The document discusses various topics related to academic publishing including open access journals, predatory journals, research misconduct, plagiarism case studies, indexing, authorship, impact factor, and publishing policies. It provides definitions and examples for many of these topics. For example, it defines predatory journals as publications that exploit authors for financial gain through deceptive practices, and provides tools to identify predatory journals. It also summarizes two plagiarism case studies involving a German politician and an Indian university vice-chancellor.
This presentation in intended to introduce Open Access (OA); the OA movement; OA advantages for authors, institutions and society; OA business models and publishing in OA; important tools for research and publishing; and other ‘open’ initiatives.
Intellectual Property Rights - Copyright and plagiarism issuesVenkitachalam Sriram
Intellectual Property Rights - Copyright and plagiarism issues by V. Sriram in Statistical Inference and Intellectual Property Rights Webinar Series, Morning Star Home Sciene College, Angamaly and MGU-STRIDE, Kottayam, India. 4th September 2021.
Open Access & Preprints for Scholars and JournalsAuthorea
How can more scholars and journals embrace preprints to make research freely accessible? Authorea & Scholastica address this question and more in this slideshow, which overviews:
- The history and benefits of preprints
- Recent OA mandates by governments and funding bodies
- Steps scholars and journals can take to support Green OA via preprints
- New OA publishing models journals are pioneering using preprints
Open Access & Preprints for Scholars and JournalsAuthorea
How can more scholars and journals embrace preprints to make research freely accessible? Authorea & Scholastica address this question and more in this slideshow, which overviews:
- The history and benefits of preprints
- Recent OA mandates by governments and funding bodies
- Steps scholars and journals can take to support Green OA via preprints
- New OA publishing models journals are pioneering using preprints
Open Access + Preprints for Scholars and Journals Scholastica
How can more scholars and journals embrace preprints to make research freely accessible? Scholastica and Authorea address this question and more in this slideshow, which overviews:
- The history and benefits of preprints
- Recent OA mandates by governments and funding bodies
- Steps scholars and journals can take to support Green OA via preprints
- New OA publishing models journals are pioneering using preprints
This presentation in intended to introduce Open Access (OA); the OA movement; OA advantages for authors, institutions and society; OA business models and publishing in OA; important tools for research and publishing; and other ‘open’ initiatives.
Intellectual Property Rights - Copyright and plagiarism issuesVenkitachalam Sriram
Intellectual Property Rights - Copyright and plagiarism issues by V. Sriram in Statistical Inference and Intellectual Property Rights Webinar Series, Morning Star Home Sciene College, Angamaly and MGU-STRIDE, Kottayam, India. 4th September 2021.
Open Access & Preprints for Scholars and JournalsAuthorea
How can more scholars and journals embrace preprints to make research freely accessible? Authorea & Scholastica address this question and more in this slideshow, which overviews:
- The history and benefits of preprints
- Recent OA mandates by governments and funding bodies
- Steps scholars and journals can take to support Green OA via preprints
- New OA publishing models journals are pioneering using preprints
Open Access & Preprints for Scholars and JournalsAuthorea
How can more scholars and journals embrace preprints to make research freely accessible? Authorea & Scholastica address this question and more in this slideshow, which overviews:
- The history and benefits of preprints
- Recent OA mandates by governments and funding bodies
- Steps scholars and journals can take to support Green OA via preprints
- New OA publishing models journals are pioneering using preprints
Open Access + Preprints for Scholars and Journals Scholastica
How can more scholars and journals embrace preprints to make research freely accessible? Scholastica and Authorea address this question and more in this slideshow, which overviews:
- The history and benefits of preprints
- Recent OA mandates by governments and funding bodies
- Steps scholars and journals can take to support Green OA via preprints
- New OA publishing models journals are pioneering using preprints
Quality Assurance for Journal GuidanceSmriti Arora
Definitions
What is the need for quality assurance in journals ?
Type of journals
Bibliometric indicators
How to identify credible journals ?
Predatory/cloned journals
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Quality Assurance for Journal GuidanceSmriti Arora
Definitions
What is the need for quality assurance in journals ?
Type of journals
Bibliometric indicators
How to identify credible journals ?
Predatory/cloned journals
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
1. A presentation on an assignment on “Ethics, Conduct,
Open Access Publishing, Publication Misconduct,
Databases and Research Metrics”.
Presented By :–
JAHIRUL ISLAM.
2. Acknowledgement
I am thankful to all my teachers who had
helped me in the journey of acquiring
knowledge. I am also thankful all the
teachers who had taught us 701 without
their teaching it cannot be completed.
