This document discusses unethical academic practices, specifically plagiarism. It defines plagiarism as using someone else's ideas, results, or words without giving them proper credit. Plagiarism can take many forms, such as directly copying text, changing words but copying sentence structure, or using images without permission. Consequences of plagiarism include article rejection or retraction. Retraction involves formally removing a published paper from a journal if it is found to contain plagiarism or fabricated/falsified data. The Committee on Publication Ethics works to educate publishers and editors on ethical practices in academic publishing.

1. UNETHICAL ACADEMIC
PRACTICES
PLAGIARISM

2. PLAGIARISM:
Plagiarism is a well-known and growing issue in the academic world.
It is estimated to make up a substantial part of the total number of serious
deviations from good research practice.
For some journals it is indeed a serious problem, with up to a third of the
published papers containing plagiarism.
tECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT of softwares help deal with plagiarism

3. PLAGIARISM
someone using someone else’s intellectual product (such as texts,
ideas, or results), thereby implying that it is their own” and argue
that This is an adequate and fruitful definition

4. ….
● Newsletter from the US Office of Research Integrity, it looks deceptively simple: “It
involves stealing someone else’s work and lying about it afterward.” (Sox, 2012)
● Others prefer to speak of “copying” part of someone else’s published work and using it
without showing that it is borrowed from someone else.
● In the Longman Contemporary English Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the act of
plagiarism is defined as “when someone uses another person’s words, ideas, or work
and pretends they are their own”.
● In the scholarly definitions, the more technical notions of “appropriation” and “credit”
are central: “Plagiarism is the appropriation of other people’s material without giving
proper credit” (The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity);
● “Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words
without giving appropriate credit” (US Federal Policy on Research Misconduct).

5. ….
● The basic ideas seem to be that someone deliberately takes someone else’s
work, whether in the form of an idea, a method, data, results, or text, and
presents it as their own instead of giving credit to the person whose ideas,
results, or words it is.
● This is mirrored in the definition given by MerriamWebster: “to steal and pass
off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own: use (another’s production)
without crediting the source”.

6. All of these are considered plagiarism
● Making someone else’s work as your own
● Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
● Giving incorrect information about the source
● Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving
credit
● Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of
your work, whether you give credit or not.
● Images and Figures: Using an image, figures and graphs in your work without
receiving proper permission and providing appropriate citation is plagiarism.
Authors must take written permission from the owner of the work if necessary
for using any of the image, figures etc.

7. COMPONENTS OF PLAGIARISM
(1) to appropriate the work of someone else and
Related to research papers, it is about copying another’s text, tables,
graphs, or pictures into one’s own paper without having permission to
do so (and with certain pretence, a point we shall be returning to
presently).
(2) passing it off as one’s own by not giving proper credit.

8. Self-Plagiarism:
“Self-Plagiarism in which author presents his
previously published work or data as original work’’.

9. Consequences of Plagiarism:
● Rejection of Article before publication
● Retraction of the article:If found plagiarism after publication the article
may be retracted

10. Retraction :
In academic publishing, a retraction is the action by which a published paper in an academic journal is
removed from the journal. Online journals typically remove the retracted article from online access.
Editors should consider retracting a publication if:
● They have clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of major error (eg,
miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (eg, of data) or falsification (eg,
image manipulation)
● It constitutes plagiarism
● The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper attribution to previous
sources or disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification (ie, cases of redundant
publication)
● It contains material or data without authorisation for use
● Copyright has been infringed or there is some other serious legal issue (eg, libel, privacy)

11. …...
● It reports unethical research
● It has been published solely on the basis of a compromised or manipulated peer
review process
● The author(s) failed to disclose a major competing interest (a.k.a. conflict of
interest) that, in the view of the editor, would have unduly affected interpretations
of the work or recommendations by editors and peer reviewers.

12. Notices of retraction should:
● Be linked to the retracted article wherever possible (ie, in all online versions)
● Clearly identify the retracted article (eg, by including the title and authors in the retraction heading or
citing the retracted article)
● Be clearly identified as a retraction (ie, distinct from other types of correction or comment)
● Be published promptly to minimise harmful effects
● Be freely available to all readers (ie, not behind access barriers or available only to subscribers)
● State who is retracting the article
● State the reason(s) for retraction
● Be objective, factual and avoid inflammatory language

13. Retractions are not usually appropriate if:
● The authorship is disputed but there is no reason to doubt the validity of the findings
● The main findings of the work are still reliable and correction could sufficiently address errors or
concerns
● An editor has inconclusive evidence to support retraction, or is awaiting additional information such
as from an institutional investigation
● Author conflicts of interest have been reported to the journal after publication, but in the editor’s view
these are not likely to have influenced interpretations or recommendations or the conclusions of the
article.

14. Committee on Publication Ethics COPE
● COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) is committed to educating and supporting
editors, publishers and those involved in publication ethics with the aim of moving the
culture of publishing towards one where ethical practices become a normal part of the
publishing culture.
● Our approach is firmly in the direction of influencing through education, resources and
support of our members, alongside the fostering of professional debate in the wider
community.
● Over 20 years, COPE has grown to support members worldwide, from all academic
fields. Our members are primarily editors, but also publishers and related organisations
and individuals. After a period of consultation with the Trustees and Council, and
feedback from our members COPE strategic plan was developed to guide the
organisation and its activities.