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Understanding Public Policy 14th Edition Dye Test Bank
Review of Writing Effective Policy Papers HandbookMehdi ZOUAOUI
This handbook is designed to provide support to public policy writing. The audience is policy analysts, academics, and policy advisers. The guide comes along with the series of Open Society Foundation (formerly Open Society Institute) which is an international grant making network founded by George Soros. The guide is divided into 06 chapters thematically arranged as follows:
The definition of public policy community, the policy making process, an overview of the policy paper, the structural and textual elements of policy papers, dissemination of the policy paper and authorship; and concluding remarks along with recommendations.
Undoubtedly, governments and institutions are no longer depending on seating on the pants planning and management but rather they are increasingly moving toward more informed governance by deploying a wide range of resources and methods that aim to involve every related stakeholder to carry out the tasks they were assigned whether explicitly or implicitly. This will certainly make those who are still dependent on the intuition as a primary source of inspiration lag behind. A recent study carried out by Middle East Development Network [MDN] and Sabr Center has shown that 41% of MENA NGO’s have Planning and Decision-Making Support divisions. Reflecting on that, the problems we are facing nowadays are not uni-layered and cannot only be tackled through a mono-disciplinary perspective but they rather have to be dealt with multi disciplinarily mindset so to come up with more sustainable solutions and a genesis of autonomous initiatives.
This document outlines the course outline for a Qualitative Research Methods for Public Policy course at the University of Dar Es Salaam. The course is divided into three parts: research design and methodology, foundational qualitative methods like archival research and interviews, and data analysis. Students will learn about qualitative research approaches and gain hands-on experience with methods and data analysis software. Assessment includes participation, group assignments, a research proposal and report, and a final exam. The course aims to provide students with solid training in qualitative methods for application in research and policy contexts.
Applying multiple streams theoretical framework to college matriculation poli...Alexander Decker
This document applies Kingdon's multiple streams framework to analyze China's college matriculation policy reform for children of migrant workers. It discusses how the problem stream indirectly opened the policy window by raising awareness of the issue, while the political stream directly opened it through organized advocacy efforts. However, the policy stream was absent due to a lack of viable alternatives meeting criteria. As a result, the policy window closed without a policy being adopted, contributing to the reform's perceived failure except in some localities.
This document provides an overview of the research proposal writing process and outlines the typical elements and structure of a research proposal. It discusses preliminary pages including the research topic/title and problem statement. It then covers the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose and objectives of the study, research questions, significance and scope of the study, limitations, and literature review. Finally, it briefly discusses the research methodology chapter and characteristics of a good research design such as neutrality and reliability.
The goal of this assignment is· to identify and discuss a sociarock73
This assignment requires students to:
1) Identify a social problem that affects workers or working families
2) Research the problem and select a current or proposed policy that addresses it
3) Write a 6-8 page paper discussing the social problem and selected policy
The paper must define and describe the scope of the social problem, its causes, and its effects on workers. It must also identify goals for addressing the problem and challenges achieving those goals. Additionally, the paper should briefly describe the objectives of the selected policy addressing the problem.
Thesis Writing
Parts of a Research (Experimental Design)
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
References
Appendix
Curriculum Vitae
FORM AND STYLE IN RESEARCH WRITING
Ph.D. Research Proposal The thesis is focused on researching and constructing an internationally-relevant Learning and Development (L&D) scorecard and conceptual framework, which will enable the transformation of L&D practices into a strategic business partner.
Review of Writing Effective Policy Papers HandbookMehdi ZOUAOUI
This handbook is designed to provide support to public policy writing. The audience is policy analysts, academics, and policy advisers. The guide comes along with the series of Open Society Foundation (formerly Open Society Institute) which is an international grant making network founded by George Soros. The guide is divided into 06 chapters thematically arranged as follows:
The definition of public policy community, the policy making process, an overview of the policy paper, the structural and textual elements of policy papers, dissemination of the policy paper and authorship; and concluding remarks along with recommendations.
Undoubtedly, governments and institutions are no longer depending on seating on the pants planning and management but rather they are increasingly moving toward more informed governance by deploying a wide range of resources and methods that aim to involve every related stakeholder to carry out the tasks they were assigned whether explicitly or implicitly. This will certainly make those who are still dependent on the intuition as a primary source of inspiration lag behind. A recent study carried out by Middle East Development Network [MDN] and Sabr Center has shown that 41% of MENA NGO’s have Planning and Decision-Making Support divisions. Reflecting on that, the problems we are facing nowadays are not uni-layered and cannot only be tackled through a mono-disciplinary perspective but they rather have to be dealt with multi disciplinarily mindset so to come up with more sustainable solutions and a genesis of autonomous initiatives.
This document outlines the course outline for a Qualitative Research Methods for Public Policy course at the University of Dar Es Salaam. The course is divided into three parts: research design and methodology, foundational qualitative methods like archival research and interviews, and data analysis. Students will learn about qualitative research approaches and gain hands-on experience with methods and data analysis software. Assessment includes participation, group assignments, a research proposal and report, and a final exam. The course aims to provide students with solid training in qualitative methods for application in research and policy contexts.
Applying multiple streams theoretical framework to college matriculation poli...Alexander Decker
This document applies Kingdon's multiple streams framework to analyze China's college matriculation policy reform for children of migrant workers. It discusses how the problem stream indirectly opened the policy window by raising awareness of the issue, while the political stream directly opened it through organized advocacy efforts. However, the policy stream was absent due to a lack of viable alternatives meeting criteria. As a result, the policy window closed without a policy being adopted, contributing to the reform's perceived failure except in some localities.
This document provides an overview of the research proposal writing process and outlines the typical elements and structure of a research proposal. It discusses preliminary pages including the research topic/title and problem statement. It then covers the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose and objectives of the study, research questions, significance and scope of the study, limitations, and literature review. Finally, it briefly discusses the research methodology chapter and characteristics of a good research design such as neutrality and reliability.
The goal of this assignment is· to identify and discuss a sociarock73
This assignment requires students to:
1) Identify a social problem that affects workers or working families
2) Research the problem and select a current or proposed policy that addresses it
3) Write a 6-8 page paper discussing the social problem and selected policy
The paper must define and describe the scope of the social problem, its causes, and its effects on workers. It must also identify goals for addressing the problem and challenges achieving those goals. Additionally, the paper should briefly describe the objectives of the selected policy addressing the problem.
Thesis Writing
Parts of a Research (Experimental Design)
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
References
Appendix
Curriculum Vitae
FORM AND STYLE IN RESEARCH WRITING
Ph.D. Research Proposal The thesis is focused on researching and constructing an internationally-relevant Learning and Development (L&D) scorecard and conceptual framework, which will enable the transformation of L&D practices into a strategic business partner.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It explains that a proposal describes the research topic, explains why the research is being conducted, and describes and justifies the research methods. It advises including research aims that are clear, focused, precise and use strong verbs. Objectives should define measurable steps to achieve the aims. The proposal should also justify the research by relating it to previous literature and explaining its significance. It should describe the chosen methodologies, data collection methods, and approach to analysis, and justify these choices. The document provides examples and prompts readers to develop their own research aims, objectives, literature review, and methodology section. It emphasizes developing an "elevator pitch" to concisely explain the research.
This document summarizes a workshop on proposal writing for doctoral research held in Kathmandu, Nepal. The workshop aimed to enhance the culture of inquiry. It covered defining research and the types of research problems. Key topics included developing an effective problem statement, general and specific research objectives, and guidelines for selecting a problem worthy of doctoral-level research. The workshop emphasized that a good research problem should have scope to be addressed within available resources and contribute new knowledge to a field of study.