3. Contents
❖ open access journal
➢ Journal vs publication
❖ predatory journal
➢ Software tools to identify predatory journal or publisher
❖ Online resources to check publisher copyright and self archiving policies
❖ Research misconduct .
❖ Plagiarism case study
❖ Indexing
❖ Authorship
❖ Impact factor
❖ Publishing policies
❖ Conflict of interest
4. Open access journal
● Open access journals are academic journals that provide free and unrestricted access to their contents online.
● These journals make research and scientific information available to anyone with an internet connection, regardless of
their institutional affiliation or financial resources.
● Open access journals often follow a creative commons license, which allows for the free distribution and reuse of
published articles.
● Difference between journal and publication
Journal Publication
1. A journal is a scholarly publication
that includes various articles written
by professors, researchers and
other experts.
1. A publication is distributing printed
copies of work for the public.
2. It is made for academics audiences. 2. It is made for general public.
3. It contain informations of only
specific field or topics.
3. It cover almost all fields.
4. It is baised on research findings 4. It is not specific to any subjects or topic.
5. Predatory journal
● A predatory journal is a publication that presents itself as a legitimate academic journal but engages in unethical
and deceptive practices to exploit authors for financial gain.
● They are also called fraudulent, deceptive or pseudo-journals.
● It includes “ publications that claim to be legitimate scholarly journals, but misrepresent their publishing
practices”.
There are several software tools that can be used to identify predatory journals or publishers, following are some of them
1. Cabell's Blacklist: Cabell's Blacklist is a database of journals that have been identified as potentially predatory. The
database is updated regularly and includes information about the journal's publisher, review process, and publication fees.
2. Think. Check. Submit.: Think. Check. Submit. is an online resource that provides a checklist for researchers to use when
evaluating potential publishers or journals. The checklist includes criteria such as transparency, peer review process, and
editorial policies.
3. JournalGuide: JournalGuide is a free tool that helps researchers to find reputable journals in their field. The tool includes
information about the journal's scope, review process, and impact factor.
4. DOAJ: The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is a database of high-quality, peer-reviewed open access journals.
Journals must meet certain criteria to be included in the DOAJ, such as having a transparent review process and adhering to
ethical publishing standards.
5. SCImago Journal Rank: The SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is a tool that provides information about the quality and impact of
academic journals. The tool uses metrics such as citation counts and H-index to rank journals in various disciplines.
6. Online resources to check publisher copyright and self archiving policies
These software tools can be useful resources for researchers to use when evaluating potential journals or
publishers. However, it is important to note that they are not foolproof, and researchers should still use their
own judgment and evaluate journals carefully before submitting their work for publication.
1. SHERPA/RoMEO: This is a database of publisher copyright policies and self-archiving permissions. You can search for a
specific publisher or journal to find out what you are allowed to do with your published articles. The website is available at:
https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/
1. Crossref: This is a global registry of scholarly content, including journal articles, conference proceedings, and books.
Crossref provides a variety of services for publishers, including registration, citation linking, and metadata distribution. You
can search for a specific publication to find out who the publisher is and what their copyright policies are. The website is
available at: https://www.crossref.org/
1. Creative Commons: This is a nonprofit organization that provides free, easy-to-use copyright licenses that allow creators to
share their work with the public while retaining some rights. You can use Creative Commons licenses to publish your work
online and control how it is used by others. The website is available at: https://creativecommons.org/
1. Copyright Clearance Center: This is a global rights broker that provides licensing solutions for businesses and academic
institutions. You can use the website to obtain permission to use copyrighted materials, such as journal articles, book
chapters, and images. The website is available at: https://www.copyright.com/
7. Research misconduct
● Research misconduct refers to any action that violates the standards of ethical and responsible research practices.
● It includes fabricating, falsifying, or manipulating data, plagiarism, improper authorship, failure to disclose conflicts of
interest, and other forms of dishonesty or unethical behavior.
● Research misconduct undermines the integrity of scientific research and can have serious consequences for the
individuals involved, as well as for the scientific community as a whole.
Examples of research misconduct include:
1. Fabricating or falsifying data: This includes making up or altering data to support a particular hypothesis or conclusion.
1. Plagiarism: This includes copying someone else's work or ideas without proper attribution or permission.
1. Improper authorship: This includes adding or removing authors from a publication without their consent or without
meeting the criteria for authorship.
1. Failure to disclose conflicts of interest: This includes failing to disclose financial or personal relationships that could bias
the research or its results.
