
manufactured from
aluminium hydroxide
by dehydroxylating it
in a way that produces
a h i g h l y p o r o u s
material; this material
can have a surface area significantly over 200 m²/g.
The compound is used as a desiccant (to keep things
dry by absorbing water from the air) and as
a filter of fluoride, arsenic and selenium in drinking
water. It is made ofaluminium oxide (alumina; Al O ),2 3
the same chemical substance as sapphire and ruby (but
without the impurities
that give those gems
their color). It has a
very high surface-
area-to-weight ratio,
due to the many
"tunnel like" pores that
ithas.
Activated Alumina Balls

· Catalyst applications: Activated alumina is used for a wide
range of adsorbent and catalyst applications including the
adsorption of catalysts in polyethylene production,
in hydrogen peroxideproduction, as a selective adsorbent for
many chemicals including arsenic, fluoride,
insulphurremovalfromgas streams(ClausCatalystprocess).
· Desiccant: Used as a desiccant, it works by a process
called adsorption. The water in the air actually sticks to the
alumina itself in between the tiny passages as the air passes
through them.The water molecules become trapped so that the
air is dried out as it passes through the filter. This process is
reversible. If the alumina desiccant is heated to ~200°C, it will
release the trapped water. This process is
calledregeneratingthedesiccant.
· Fluoride adsorbent:Activated alumina is also widely used to
remove fluoride from drinking water. In the US, there are
widespread programs to fluoridate drinking water. However,
in certain regions, such as the Rajasthan region of India, there
is enough fluoride in the water to cause fluorosis.Astudy from
the Harvard school of Public Health found exposure to
fluorideasachildcorrelatedwithlowerIQ.
· Vacuum systems: In high vacuum applications, activated
alumina is used as a charge material in fore-line traps to
prevent oil generated by rotary vane pumps from back
streamingintothesystem.
· Biomaterial: Its mechanical properties and non-reactivity in
the biological environment allow it to be a suitable material
used to cover surfaces in friction in body prostheses (e.g. hip
orshoulderprostheses).
Uses

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form
of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that
increase thesurface area available for adsorption or chemical
reactions.Activatedissometimessubstitutedwithactive.
Due to its high degree of microporosity, just one gram of
activated carbon has a surface area in excess of
2
1,300 m (14,000 sq ft), as determined by gas adsorption. An
activation level sufficient for useful application may be attained
solely from high surface area; however, further chemical
treatmentoftenenhancesadsorptionproperties.
Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is
sometimes utilized as biochar. Those derived
from coal and coke are referred as activated coal and activated
cokerespectively.
Properties
James Dewar, the scientist after whom the Dewar (vacuum flask) is
named, spent much time studying activated carbon and published a
[
paper regarding its adsorption capacity with regard to gases. In this
paper, he discovered that cooling the carbon to liquid nitrogen
temperatures allowed it to adsorb significant quantities of numerous air
gases, among others, that could then be recollected by simply allowing
the carbon to warm again and that coconut based carbon was superior for
the effect. He uses oxygen as an example, wherein the activated carbon
would typically adsorb the atmospheric concentration (21%) under
standard conditions, but release over 80% oxygen if the carbon was first
cooledtolowtemperatures.
Physically, activated carbon binds materials by van der Waals
forceorLondondispersionforce.
Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals,
including alcohols, diols, strong acids and bases, metals and
most inorganics, such as lithium, sodium, iron, lead,arsenic, fluorine,
andboricacid.
Activated carbon adsorbs iodine very well. The iodine capacity, mg/g,
(ASTM D28 Standard Method test) may be used as an indication of total
surfacearea.

Carbon monoxide is not well adsorbed by activated
carbon. This should be of particular concern to those
using the material in filters for respirators, fume hoods
orothergas control systems as the gas is undetectable to
thehuman senses, toxictometabolismand neurotoxic.
Substantial lists of the common industrial and
agricultural gases adsorbed by activated carbon can be
found online.
Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the
application of various chemicals to improve the
adsorptive capacity for some inorganic (and
problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen
sulfide (H S), ammonia (NH ), formaldehyde2 3
(HCOH), mercury (Hg) and radioactive iodine-
131.This propertyisknownas chemisorption.

A molecular sieve is a material with pores (very small holes) of
uniform size. These pore diameters are of the dimensions of small
molecules, thus large molecules cannot be absorbed, while smaller
molecules can. Many molecular sieves are used as desiccants. Some
examplesincludeactivatedcharcoalandsilicagel.
The diameter of a molecular sieve is measured in ångströms (Å)
or nanometres (nm). According to IUPAC notation, microporous
materials have pore diameters of less than 2 nm (20 Å)
and macroporous materials have pore diameters of greater than
50 nm (500 Å); the mesoporouscategory thus lies in the middle with
porediametersbetween2and50nm(20–500Å).
Molecular Sieves
M o l e c u l a r s i e v e s a r e u s e d
as adsorbent for gases and liquids. Molecules small enough to pass
through the pores are adsorbed while larger molecules are not. It is
different from a common filter in that it operates on a molecular level
and traps the adsorbed substance. For instance, a water molecule may
be small enough to pass through the pores while larger molecules are
not, so water is forced into the pores which act as a trap for the
penetrating water molecules, which are retained within the pores.
Because of this, they often function as a desiccant. A molecular sieve
[7]
can adsorb water up to 22% of its own weight. The principle of
adsorption to molecular sieve particles is somewhat similar to that
ofsize exclusion chromatography, except that without a changing
solution composition, the adsorbed product remains trapped because,
in the absence of other molecules able to penetrate the pore and fill the
space,avacuumwould becreatedby desorption
Properties