The document discusses the role of research in informing public policy. It argues that while research is important for promoting understanding and transparency, policymaking involves many other factors besides evidence, such as experience, resources, and political pressures. The document also outlines different types of policy-related research, including descriptive, analytical, and predictive research methods. It provides examples of research conducted by the UK Film Council to inform film policy.
This document discusses the challenges of bridging the gap between research and policymaking. It notes that researchers and policymakers often have different priorities, with researchers focused on theory-driven studies and policymakers wanting quick, costed policy options. The document suggests collaborations where researchers and policymakers jointly identify research priorities. It also recommends researchers make their work more relevant by addressing feasibility, costs, and implementation in plain language summaries alongside academic papers. Pilot projects testing new approaches could build political confidence in evidence-based policies needed to achieve long-term outcomes.
Task four journal article set wednesday 1st august (week 7)rock73
This document provides instructions for a journal article task, including:
- The task is to choose a journal article different from one used previously and write about it.
- References must be in APA style and include the author, date, and URL for the source article.
- Students must explain their choice of source and provide an analysis of the source, including discussing its conclusions and how it contributes to understanding of the topic.
This document presents a business research proposal on rural tourism development for Bangladesh. The proposal includes objectives to identify development opportunities, evaluate demand and supply factors, and identify potential areas. It reviews definitions of rural tourism and discusses its historical development, demand, supply, and impacts. The methodology section describes a study to collect primary and secondary data through questionnaires targeting tourists and stakeholders. The proposal provides context on Bangladesh's geography and the role of its tourism marketing organizations in developing strategies to promote rural tourism.
This document summarizes six articles on research methods in strategic management published in Organizational Research Methods. It discusses how each article advances understanding of specific methods or construct measurement. It urges readers to apply these methods more broadly to explore new areas of inquiry. It also identifies three directions for further advancing attention to measurement and methodology in strategy research: expanding application of methods to new contexts, exploring linkages between advances in measurement and theory, and considering how methods can reveal previously untested relationships.
Strategic management research in the public sector from 1985 to 2009 is reviewed. 34 empirical articles are analyzed using a conceptual framework with determinants, processes, and outcomes. Determinants like the environment and institutional context influence strategic planning. Processes include plan formulation, strategy content, and implementation. Outcomes are organizational capacity and performance improvement, but few studies examine links between processes and outcomes. More research is needed on these links using large-N and comparative case study methods.
This conclusion summarizes the key points analyzed in the document, highlights two factors that were argued to underpin new analytic lenses on business leadership strategies, advocates for a crossvergence approach as offering a definitive way forward, and states that business success in the next 20 years will depend on leaders with an in-depth understanding of the complexities discussed.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective literature review. It explains that a literature review synthesizes and critically analyzes previous research relevant to the project, placing the research in the existing academic debate. Annotations of individual sources and summaries are not sufficient for a literature review. Instead, the review must analyze and synthesize information from multiple sources on the key topics to make an argument for how the proposed research addresses gaps in previous work. The document advises identifying areas of agreement, controversy and methodologies in the field to contextualize the research questions and justify their significance.
This document analyzes 26 years of strategic management research published in four leading journals. Through a content analysis of keywords, it classifies articles into different subfields of strategic management and tracks how these subfields have evolved over time. It also identifies the most prolific authors and most cited papers to understand their influence on the development of the field. The analysis aims to provide insights into both the current state and possible future directions of strategic management research.
Unit 7 assignment research paper crj101 – introduction to crimojas18
This document outlines an assignment for a research paper on the topics of policing, courts, or corrections in the criminal justice system. Students must choose one of these three elements to focus on for their paper. They are instructed to take a historical perspective on the topic and discuss how it began and where it is now. Students should also provide their own thoughts on needed changes, including structural or bureaucratic reforms. The paper must be at least 5 pages long, double-spaced, in APA format. It will be evaluated based on criteria such as the quality of the introduction, historical descriptions, proposed reforms, and conclusion.
This document provides guidance on the key components that should be included in Chapter 1 of a thesis. It discusses that Chapter 1 should include an introduction, background of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, assumptions and hypotheses, scope and limitations of the study, significance or importance of the study, and definitions of terms. It then provides detailed explanations and examples for each of these sections to help guide writers in developing the critical first chapter of a thesis.
출연(연)의 기술이전 사업화 시스템에 대한 사회적 인지 관점에서의 연구. 이를 위해 관련 전문가들의 인터뷰를 바탕으로 그들의 인지모델을 분석하였다. 연구결과 한국의 공공 기술이전 사업화 시스템은 공급과 통제 위주의 선형적 시스템에서 벗어나지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.
This document discusses identifying and stating the research problem which is the intellectual stimulus that calls for scientific inquiry. It provides sources of research topics such as prevailing theories, observations, fields of interest, and existing problems. It also outlines criteria for choosing a problem such as being original, significant, and modest. Technical and personal bases are considered in selecting the problem. Guidelines are provided for formulating a good research title and characteristics such as being concise and informative. Examples of research titles are also given.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
Sheet1695 grading rubric assignment 7 note all topics must be relrock73
This document provides guidance for a literature review assignment on project management research. It includes a rubric for evaluating the assignment and instructions on selecting literature reviews related to the research topic of impacts of project misalignment with business objectives on overall program performance. The document outlines steps to find 4 relevant literature reviews, summarize each, identify gaps, and discuss how the research can be incorporated. The goal is to conduct a comprehensive literature review to refine the research topic and identify opportunities to contribute new insights.
Recommendations play an important role in research studies by suggesting actions or policies based on the study's findings and conclusions, not personal beliefs. Recommendations should be logically reasoned and relevant to the specific topic, as well as feasible and attainable. They can advise on policies, future research directions, solutions to problems identified, or improvements and changes to current practices.
Chapter 3 The Research Process: The broad problem area and defining the pro...Nardin A
The document discusses the research process and developing a problem statement. It begins by explaining that a broad problem area refers to an overall situation where research is needed, and provides examples of broad problems that could be observed in a workplace. It then discusses how to collect preliminary data through secondary sources to understand the context and existing research. A literature review should identify important variables and previous findings related to the problem. The goal is to narrow the broad problem into a clear, precise problem statement that is relevant, feasible and interesting to research. Finally, it provides examples of properly formatted citations and references.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
This document discusses educational leadership and ICT policy. It defines policy and discusses key elements of policy, including problem definition, goals, and instruments. It also discusses analyzing policy statements through different frameworks such as logical analysis of internal consistency. The document provides examples of analyzing ICT in education policies and discusses using a self-review framework to evaluate how schools integrate technology.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It explains that a proposal describes the research topic, explains why the research is being conducted, and describes and justifies the research methods. It advises including research aims that are clear, focused, precise and use strong verbs. Objectives should define measurable steps to achieve the aims. The proposal should also justify the research by relating it to previous literature and explaining its significance. It should describe the chosen methodologies, data collection methods, and approach to analysis, and justify these choices. The document provides examples and prompts readers to develop their own research aims, objectives, literature review, and methodology section. It emphasizes developing an "elevator pitch" to concisely explain the research.