2. Misrepresenting research findings: This includes presenting research findings in a way that is misleading or inaccurate.
1. Abusing human or animal subjects: This includes violating ethical standards for the use of human or animal subjects in
research.
8. Plagiarism case study
● One well-known plagiarism case study involves the former German defense minister, Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg. In 2011, it was
revealed that Guttenberg had plagiarized significant portions of his doctoral thesis. The case attracted widespread media
attention and led to his resignation from office.Guttenberg's thesis, which he had submitted to the University of Bayreuth in 2006,
was found to contain extensive plagiarism, with over 20 pages of text lifted verbatim from other sources without proper citation.
In addition, many other sections of the thesis were found to have been paraphrased without adequate attribution.The scandal
sparked a wider debate about academic integrity in Germany and led to calls for greater scrutiny of doctoral theses. Guttenberg
initially denied any wrongdoing, but eventually apologized and resigned from his position as defense minister.The case of
Guttenberg illustrates the importance of academic honesty and the serious consequences of plagiarism, even for high-profile
individuals. It also highlights the need for universities to have robust policies and procedures in place for detecting and
addressing plagiarism.
● One notable plagiarism case study in India involves the former vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Professor SK
Sopory. In 2018, it was revealed that Sopory had plagiarized portions of a paper he had co-authored with a colleague and
submitted to the Journal of Environmental Biology in 2016.The paper, titled "Stress Signaling in Plants: A Changing Paradigm,"
contained several sections that were lifted directly from other sources without proper citation, including from a book chapter and
a review article. The journal retracted the paper in response to the plagiarism allegations.Following an investigation, JNU's
Executive Council, which is responsible for the administration of the university, found Sopory guilty of plagiarism and imposed a
fine of Rs 30,000 (approximately $400) on him. The council also directed him to withdraw the paper from circulation and to write
an apology to the journal for the plagiarism.The case of Sopory highlights the importance of academic integrity and the need for
universities to have clear policies and procedures for addressing plagiarism. It also underscores the potential consequences of
plagiarism for one's professional reputation and career.
9. Indexing
● Indexing is an essential process in the world of academic publishing, as it allows for the efficient
organization and retrieval of information. By including journals or articles in databases or search
engines, indexing makes it easier for researchers to access and utilize relevant information.
● Indexing services utilize a set of criteria to determine which publications are included in their
databases. These criteria may encompass a variety of factors, such as the quality and rigor of the
peer review process, the reputation of the publisher or journal, and the relevance and impact of the
research within the academic community.
● Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed are some well-known indexing services for academic
publishing.These services provide researchers with the ability to search for articles and journals within
specific subject areas, and often offer additional features such as citation tracking and analysis of
research impact. Being indexed in these databases can have significant benefits for authors and
journals, as it can increase the visibility and impact of their research and enhance their reputation
within the academic community.
10. Authorship
● In academic publishing, authorship refers to the attribution of credit and responsibility for a research article or
publication to one or more individuals. The criteria for authorship may vary between disciplines and journals, but
typically involve substantial contributions to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the research.
● Authorship can have important implications for careers, funding, and reputation in academia, and it is therefore
important to ensure that all individuals who have made significant contributions to the research are appropriately
credited as authors. In some cases, journals may also require authors to provide a statement of contributions or a
description of their role in the research process.
● However, determining authorship can sometimes be a complex process, particularly in cases where multiple
individuals have contributed to the research in different ways. It is important for researchers to communicate clearly
and transparently about their contributions and to follow the guidelines and standards of their field or journal when
determining authorship.
● In cases where there is a dispute over authorship or concerns about the accuracy of authorship attribution, it may be
necessary to seek mediation or follow established procedures for correcting or retracting publications. Ultimately, the
integrity and accuracy of authorship attributions are essential for maintaining trust and credibility in the scientific
community.
11. Authorship policies
Authorship policies are guidelines and rules that define the criteria for authorship and the responsibilities of authors in academic
publishing. These policies are intended to ensure that authorship is assigned appropriately and credit is given to those who have
contributed to the research. Authorship policies may vary across disciplines, institutions, and publishers, but typically include the
following elements:
● Criteria for authorship: These criteria outline the specific contributions that qualify an individual for authorship. Examples may
include making substantial contributions to the conception, design, analysis, or interpretation of the research; drafting or revising
the manuscript; and approving the final version of the manuscript.