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is
the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2.
When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment
White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced
from ilmenite,rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications,
from paint to sunscreen to food colouring. When used as a food
colouring,ithasEnumberE171.
Titanium Dioxide

Properties
Chemical formula TiO2
Molar mass 79.866 g/mol
Appearance
Odor
Density
White solid
Odorless
3
4.23 g/cm (Rutile)
3
3.78 g/cm (Anatase)
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility in water
Band gap
Refractive index(n )D
1,843 °C (3,349 °F;
2,116 K)
2,972 °C (5,382 °F;
3,245 K)
Insoluble
3.05 eV (rutile)
2.488 (anatase)
2.583 (brookite)
2.609 (rutile)
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the
naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2.
When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment
White 6, or CI 77891.
Formula: TiO2
Melting point: 1,843 °C
Boiling point: 2,972 °C
IUPAC ID: Titanium dioxide, Titanium(IV) oxide
HO Ti OH

Industrial Grade Salt
*(Low Sulphate )
Nacl
Ca
Mg
So4
Insoluble
Moisture
99.6 %
0.04 %
0.03 %
0.15 %
0.10 %
3.00 %

Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing,
and then destroying any pest.T hey are a class of biocide.
The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection
products (also known as crop protection products), which in
general protect plants from damaging influences such
as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so
common that the term pesticide is often treated as
synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in
fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-
agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the
following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth
r e g u l a t o r , n e m a t i c i d e ,
termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide,avicide, rodenticide,
predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal
repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobi
al),andsanitizer.
In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such
as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that
deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests.
Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens,
weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals,fish, nematodes (roundw
orms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance,
or spread disease, or are disease vectors.Although pesticides
have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential
toxicity to humans and other species. According to
the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,
9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic
chemicalsareorganochlorinepesticides.
Pesticides

Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to
be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that
can transmit potentially deadly diseases likeWest Nile
virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also
kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions.
Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be
caused by parasites such as fleas.Pesticides can prevent
sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or
diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside
weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that
may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly
applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as
water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming
and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant.
Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage
structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores
and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that
infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some
associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated
risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory
agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency
(PMRA) ofCanada.
DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that
has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy
statements by the World Health Organization have given
stronger support to this approach. However, DDT and other
organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries
worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and
human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance
to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955, and by 1972
nineteenspeciesofmosquitoworldwidewereresistanttoDDT.
Uses

Herbicides
Algicidesor Algaecides
Avicides
Bactericides
Fungicides
Insecticides
Miticides or Acaricides
Molluscicides
Nematicides
VirusesVirucides
Rodents
Nematodes
Snails
Mites
Insects
Fungi and Oomycetes
Bacteria
Birds
Algae
Plant
Rodenticides
Type of pesticide Target pest group

Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or
phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical
formula H3PO4. Orthophosphoric acid refers to phosphoric acid,
which is the IUPAC name for this compound. The prefix ortho is used
to distinguish the acid from related phosphoric acids, called
polyphosphoric acids. Orthophosphoric acid is a non-toxic acid,
which, when pure, is a solid at room temperature and pressure. The
conjugatebaseofphosphoricacidisthedihydrogenphosphateion,H
2PO−
4,whichinturnhasaconjugatebaseof hydrogenphosphate,HPO2−
4,whichhasaconjugatebaseofphosphate,Po3−
4.Phosphatesarenutritiousforallformsoflife.
In addition to being a chemical reagent, phosphoric acid has a wide
variety of uses, including as a rust inhibitor, food additive, dental and
orthop(a)edic etchant, electrolyte, flux, dispersing agent, industrial
etchant, fertilizer feedstock, and component of home cleaning
products. Phosphoric acids and phosphates are also important in
biology.
The most common source of phosphoric acid is an 85% aqueous
solution; such solutions are colourless, odourless, and non-volatile.
The 85% solution is a syrupy liquid, but still pourable. Although
phosphoric acid does not meet the strict definition of a strong acid, the
85% solution is acidic enough to be corrosive. Because of the high
percentage of phosphoric acid in this reagent, at least some of the
orthophosphoric acid is condensed into polyphosphoric acids. For the
sake of labeling and simplicity, the 85% represents H3PO4 as if it were
all orthophosphoric acid. Dilute aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid
existintheortho-form.