This document summarizes a workshop on proposal writing for doctoral research held in Kathmandu, Nepal. The workshop aimed to enhance the culture of inquiry. It covered defining research and the types of research problems. Key topics included developing an effective problem statement, general and specific research objectives, and guidelines for selecting a problem worthy of doctoral-level research. The workshop emphasized that a good research problem should have scope to be addressed within available resources and contribute new knowledge to a field of study.
The document discusses the role of research in informing public policy. It argues that while research is important for promoting understanding and transparency, policymaking involves many other factors besides evidence, such as experience, resources, and political pressures. The document also outlines different types of policy-related research, including descriptive, analytical, and predictive research methods. It provides examples of research conducted by the UK Film Council to inform film policy.
This document discusses the challenges of bridging the gap between research and policymaking. It notes that researchers and policymakers often have different priorities, with researchers focused on theory-driven studies and policymakers wanting quick, costed policy options. The document suggests collaborations where researchers and policymakers jointly identify research priorities. It also recommends researchers make their work more relevant by addressing feasibility, costs, and implementation in plain language summaries alongside academic papers. Pilot projects testing new approaches could build political confidence in evidence-based policies needed to achieve long-term outcomes.
Task four journal article set wednesday 1st august (week 7)rock73
This document provides instructions for a journal article task, including:
- The task is to choose a journal article different from one used previously and write about it.
- References must be in APA style and include the author, date, and URL for the source article.
- Students must explain their choice of source and provide an analysis of the source, including discussing its conclusions and how it contributes to understanding of the topic.
This document presents a business research proposal on rural tourism development for Bangladesh. The proposal includes objectives to identify development opportunities, evaluate demand and supply factors, and identify potential areas. It reviews definitions of rural tourism and discusses its historical development, demand, supply, and impacts. The methodology section describes a study to collect primary and secondary data through questionnaires targeting tourists and stakeholders. The proposal provides context on Bangladesh's geography and the role of its tourism marketing organizations in developing strategies to promote rural tourism.
This document summarizes six articles on research methods in strategic management published in Organizational Research Methods. It discusses how each article advances understanding of specific methods or construct measurement. It urges readers to apply these methods more broadly to explore new areas of inquiry. It also identifies three directions for further advancing attention to measurement and methodology in strategy research: expanding application of methods to new contexts, exploring linkages between advances in measurement and theory, and considering how methods can reveal previously untested relationships.
Strategic management research in the public sector from 1985 to 2009 is reviewed. 34 empirical articles are analyzed using a conceptual framework with determinants, processes, and outcomes. Determinants like the environment and institutional context influence strategic planning. Processes include plan formulation, strategy content, and implementation. Outcomes are organizational capacity and performance improvement, but few studies examine links between processes and outcomes. More research is needed on these links using large-N and comparative case study methods.
This conclusion summarizes the key points analyzed in the document, highlights two factors that were argued to underpin new analytic lenses on business leadership strategies, advocates for a crossvergence approach as offering a definitive way forward, and states that business success in the next 20 years will depend on leaders with an in-depth understanding of the complexities discussed.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective literature review. It explains that a literature review synthesizes and critically analyzes previous research relevant to the project, placing the research in the existing academic debate. Annotations of individual sources and summaries are not sufficient for a literature review. Instead, the review must analyze and synthesize information from multiple sources on the key topics to make an argument for how the proposed research addresses gaps in previous work. The document advises identifying areas of agreement, controversy and methodologies in the field to contextualize the research questions and justify their significance.
This document analyzes 26 years of strategic management research published in four leading journals. Through a content analysis of keywords, it classifies articles into different subfields of strategic management and tracks how these subfields have evolved over time. It also identifies the most prolific authors and most cited papers to understand their influence on the development of the field. The analysis aims to provide insights into both the current state and possible future directions of strategic management research.
Unit 7 assignment research paper crj101 – introduction to crimojas18
This document outlines an assignment for a research paper on the topics of policing, courts, or corrections in the criminal justice system. Students must choose one of these three elements to focus on for their paper. They are instructed to take a historical perspective on the topic and discuss how it began and where it is now. Students should also provide their own thoughts on needed changes, including structural or bureaucratic reforms. The paper must be at least 5 pages long, double-spaced, in APA format. It will be evaluated based on criteria such as the quality of the introduction, historical descriptions, proposed reforms, and conclusion.
This document provides guidance on the key components that should be included in Chapter 1 of a thesis. It discusses that Chapter 1 should include an introduction, background of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, assumptions and hypotheses, scope and limitations of the study, significance or importance of the study, and definitions of terms. It then provides detailed explanations and examples for each of these sections to help guide writers in developing the critical first chapter of a thesis.
출연(연)의 기술이전 사업화 시스템에 대한 사회적 인지 관점에서의 연구. 이를 위해 관련 전문가들의 인터뷰를 바탕으로 그들의 인지모델을 분석하였다. 연구결과 한국의 공공 기술이전 사업화 시스템은 공급과 통제 위주의 선형적 시스템에서 벗어나지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.
This document discusses identifying and stating the research problem which is the intellectual stimulus that calls for scientific inquiry. It provides sources of research topics such as prevailing theories, observations, fields of interest, and existing problems. It also outlines criteria for choosing a problem such as being original, significant, and modest. Technical and personal bases are considered in selecting the problem. Guidelines are provided for formulating a good research title and characteristics such as being concise and informative. Examples of research titles are also given.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
Sheet1695 grading rubric assignment 7 note all topics must be relrock73
This document provides guidance for a literature review assignment on project management research. It includes a rubric for evaluating the assignment and instructions on selecting literature reviews related to the research topic of impacts of project misalignment with business objectives on overall program performance. The document outlines steps to find 4 relevant literature reviews, summarize each, identify gaps, and discuss how the research can be incorporated. The goal is to conduct a comprehensive literature review to refine the research topic and identify opportunities to contribute new insights.
Recommendations play an important role in research studies by suggesting actions or policies based on the study's findings and conclusions, not personal beliefs. Recommendations should be logically reasoned and relevant to the specific topic, as well as feasible and attainable. They can advise on policies, future research directions, solutions to problems identified, or improvements and changes to current practices.
Chapter 3 The Research Process: The broad problem area and defining the pro...Nardin A
The document discusses the research process and developing a problem statement. It begins by explaining that a broad problem area refers to an overall situation where research is needed, and provides examples of broad problems that could be observed in a workplace. It then discusses how to collect preliminary data through secondary sources to understand the context and existing research. A literature review should identify important variables and previous findings related to the problem. The goal is to narrow the broad problem into a clear, precise problem statement that is relevant, feasible and interesting to research. Finally, it provides examples of properly formatted citations and references.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
This document discusses educational leadership and ICT policy. It defines policy and discusses key elements of policy, including problem definition, goals, and instruments. It also discusses analyzing policy statements through different frameworks such as logical analysis of internal consistency. The document provides examples of analyzing ICT in education policies and discusses using a self-review framework to evaluate how schools integrate technology.
Public Policy Analysis (PPA)PresentationBYDr. Henry Akwo E.docxamrit47
Public Policy Analysis (PPA)
Presentation
BY
Dr. Henry Akwo Elonge
1
PPA
Introduction to Public Policy Analysis
What is Public Policy: Public policy is concerned with what governments choose to do, why they do it and what difference it makes in society.