● Order of authorship: Authorship policies may also provide guidance on the order in which authors should be listed. In some
cases, this may be determined by the relative contribution of each author, while in others it may be determined by convention or
agreement among the authors.
● Contributions and acknowledgments: In addition to authorship, policies may also define how contributions by individuals who do
not meet the criteria for authorship should be acknowledged. This may include contributions such as data collection, analysis, or
technical support. Policies may also specify how conflicts of interest or other potential biases should be disclosed.
● Responsibilities of authors: Authorship policies may also outline the responsibilities of authors, such as ensuring the accuracy
and integrity of the research, disclosing conflicts of interest, and complying with ethical guidelines and regulations.
● Dispute resolution: Finally, authorship policies may provide a mechanism for resolving disputes related to authorship or other
issues that may arise during the publication process.
12. IMPACT FACTOR
● The impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a
particular year or period. It is commonly used as a metric for the quality and prestige of a journal within a specific field of
study.
● The impact factor is calculated by dividing the number of citations a journal receives in a given year by the total number
of articles published in the journal during the two previous years. For example, if a journal published 100 articles in 2021
and received 500 citations in 2022 for articles published in 2020 and 2021, its impact factor for 2022 would be 5.0 (500
citations divided by 100 articles).
● While the impact factor can be useful in assessing the relative importance of a journal within a field, it has been criticized
for a variety of reasons, including its potential to incentivize researchers to publish in high-impact journals at the expense
of publishing in journals that may be a better fit for their research, and its failure to take into account factors such as the
quality of individual articles or the specific citation practices of different fields.
13. PUBLISHING POLICIES
Publishing policies are a set of guidelines and principles that govern the publication process for academic research. These policies
typically cover a wide range of issues, including ethical considerations, authorship, peer review, copyright, and access to information.
Some common elements of publishing policies may include:
● Ethics: Publishing policies often require adherence to ethical standards and guidelines for research, including those related to
human and animal subjects, data management, and conflicts of interest.
● Authorship: Policies may specify criteria for authorship, such as substantial contribution to the research, accountability for the
work, and approval of the final version of the manuscript.
● Peer review: Policies may outline the peer review process for evaluating manuscripts, including the qualifications and
responsibilities of reviewers, the timeline for review, and the criteria for acceptance or rejection.
● Copyright: Policies may address issues related to copyright, including author rights, ownership of intellectual property, and
permissions for use and distribution of the published work.
● Open access: Policies may address the availability and accessibility of published research, including requirements for open
access publication and archiving, and any associated fees or licensing agreements.
● Retraction and corrections: Policies may outline procedures for retracting or correcting published works in the event of errors,
misconduct, or other issues
14. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
● A conflict of interest occurs when an individual or organization has competing interests that could
potentially influence their ability to make impartial decisions or act in a fair and objective manner. In other
words, a conflict of interest exists when personal or financial gain may compromise one's professional
judgment or duties.
● Conflicts of interest can arise in many different contexts, such as in business, government, and academic
settings. For example, a government official who owns stock in a company that they regulate may be
perceived as having a conflict of interest, as their personal financial gain could potentially influence their
regulatory decisions.
● To avoid conflicts of interest, individuals and organizations may take steps such as disclosing potential
conflicts, recusing themselves from decision-making processes, or establishing policies and procedures
to manage conflicts. It's important to address conflicts of interest in order to maintain integrity and trust in
decision-making processes and to prevent any negative consequences that may arise from potential
biases.
15. REFERENCES
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/conflict-of-interest.asp assessed on 20-03-2023
https://www.nature.com/srep/journal-policies/editorial-policies assessed on 20-03-2023
https://www.springernature.com/gp/policies/publishing-
policies#:~:text=These%20policies%20support%20our%20primary,reusable%20and%20shareable%20as%20possible. assessed on 20-03-2023.
https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/journals-books/journals assessed on 20-03-2023
Suber, P. (2012). Open access (p. 256). The MIT Press.
Open Access Directory (OAD). A wiki co-founded by Robin Peek in April 2008. http://oad.simmons.edu
Open Access Tracking Project (OATP). A real-time alert service I launched in April 2009.
http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_tracking_project
SHERPA RoMEO. The best database of journal publisher policies on OA archiving. http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/
Advocacy organizations for OA. A list from the Open Access Directory.
http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Advocacy_organizations_for_OA
Bailey, Jr., Charles W. 2010. Transforming Scholarly Publishing through Open Access: A Bibliography. Digital Scholarship.
Available in OA and print editions. http://www.digital-scholarship.org/tsp/w/tsp.html