Orthophosphoric acid molecules can combine with themselves to form a
variety of compounds which are also referred to as phosphoric acids, but in a
moregeneralway.
Anhydrous phosphoric acid, a white low melting solid, is obtained by
dehydrationof85%phosphoricacidbyheatingunderavacuum.[6]
Orthophosphoric acid ionizes upon dissolving in water, mainly to give
H2PO4- andprotons:
H3PO4(s) +H2O(l) ⇌H3O+(aq) +H2PO4−(aq) Ka1=7.5×10−3
H2PO4−(aq) +H2O(l) ⇌H3O+(aq) +HPO42−(aq) Ka2=6.2×10−8
HPO42−(aq) +H2O(l) ⇌H3O+(aq) + PO43−(aq) Ka3=2.2×10−13
The anion after the first dissociation, H2PO4−, is the dihydrogen phosphate
anion. The anion after the second dissociation, HPO42−, is the hydrogen
phosphate anion. The anion after the third dissociation, PO43−, is the
phosphate or orthophosphate anion. For each of the dissociation reactions
shown above, there is a separate acid dissociation constant, called Ka1, Ka2,
and Ka3 given at 25 °C.Associated with these three dissociation constants are
corresponding pKa1=2.12, pKa2=7.21, and pKa3=12.67 values at 25 °C.[7]
Even though all three hydrogen (H) atoms are equivalent on an
orthophosphoric acid molecule, the successive Ka values differ since it is
energetically less favorable to lose another H+ if one (or more) has already
beenlostandthemolecule/ionismorenegativelycharged.
Because the triprotic dissociation of orthophosphoric acid, the fact that its
conjugate bases (the phosphates mentioned above) cover a wide pH range, and,
because phosphoric acid/phosphate solutions are, in general, non-toxic,
mixtures of these types of phosphates are often used as buffering agents or to
make buffer solutions, where the desired pH depends on the proportions of the
phosphates in the mixtures. Similarly, the non-toxic, anion salts of triprotic
organic citric acid are also often used to make buffers. Phosphates are found
pervasively in biology, especially in the compounds derived from
phosphorylated sugars, such as DNA, RNA, and adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).Thereisaseparatearticleonphosphateasananionoritssalts.

Upon heating orthophosphoric acid, condensation of the phosphoric units can
be induced by driving off the water formed from condensation. When one
molecule of water has been removed for each two molecules of phosphoric
acid, the result is pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7). When an average of one
molecule of water per phosphoric unit has been driven off, the resulting
substance is a glassy solid having an empirical formula of HPO3 and is called
metaphosphoric acid.[8] Metaphosphoric acid is a singly anhydrous version of
orthophosphoic acid and is sometimes used as a water- or moisture-absorbing
reagent. Further dehydrating is very difficult, and can be accomplished only by
means of an extremely strong desiccant (and not by heating alone). It produces
phosphoric anhydride (phosphorus pentoxide), which has an empirical
formula P2O5, although an actual molecule has a chemical formula of P4O10.
Phosphoric anhydride is a solid, which is very strongly moisture-absorbing
andisusedasadesiccant.
Inthepresenceofsuperacids(acidsstrongerthanH
2SO
4),H
3PO
4 reacts to form poorly characterized products, perhaps corrosive, acidic salts
of the hypothetical[9] tetrahydroxylphosphonium ion, which is isoelectronic
withorthosilicicacid.ThesuspectedreactionwithHSbF
6,forexample,issupposed togo:
H3PO4 +{HSbF6} →[P(OH)4+] [SbF6]−
Aqueous solution[edit]
For a given total acid concentration [A] = [H3PO4] + [H2PO4−] + [HPO42−]
+ [PO43−] ([A] is the total number of moles of pure H3PO4 which have been
used to prepare 1 liter of solution), the composition of an aqueous solution of
phosphoric acid can be calculated using the equilibrium equations associated
with the three reactions described above together with the [H+] [OH−] =
10−14 relation and the electrical neutrality equation. Possible concentrations
of polyphosphoric molecules and ions is neglected. The system may be
reduced to a fifth degree equation for [H+] which can be solved numerically,
yielding:

Caustic soda is also known as lye or sodium hydroxide. Lye
manufactured by Aditya Birla Chemicals is widely used in alumina
refineries and in the manufacture of soaps and detergents, viscose
fibre production and zeolite.
It is also a raw material for a large number of chemicals used in the
paper, textiles, dyes, refinery and other industries. Considered to be
the most common base in chemical laboratories, caustic soda also
finds use in the production of food additives.
Product specifications:
Formula NaOH
Synonyms Caustic soda lye, sodium hydroxide
Specifications Specific gravity at 30°C: Min. 1.514
Purity: Min. 47% w/w
Sodium chloride: Max. 0.03% wt
Sodium carbonate: Max. 0.20% wt
Iron: Max. 0.001% wt
Applications
Alumina refineries
Pulp and paper
Soaps and detergents
Viscose fibre
Textile processing
Organic chemicals such as dyes, etc.
Inorganic chemicals such as sulphites,
phosphites, etc.
Packaging / transportation Road tankers / rail wagons
View Material Safety Data Sheet
Caustic soda lye

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