Public policies may regulate, distribute and even extract resources from members of the society
Policy Analysis attempts to describe, analyze and explain public policy. It is the description and explanation of the causes and consequences of governmental activities
2
PPA
Specifically, Policy Analysis involves:
A primary concern with explanation rather than prescription
A rigorous search for the causes and consequences of public policies
An effort to develop and test general propositions about the causes of public policies and to accumulate reliable research findings
3
PPA
Limitations of Policy Analysis:
The limits of government power. What governments can/cannot do
Public dis-agreements over the nature of problems in society
Subjectivity in analysis and interpretation
Limitations on research design and methodologies
Complexity of human problems/ Human diversity
“Today’s solutions constitute tomorrow’s problems”
4
PPA
Expert Definitions of Public Policy:
David Easton( The Political System – 1953) defines public policy as” the authoritative allocation of values for the whole of society>”
Harold Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan (Power and Society – 1970) define public policy as a projected program of goals, values and practices
Carl J. Friedrich ( Man and His Government – 1963) stresses that the policy concept should have a goal, an objective and a purpose.
Charles Jones ( Introduction to the Study of Public Policy – 1977) breaks down the notion of public policy into various components and parts and measurable impacts
5
PPA
According to Weimer and Vining, policy analysis is client-oriented advice relevant to public decisions and informed by social values.
Michael Kraft and Scott Furlong indicate that analysis means deconstructing an object of study, that is breaking it down into its basic elements to understand it better. It is the examination of components of public policy, the policy process or both.
6
PPA
Utility of models in Policy Analysis
Models are simplified representations of reality or some aspect of the real world; It may be an actual physical representation or a diagram or road map Models
Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy
Identify important aspects of policy problems
Help us communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life;
Direct our efforts to understand public policy better
Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences
7
PPA
Models are mainly abstractions of the real life. Are they Useful in policy analysis?
Can models order and Simplify reality. Yes they can. But too much simplification may also lead to a false sense of the reality. Models are only ...
ITS 832Chapter 2Information Technology in a Global Eco.docxvrickens
ITS 832
Chapter 2
Information Technology in a Global Economy
Introduction
• Educating Policy Managers and PolicyAnalysts
• Two practitioner types
• Policy informatics-savvy publicmanager
• Policy information analyst
• Needs addressed by two graduate programs
• Master of PublicAdministration (MPA)
• Master of Public Policy (MPP)
• Chapter focus
• Role of policy informatics in preparing practitioners
Practitioner Orientations to Policy
Informatics
• Two “ideal” types
• Policy informatics-savvy public managers
• Policy informatics analyst
• Manager
• Play important roles inimplementation
• Instrumental inusing policy informatics projects
• Analyst
• Execute policy informatics initiatives
• Other common role names
• Analyst
• Researcher
• Modeler
• Programmer
Policy Informatics-savvy Manager
• May not needto
• Build models
• Analyze big data
• Must be ableto
• Lead personnel who build models and manage big data
• Necessary competencies
• Systems thinker
• Process orientations to public policy
• Research methodologies
• Performance/Financial management
• Collaborative/communicative
• Social media, IT, and e-Governance awareness
Policy Informatics Analyst
• Start with basic competencies of managers
• Additional necessarycompetencies
• Advanced research methods of IT applications
• Data visualizationand design
• Programming skills
• Modeling skills
• Perhaps one of the most important
Summary
• Two types of practitioners
• Managers
• Analysts
• Managers
• Leadership
• Interacting with actors
• Analysts
• Technical skills
• Responsible for executing requirements
• University ofVermont
• Distinct programs to address each role
20 Occupational Outlook Quarterly • Spring 2007
W
hen Will Wilkinson decided to major in phi-
losophy, his father wondered about the useful-
ness of the degree. “My dad asked if I was
going to work in a philosophy factory,” says Wilkinson.
“And now, I guess I do.”
Wilkinson is a policy analyst for a think tank in
Washington, D.C. As his anecdote suggests, think tanks
are, in a sense, idea factories. They employ policy
analysts to research complex problems and recommend
solutions. Issues range from education to healthcare to
national defense.
In fact, the ideas for many current laws and poli-
cies originated with policy analysts in think tanks and
other private organizations. Policy analysts—also called
researchers, scholars, and fellows—work to raise public
awareness of social issues, such as crime prevention,
access to healthcare, and protection of the environment.
And in the solutions they propose, these policy analysts
hope to influence government action.
Policy analysts who work for governments create
policy and evaluate program effectiveness; some help to
decide which private organizations should be awarded
publicly funded grants. For example, policy analysts
might suggest ideas for a county recycling plan, report
on how well a State project met its obje ...
Explain the six step model for public policy by SYED SALMAN JALAL KAKA KHELSalman Kaka Khel
The six step model for public policy formation prescribed by Patton and Sawicki (1986) includes: 1) Verify and define the problem, 2) Establish evaluation criteria, 3) Identify alternative policies, 4) Evaluate alternative policies, 5) Select among alternative policies, and 6) Monitor policy outcomes. However, the model has limitations as public policy problems are complex, models provide frameworks not concrete methods, and perfect adherence to a model could still produce a flawed policy.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives and types of research, including fundamental research, applied research, descriptive research, exploratory research, experimental research, diagnostic research, evaluation research, analytical research, historical research, and survey research. It also covers research design, methods of data collection, and potential sources of error in research.
CJ 520 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
For your final project, you will develop a basic departmental policy recommendation to address a public need. You will analyze historical data and relevant state
or federal policies, apply relevant criminological theories, and evaluate the potential impact of the departmental policy on the general public.
Public policy can be defined as the decisions, actions, laws, and positions of both the state and federal government. A public policy issue is at the center of public
policy, and the state and federal government react to the issue and make decisions such as creating laws and regulations to help address the public policy issue.
Public policies also provide guidance and direction to public safety organizations and are the principles that guide the actions of the personnel. The term public
policy is not normally used to denote what is actually done. Departmental policies are the procedures or protocols that are created to address this public policy
issue, and these departmental policies are what will be scrutinized in a highly publicized incident. Therefore, it is vital that departmental policies are developed
and updated to be consistent with public policy, to address issues within public policy, and to best serve the interests of the department and the community. To
do so effectively, criminological theories are applied to address specific motives and underlying factors influencing the issue at hand. These theories assist in
developing departmental policies that can stand the test of time, not conflict with public policy, and remain flexible enough to adapt to societal changes.
The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final
submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Three, Five, and Seven. The final product will be submitted in Module Nine.
This assessment addresses the following course outcomes:
Analyze criminological theories for their influence on the development of departmental and public policies
Assess the extent to which public policies address the needs of the public and criminal justice system by applying criminological theories
Evaluate the potential impact of policy recommendations on communities and the criminal justice system for informing appropriate policy development
and implementation
Analyze trends impacting the evolution of public policies for drawing informed conclusions on future policy development
Propose policy recommendations for improving the delivery of criminal justice services
Prompt
For this project, you will play the part of an individual recently promoted in a criminal justice organization. Your new supervisor recognizes that you are an up-
and-coming asset for the department and acknowledges that your advanced degree gives you an edge over some of the other employees in a project that needs
t ...
BMIS 580Course Project Phase 2 Literature Review Assignment InsJeniceStuckeyoo
This document provides instructions for completing Phase 2 of a course project, which involves writing a literature review. The literature review must be at least 1,900 words and contain a minimum of 10 peer-reviewed sources. It must follow APA format and contain title, reference, and appendix pages if needed. The literature review should establish a theoretical framework for the topic, define key terms, identify supporting studies and models, and define the problem or area of study. The introduction should restate the project problem and purpose from Phase 1 and establish importance. The review of literature section should discuss what the research says about the problem and identify supporting studies. The conclusion should state how the literature attempts to solve the problem and if it leads to an appropriate
The document discusses educational leadership and ICT policy. It defines policy as a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address problems. Key elements of a policy include problem definition, goals, and instruments. Problem definition involves recognizing and defining the problem being addressed. Goals are the intended outcomes of the policy. Instruments are the methods used to achieve the goals and address the problem.
The document discusses educational leadership and ICT policy. It defines policy as a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address problems. Key elements of a policy include a problem definition, goals, and instruments. When analyzing a policy, it is important to examine how the problem is defined, whether the goals are clearly stated, and how the policy proposes to achieve its goals through various instruments.
The document discusses educational leadership and ICT policy. It defines policy as a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address problems. Key elements of a policy include problem definition, goals, and instruments. Problem definition involves recognizing and defining the problem being addressed. Goals are the intended outcomes of the policy. Instruments are the methods used to achieve the goals and address the defined problem.
Project Description1. Describe the broad objective or purpo.docxpoulterbarbara
Project Description:
1. Describe the broad objective or purpose of the project.
2. Indicate which of the four culminating project options best describes your proposed project. Comment by Olabode Ayodele: Public Health Policy
4. Depending on the project option you have chosen, state your specific research questions, evaluation questions, or goals and objectives.
5. If you propose to plan a program, define your theoretical framework and discuss where the program will be implemented. Comment by Olabode Ayodele: n/a
6. Explain why you want to conduct your proposed project and describe what need your project will satisfy.
7. Finally, describe the product of the project (demonstration product)*. Comment by Olabode Ayodele: Policy brief.
Methods: Comment by Olabode Ayodele: N/A to policy brief, which is your product.
1. For secondary data analysis, describe the existing data you will use.
2. If you propose to work with quantitative data, what comparisons will you make and/or what statistical tests will you use? If you plan to work with a qualitative data, will you conduct a content analysis or perform another type of qualitative analysis?
3. If you propose to plan a program, describe where the program will be implemented.
1
POLICY BRIEFS
A guide to writing policy briefs for research uptake
Rebecca Wolfe
RESYST Research Uptake Manager
October 2013
2
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO POLICY BRIEFS 3
1.1 What is a policy brief? 3
1.2 Structure and content of a brief 5
1.3 Key components of an effective brief 6
2. PLANNING A POLICY BRIEF 7
2.1 Identifying target audiences 7
2.2 Developing an overarching message 8
2.3 Describing the problem 8
2.4 Identifying policy recommendations or interventions 9
2.5 Writing style: dos and don’ts 10
3. WRITING A POLICY BRIEF 11
3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Methodology 11
3.3 Results and conclusions 11
3.4 Policy recommendations or implications 11
3.5 References and other useful resources 11
3.6 Title and executive summary 11
4. FORMAT AND DESIGN 12
4.1 Highlighting important information 12
4.2 Photographs 13
4.3 Data-visualisation 14
4.4 Logos 15
5. POLICY BRIEF CHECKLIST 16
6. DISSEMINATING A POLICY BRIEF 17
6.1 Identifying opportunities for dissemination 17
6.2 Identifying connectors – people, networks and intermediaries 17
6.3 Using websites and social media 17
1. INTRODUCTION TO POLICY BRIEFS
“Research is essentially unfinished unless the findings are synthesised and
applied in practice to improve the situation”
Public health research is aimed at change and improving population health - however,
publishing research findings in journals and reports doesn’t ultimately lead to .
The document outlines the policy analysis and formulation process at the National Defence College. It begins with conceptual definitions of key terms like policy, public policy, strategy, policy analysis, formulation, and implementation. It then covers characteristics of policy like types, nature, and actors. Models of the policy process are presented including rational-comprehensive and stages models. The scope of the policy exercise at the college is described over three terms involving analysis, formulation, and implementation. An outline for policy analysis and formulation is provided as an example of the process taught.
Policy report final by Merlinda D Gorriceta, Joy S Sumortin, Derna F BancienDer Na Fuente Bella
The document discusses various models and methodologies used in policy analysis, including rational, incremental, group, elite, and systems models. It also covers qualitative and quantitative research methods used in policy analysis like case studies, surveys, and statistical analysis. The document provides examples of different types of policy analysis, such as ethical, strategic, and operational policy components.
This document summarizes a longer document about factors that influence human behavior and how understanding these factors can help develop effective communications strategies. It discusses three levels of factors - personal, social, and environmental - that influence behavior according to social psychology models. Personal factors include knowledge, attitudes, habits, and self-efficacy. Social factors include social norms, social support and identity. The document also provides an overview of behavioral economics principles and theories of behavior change. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how multiple factors at all levels can influence a behavior when developing communications to change behaviors.
This document summarizes a longer document about factors that influence human behavior and how understanding these factors can help develop effective communications strategies. It discusses three levels that influence behavior - personal, social, and environmental factors. Personal factors include knowledge, attitudes, habits, and beliefs. Social factors refer to interpersonal influences, and environmental factors include local and wider contextual influences. The document also provides overviews of behavioral economics principles and theories of behavior change. It emphasizes that to effectively influence behavior, communications strategies need to address factors at multiple levels rather than just focusing on one.
Additional tips The purpose of the final assignment is for yo.docxdaniahendric
Additional tips:
The purpose of the final assignment is for you to analyze an existing policy (at the federal, state, or local level) and discuss its impact on a social problem. You aren’t proposing a policy, but analyzing an existing policy of interest to you.
Be sure to take enough time reading about the policy you selected to thoroughly understand it in an in-depth way and be able to confidently answer the questions in the assignment.
Please take time to carefully read each question in the assignment and be sure to answer it. As you proof-read your paper, take the opportunity to again review the assignment and double check that you have thoroughly but succinctly provided the information for each applicable question.
Please make sure you are using APA style in your final paper, including the title page with name and dates.
The assignment is 8 – 10 pages long because that’s roughly the length of a comprehensive social policy analysis. Please try to refrain from adding more words than necessary to stretch the length.
Proof-reading more than once is a great idea to try to catch sentences that aren’t sentences and words that are inadvertently misused. Read it out loud. I understand that the U of MD’s writing lab is available to help those interested in strengthening their writing skills – don’t hesitate to take advantage of it!
My expectation is that direct quotes be kept to a minimum in that graduate-level writing involves synthesizing ideas and then presenting them in your OWN words. For those quotes you do use, please be sure to use the correct citation and quotation marks. Not doing so may be considered plagiarism and will be responded to accordingly.
Assignment 2: Policy Analysis. DUE: 11/28
For this assignment, you will examine a social policy at the local, state or federal level by the legislative, executive, or judicial branch of government. The policy may be addressing a social issue that directly or indirectly affects the clients served by your field placement, agency of employment, your community, or who you plan to work with after graduation. Drawing from class materials and external sources, write an 8-10 page policy analysis (double-spaced, 12 point font, with 1” margins). Your paper should address the following:
Describe the social issue and identify the population-at-risk. Summarize existing research on this social issue.
What is the historical context of the policy? How did the social issue come to the attention of policymakers? Who were/are the key actors who made the issue “legitimate” and mobilized support for or against the policy? Were there previous policy attempts to address this issue?
Describe the social policy, answering the following questions:
What kinds of benefits are offered?
What are the bases of social allocation? (who is eligible)
How are the benefits to be delivered?
How are the benefits financed?
What is the purpose/goal of the social policy? What assumptions about problem ...
This document discusses public policy, including its definition, characteristics, formulation process, and analysis. It defines public policy as a course of action adopted by governments in pursuit of goals and objectives. Public policy comprises domains requiring government intervention or common action. The key steps in policy formulation are identifying needs, defining problems, collecting information, formulating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting a policy, testing it, and incorporating it into manuals. Factors influencing policy include organizational and external considerations. The levels of policy process include agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and assessment.
This document provides an overview of policy analysis, outlining several key points:
- It defines policy analysis and describes it as a process used to determine what a policy will or has achieved. Approaches include descriptive analysis of existing policies and prescriptive analysis to formulate new policies.
- The importance of policy analysis is highlighted, such as assessing situations, seeking acceptance, providing opportunities for modification, and facilitating evidence-based decision making.
- Several models of policy analysis are described, including process, substantive, eightfold path, logical-positivist, and participatory policy analysis.
- The use of indicators and outcomes to evaluate policies is discussed, noting they can measure results at the population, agency
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Understanding Public Policy 14th Edition Dye Test Bank
1. 1 | P a g e
CONTENTS
1. Chapter One
Policy Analysis ......................................................................................................6
2. Chapter Two
Models of Politics ................................................................................................14
3. Chapter Three
The Policymaking Process ...................................................................................22
4. Chapter Four
Policy Evaluation .................................................................................................32
5. Chapter Five
Federalism and State Policies …...........................................................................41
6. Chapter Six
Criminal Justice ....................................................................................................51
7. Chapter Seven
Health and Welfare ...............................................................................................62
8. Chapter Eight
Health Care ...........................................................................................................72
9. Chapter Nine
Education ……………………………..................................................................80
10. Chapter Ten
Economic Policy ...................................................................................................92
11. Chapter Eleven
Tax Policy ….......................................................................................................101
12. Chapter Twelve
International Trade and Immigration ..................................................................110
13. Chapter Thirteen
Energy and the Environment ..............................................................................119
14. Chapter Fourteen
Civil Rights …….................................................................................................129
Understanding Public Policy 14th Edition Dye Test Bank
Full Download: http://alibabadownload.com/product/understanding-public-policy-14th-edition-dye-test-bank/
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2. 2 | P a g e
15. Chapter Fifteen
Defense Policy …................................................................................................140
3. 3 | P a g e
16. Chapter Sixteen
Homeland Security ……………………………………...……………………150
4. 4 | P a g e
PREFACE
Each chapter of this instructor’s manual has six elements: a chapter outline,
teaching objectives, discussion questions, lecture launchers, assessments, and websites.
Depending on your experience teaching public policy, you may want to use some or all of
these, and of course modify them as needed.
The chapter outline and the teaching objectives can be used for your own
information, to review before preparing a lecture, or can be incorporated into your
presentation. These elements are designed to present for you at a glance the textbook’s
coverage.
The discussion questions can be used in a number of ways. They can be assigned
to accompany assigned reading, giving students a similar direction that will ensure that
they have begun to consider some of the important issues you wish to cover. Assigned
ahead of time or not, they can be used for general discussions in class, or provide material
for small group discussions. If you are using small group discussions – three or four
students is ideal – it is generally advisable to bring the class back together afterward to
compare findings and relate what the students have thrashed out back to your main ideas.
Discussions will be more effective if you can help students incorporate this process into
the context of the material you are presenting. For this reason, discussions might be
effectively used prior to a lecture. If your lecture and the discussion questions cover the
same issues, you may find students more receptive to what you have to teach if they have
already considered key issues.
The lecture launchers are simply ideas to get you started in preparing your
lectures. Each gives you a possible approach to the subject covered in each chapter. Some
common takes I have suggested include historical approaches, basing your lecture on one
key piece of legislation or situation, forming a lecture around a clear arguing point, or
structuring your lecture on a relevant process. In many cases, more than one of the ideas
provided could be combined. However, it is better to keep your lecture clear and
streamlined along one idea than to try to incorporate many approaches.
Also provided is three sets of assessments: multiple choice, true/false, and essay.
Each set is designed to cover all of the material presented in the chapter. Finally, key
websites are provided. These can be included as pointers on your course syllabus or
website, or incorporated more directly in your teaching. As with the discussion questions,
students can be asked to peruse a site or sites before class, perhaps with a question or two
to consider to help them focus their exploration. Don’t expect students to wander
endlessly through a website; this isn’t productive. Websites can also be effectively used
in your lecture to demonstrate the processes involved in public policy making. In this
respect, brief excursions into a website may be incorporated into your lecture.
5. 5 | P a g e
CHAPTER 1
POLICY ANALYSIS: WHAT GOVERNMENTS DO, WHY THEY DO IT, AND
WHAT DIFFERENCE IT MAKES
CHAPTER OUTLINE AND SUMMARY
I. What Is Public Policy?
A. A study of public policy examines what governments do, why they chose certain
actions, and the impact of these actions. Public policy is worth studying because it
focuses on the choices governments make and, more particularly, the intended
and unintended consequences of policy decisions.
B. Definition of Policy
Public policy is defined as what governments chose to do or chose not to do.
C. Policy Expansion and Government Growth
As government has grown in the last century, the scope of public policy has also
expanded.
D. Scope of Public Policy
Although the scope of public policy has expanded greatly in the last decades, it is
not all inclusive.
II. Why Study Public Policy?
A. Political science goes beyond an understanding of governmental institutions and
processes. It also includes public policy, which focuses on the causes and
consequences of government actions.
III. What Can Be Learned from Policy Analysis?
Policy analysis examines the actions of governments, the causes of those actions, and
their impact. Descriptive analysis of the government examines what the government
does or does not do. Why do governments take or fail to take certain actions? In this
analysis, policy is the dependent variable, and the causes or determinants of public
policy are the independent variables. Policy evaluation studies the results of
implementing public policy. In this context, policies are independent variables, and
their impacts are dependent variables.
A. Description
The first step of policy analysis consists of careful description of current policy.
B. Causes
Having described the components of a given public policy, policy analysis then
moves to those factors that impact public policy.
C. Consequences
Finally, policy analysis includes an examination of the effects of public policy.
IV. Policy Analysis and Policy Advocacy
Policy analysis is contrasted with policy advocacy: the latter prescribes actions, while
analysis policy analysis seeks to explain. The three main ingredients of policy
analysis are: a focus on explanation, which takes precedence over prescription, a
thorough search for the causes and consequences of public policies, an effort to test
theories with reliable findings.
6. 6 | P a g e
V. Policy Analysis and the Quest for Solutions to America’s Problems
7. 7 | P a g e
Policy analysis should assume that not all of our society’s problems can be
eradicated. Government is constrained by—and cannot ever dominate—a mass of
social forces. What problems should be the targets of public policy? Without
agreement on this issue, public policy has little hope of success.
A. Limits on Government Power
Many of society’s problems are intractable, and beyond the control of any public
policy.
B. Disagreement over the Problem
Where no consensus exists concerning a problem, the search for a public policy
answer is greatly hampered.
C. Subjectivity in Interpretation
Values inevitably come into play in the interpretation of research.
D. Limitations on Design of Human Research
Research in the social sciences is fraught with limitations and difficulties, simply
because human subjects are involved.
E. Complexity of Human Behavior
The behavior of groups and even individuals is so complex that any findings are
necessarily of limited use to political scientists.
VI. Policy Analysis as Art and Craft
Policy analysis is both an art—requiring insight and creativity—and a craft—
requiring knowledge of applied sciences. Aaron Wildavsky was firm in asserting that
no one model can be used and no model of choice will be presented in this text.
TEACHING OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the meaning and scope of the concept “public policy.”
2. Formulate research questions and hypotheses for the analysis of public policy.
3. Distinguish between policy analysis and policy advocacy.
4. Identify and evaluate the limits of our ability to evaluate/analyze public policy.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Consider the use of government spending as a measure of what governments do, and
their priorities. What other measures might replace or complement this one?
2. Taking any governmental body, discuss what could be learned about it through policy
analysis.
3. Compare the approaches of “traditional” and “behavioral” political science, using
specific examples, such as education or transportation policy.
4. Apply the three-way relationship between public policy and its causes and outcomes
pictured on page eight to a current public policy question.
5. How can policy analysts overcome some of the problems inherent in policy analysis?
LECTURE LAUNCHERS
1. Begin with the text’s question “Why study public policy?” and solicit student
responses, leading into an examination of the possibilities and limitations of forming
public policy.
8. 8 | P a g e
2. Using a policy institute – for instance the Brookings Institution or the Heritage
Foundation – use the institute to begin a lecture focusing on the functions of public
policy analysis, policy formation, and policy advocacy.
3. Use an historical example – such as the Tea Act of 1773 – that had egregious
unintended consequences, begin with an examination of the difficulties of public
policy.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. According to the text,
functions and priorities.
a. policy advocacy
b. government spending
c. regulatory activity
d. policy analysis
Answer: b (p. 4)
Skill Level: Factual
is a common indicator of governmental
2. Government’s responsibilities have generally
a. grown in recent years.
b. constricted in recent years.
c. stayed about the same in recent years.
d. varied greatly in recent years.
Answer: a (p. 3)
Skill Level: Factual
3. Governmental growth during the twentieth century may be attributed to all BUT
WHICH of the following?
a. World War I and World War II
b. the Great Depression
c. massive immigration
d. Great Society programs
Answer: c (p. 4)
Skill Level: Factual
4. Total government spending (state, local, and federal) currently accounts for about
what percentage of the gross domestic product?
a. 35
b. 25
c. 45
d. 15
Answer: a (p. 4)
Skill Level: Factual
9. 9 | P a g e
5. The most expensive undertaking of the federal government is
a. education.
10. 10 | P a g e
b. national defense.
c. Social Security and Medicare.
d. interest on the national debt.
Answer: c (p. 5)
Skill Level: Factual
6. The most expensive undertaking of state and local governments is
a. highways.
b. education.
c. national defense.
d. welfare.
Answer: b (p. 3)
Skill Level: Factual
7. “Traditional” political science focuses primarily on
a. causes of government activity.
b. the behavioral processes of government.
c. the institutional structure of government.
d. an evaluation of the consequences of societal policies.
Answer: c (p. 5)
Skill Level: Conceptual
8. The study of public policy focuses on governmental
a. structure.
b. theory.
c. actions.
d. institutional history.
Answer: c (p. 6)
Skill Level: Conceptual
9. Studying the impact of the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment is an example of
a. policy description.
b. policy advocacy.
c. policy implementation.
d. policy evaluation.
Answer: d (p.7)
Skill Level: Conceptual
10. A close look at the terms of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty is an example of
a. policy advocacy.
b. policy evaluation.
c. policy analysis.
d. policy description.
Answer: d (pp. 6-7)
12. 12 | P a g e
11. Examining the consequences of public policy is often referred to as
a. policy advocacy.
b. policy evaluation.
c. policy analysis.
d. policy description.
Answer: b (p. 7)
Skill Level: Factual
12. When using test scores to measure the impact of education policy, we are taking part
in
a. policy analysis.
b. policy evaluation.
c. policy description.
d. behavioral science.
Answer: b (p.7)
Skill Level: Applied
13. Prescribing a direction in public policy is referred to as
a. agenda setting.
b. policy advocacy.
c. policy evaluation.
d. policy analysis.
Answer: b (p. 7)
Skill Level: Factual
14. The work of a policy analyst includes all of the following except
a. rigorous examination of the causes of public policy.
b. systematic examination of the impact of public policy.
c. prescribing policy preferences.
d. scientifically studying public policy.
Answer: c (p. 8)
Skill Level: Factual
15. Which of these would typically be the work of a policy advocate, but not a policy
analyst?
a. explanation
b. prescription
c. research
d. modeling
Answer: b (p.9)
Skill Level: Applied
16. Policy
activism.
a. analysis
b. evaluation
13. 13 | P a g e
requires the skills
of rhetoric,
persuasion,
organization, and
14. 14 | P a g e
c. advocacy
d. expansion
Answer: c (p. 8)
Skill Level: Factual
17. One problem that researchers have in their attempt to find solutions for public
problems is
a. an inability to quantify data.
b. a lack of understanding of the scientific method.
c. a disagreement about what the problems are.
d. the lack of understanding of the social and economic environment.
Answer: c (p. 7)
Skill Level: Factual
18. In scientific terms, when we study the causes of public policy, policies become the
variables and their determinants become the
a. evaluation, recommendation
b. independent, dependent
c. cause, consequences
d. dependent, independent
Answer: d (p. 7)
Skill Level: Factual
variables.
19. The most serious reservation about policy analysis is the inability to make accurate
predictions because of
a. lack of accurate data.
b. the complexity of human behavior.
c. value conflicts among researchers.
d. the Hawthorne effect.
Answer: b (p. 10)
Skill Level: Factual
20. Policy analysis is an art and a craft. It is an art because of the need for
a. specialist knowledge of economics.
b. knowledge of public administration.
c. creativity in dealing with public issues.
d. statistical expertise.
Answer: c (p. 11)
Skill Level: Conceptual
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
1. Public policy focuses on support for legislation and other government actions.
Answer: False (p. 3)
Skill Level: Conceptual
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2. The Great Society resulted in a dramatic shrinking of the size of the U.S. government.
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Answer: False (pp. 3-4)
Skill Level: Factual
3. Gross Domestic Product is a common measure indicating a government’s size.
Answer: True (p. 3)
Skill Level: Factual
4. “Traditional” political science centers on behaviors such as voting and lobbying.
Answer: False (p. 5)
Skill Level: Conceptual
5. The study of public policy is an aspect of political science.
Answer: True (p. 6)
Skill Level: Conceptual
6. An examination of the impact of the No Child Left Behind Act is an example of policy
description.
Answer: False (pp. 6-7)
Skill Level: Applied
7. Policy evaluation provides information about the causes of public policy.
Answer: False (p. 7)
Skill Level: Conceptual
8. Policy advocacy is essentially persuasion in favor of a given public policy.
Answer: True (pp. 7-8)
Skill Level: Conceptual
9. Policy analysis can be used to put an end to differences in values.
Answer: False (pp.9-10)
Skill Level: Conceptual
10. Measurement of test results as a consequence of the No Child Left Behind Act is an
example of the art of understanding public policy.
Answer: False (p. 11)
Skill Level: Applied
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Understanding public policy is both an art and a craft. Provide a public policy
scenario – actual or imagined – and illustrate how these two modes of thought might
provide solutions.
2. Policy analysis is finding out what governments do, why they do it, and what
difference it makes. Choose a governmental entity – such s the Department of the
Interior – and outline what you would hope to learn about it from policy analysis.
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3. What overlap – if any – exists between the tasks of the policy analyst and the policy
advocate?
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4. Why study public policy?
5. Evaluate the use of government spending as an indicator of priorities.
WEB SITES
Office of the President. White House home page, with president’s policy positions,
speeches, press releases, etc. www.whitehouse.gov
U.S. House of Representatives. Official House Web site, with links to individual House
members’ Web sites. www.house.gov
U.S. Senate. Official Senate Web site, with links to individual senators’ Web sites.
www.senate.gov
U.S. Congress on the Internet. Library of Congress Thomas search engine for finding
bills and tracing their progress through Congress. http://thomas.loc.gov
Federal Statistics Online. Links to federal statistical reports, listed by topic A–Z.
www.fedstats.gov
U.S. Census Bureau. The official site of the Census Bureau, with access to all current
reports—population, income and poverty, government finances, etc. www.census.gov
First Gov. U.S. government’s official portal to all independent agencies and government
corporations. www.firstgov.gov
Federal Judiciary. U.S. judiciary official site, with links to all federal courts.
www.uscourts.gov
Supreme Court Cases. Compilation of all key U.S. Supreme Court decisions.
www.supct.law.cornell.edu
Library of Congress. Compilation of the laws of the United States. http://thomas.loc.gov
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CHAPTER 2
MODELS OF POLITICS: SOME HELP IN THINKING ABOUT PUBLIC POLICY
CHAPTER OUTLINE AND SUMMARY
I. Models for Policy Analysis
Models represent simplified versions of reality, to aid comprehension.
A. Uses of Models
All of the models used in this text are conceptual models.
B. Selected Policy Models
No one model is superior to the others, each being useful in a variety of settings.
II. Process: Policy as Political Activity
The six-part policy process applies generally to all policymaking, beginning with
problem identification and ending with policy evaluation.
III. Institutionalism: Policy as Institutional Output
The institutions of government were the traditional concerns of political science.
Government institutions are important as they are the means by which solutions to
policy issues become public policy. Though the Constitution provides the basic
framework for government institutions, considerable change has occurred since its
adoption.
IV. Rationalism: Policy as Maximum Social Gain
The idea of “maximum social gain” assumes that the costs of any policy will be less
than the gains achieved and that the policy producing the greatest benefit should
always be chosen. The rational-policy approach also assumes that it is possible to
identify what an entire society wants. The difficulties in this approach mean that it is
rarely used.
V. Incrementalism: Policy as Variations on the Past
Posited as a response to the rational model of policymaking, incrementalism uses the
status quo as a basis for modifications. The approach assumes that comprehensive
change is not practical and that incremental change is more easily achieved. However,
incrementalism is less viable in crisis situations.
VI. Group Theory: Policy as Equilibrium in the Group Struggle
Group theory assumes that the interests and actions of groups are central in politics,
and it sees public policy as the equilibrium achieved by struggle among influential
groups. The approach includes the notion that equilibrium is maintained by a latent
group composed of most Americans, by overlapping group membership, and by
checks and balances produced by competition among groups.
VII. Elite Theory: Policy as Elite Preference
The elite theory assumes that the masses are apathetic and that public policy reflects
the wants and beliefs of the elite.
VIII. Public Choice Theory: Policy as Collective Decision Making by Self-Interested
Individuals
Public choice theory looks at policymaking from an economic point of view, with the
idea of the social contract as one of its key tenets. It assumes that government must
provide public goods, and address the issue of externalities, when the activities of one
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actor impose costs on another.
IX. Game Theory: Policy as Rational Choice in Competitive Situations
21. A. In this theory, players make interdependent choices, using brinksmanship and
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deterrence to achieve their goals.
X. Models: How to Tell If They Are Helping or Not
Models are only useful if they help us to understand political life, identify key
aspects of policy, mimic reality, communicate concepts in a meaningful way, give
means by which they can be tested, and hypothesize about the causes and
consequences of public policy.
A. Order and Simplify Reality
Models need to strike a balance between simplifying reality in order to analyze
political life, and the danger of oversimplifying.
B. Identify What Is Significant
A difficult task in applying any model, is determining what aspects of public
policy must be included.
C. Be Congruent with Reality
While models are only concepts, they must have a relationship with reality.
D. Provide Meaningful Communication
A model is only meaningful if it is based on ideas for which some consensus
exists.
E. Direct Inquiry and Research
Any model must be testable and capable of being validated.
F. Suggest Explanations
Models must go beyond description of public policy to explication.
TEACHING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the policy process and activities associated with the adoption of public
policy.
2. Identify the various policy models used to analyze the public policy process.
3. Evaluate concepts and models in the public policy process.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
6. Considering their shortcomings, why do policy analysts rely on models?
7. Do all policy models share certain limitations? What are these?
8. What elements of American political culture are reflected in the various models
discussed in this chapter?
9. Which of these models seem most in conflict with another model or models? Which
seem most compatible?
10. Assign pairs of models to different groups, and have each group compare the two
models, considering underlying assumptions, applications, strengths, and weaknesses.
Have each group report their findings as a basis for a general discussion.
22. A. In this theory, players make interdependent choices, using brinksmanship and
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LECTURE LAUNCHERS
23. 1. Beginning with institutionalism, structure a lecture chronologically, considering
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different models as responses to both earlier models, and to broader intellectual
trends.
2. Taking a major policy area, begin by applying two sharply contrasting models to the
issue, highlighting the differences in the two models. Focus the lecture on the element
of choice exercised by analysts in using different models.
3. Structure a lecture around one policy area, and examine each model in relation to that
policy area, inviting student participation in a discussion of the appropriateness of
each model.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Models are used for all of the following reasons except
a. to simplify our thinking about public policy.
b. to suggest explanations for public policy.
c. to evaluate the morality of different policies.
d. to identify important aspects of policy problems.
Answer: c (p. 15)
Skill Level: Conceptual
2. Those that focus on the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and
judicial) when studying public policy would be primarily interested in the
a. institutional model.
b. game theory model.
c. public choice model.
d. rational model.
Answer: a (p. 17)
Skill Level: Factual
3.
governments.
is the distribution of money and power among federal, state, and local
a. Federalism
b. Policy formulation
c. Incrementalism
d. Policy legitimation
Answer: a (p. 17)
Skill Level: Factual
4. Which of the following is not part of the policy process?
a. agenda setting
b. policy evaluation
c. problem identification
d. policy input
24. 1. Beginning with institutionalism, structure a lecture chronologically, considering
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Answer: d (p. 16)
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Skill Level: Factual
5. Which of these is based on older, more traditional political science?
a. game theory
b. public choice model
c. institutional model
d. rational model
Answer: c (p. 17)
Skill Level: Conceptual
6. “Maximum social gain” is most associated with the
a. institutional model.
b. rational model.
c. elite model.
d. group model.
Answer: b (p. 18)
Skill Level: Factual
7. To make a rational policy decision, policymakers must
a. chose a policy based only on its benefits.
b. assess a policy based only on its costs.
c. chose a policy with the greatest advantage.
d. weigh benefits against costs
Answer: d (p. 18)
Skill Level: Conceptual
8. Incrementalism views public policy as
a. the product of group conflict.
b. the desire of the elites.
c. the continuation of past policies.
d. the most cost-effective alternative.
Answer: c (p. 21)
Skill Level: Factual
9. Which of these is least likely to propose entirely new programs and policies?
a. rational model
b. group model
c. game theory model
d. incremental model
Answer: d (p. 21)
Skill Level: Conceptual
10. The latent group in American society is comprised of those that
a. generally support the political system.
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b. refuse to vote.
c. are known as the elite.