9.9% of pregnant women drank alcohol and 3.4% reported binge drinking in 2002–2017.
Drug use and being unmarried increase risk of any or binge drinking while pregnant.
Higher socioeconomic status increases risk of any drinking during pregnancy.
Lower socioeconomic status increases risk of binge drinking in trimesters 2 and 3.
Karen Minyard, GHPC Director, presented "Social Determinants of Health Equity and Levels of Potential Impact in the System: Opportunities for Leverage" at the Georgia Grantmakers Alliance in Macon, GA on August 25, 2011.
This powerpoint presentation was put together by Teri Covington, Senior Program Director at the Michigan Pubic Health Institute, and presented on January 15 at our Georgia Children's Advocacy Network (GA-CAN!) Forum. This month we looked at sudden and unexpected child deaths and the 2013 Child Fatality Report.
This powerpoint presentation was put together by Martha Duke, Child Death Liaison, Division of Family and Children Services and presented on August 8 at our Georgia Children's Advocacy Network (GA-CAN!) Forum. This month we looked at Deconstructing Child Deaths in Georgia: A Discussion of the 2013 DFCS Child Fatality Report
9.9% of pregnant women drank alcohol and 3.4% reported binge drinking in 2002–2017.
Drug use and being unmarried increase risk of any or binge drinking while pregnant.
Higher socioeconomic status increases risk of any drinking during pregnancy.
Lower socioeconomic status increases risk of binge drinking in trimesters 2 and 3.
Karen Minyard, GHPC Director, presented "Social Determinants of Health Equity and Levels of Potential Impact in the System: Opportunities for Leverage" at the Georgia Grantmakers Alliance in Macon, GA on August 25, 2011.
This powerpoint presentation was put together by Teri Covington, Senior Program Director at the Michigan Pubic Health Institute, and presented on January 15 at our Georgia Children's Advocacy Network (GA-CAN!) Forum. This month we looked at sudden and unexpected child deaths and the 2013 Child Fatality Report.
This powerpoint presentation was put together by Martha Duke, Child Death Liaison, Division of Family and Children Services and presented on August 8 at our Georgia Children's Advocacy Network (GA-CAN!) Forum. This month we looked at Deconstructing Child Deaths in Georgia: A Discussion of the 2013 DFCS Child Fatality Report
Maternal Alcohol Use Disorder and Risk of Child Contact with the Justice Syst...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
These finding were actually first described in - Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [FAS] and Fetal Alcohol Effects [FAE] - Final Report, August 1996: Ann P Streissguth et.al. Often ignored, but never refuted.
Perhaps the most important point of this 20 year old report was that early diagnosis was a major contributing factor in reducing subsequent involvement with the justice system.
I was disappointed, but not surprised, that this paper did not mention the importance of an early diagnosis.
Barry Stanley
This powerpoint presentation was put together by Arleymah Gray, MPH, Child Fatality Specialist at the Georgia Bureau of Investigation for the Child Fatality Review Unit, and presented on January 15 at our Georgia Children's Advocacy Network (GA-CAN!) Forum. This month we looked at sudden and unexpected child deaths and the 2013 Child Fatality Report.
On January 23, 2017, in one of his first actions as President, Donald Trump reinstated and expanded the Global Gag Rule—a policy that forces foreign NGOs to choose between receiving U.S. global health assistance and providing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care.
Providers must agree not to provide information, referrals or services for legal abortion or to advocate for the legalization of abortion in their country with their own non-U.S. funds.
At PAI, we are motivated by one powerful truth: a woman who is in charge of her reproductive health can change her life and transform her community.
Our mission is to promote universal access to reproductive health and reproductive rights through research, advocacy and innovative partnerships. Achieving this will dramatically improve the health and autonomy of women, reduce poverty and strengthen civil society.
https://pai.org
This paper gives and overview of factoes associated with depression among gay men. This paper was presented by Limin Mao et. al. at the AFAO HIV Educators Conference 2008.
Access to confidential care is critical for adolescents and young adults, particularly those seeking sensitive services, including sexual and reproductive health, mental health and substance abuse services. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) brings new opportunities and challenges for adolescents and young adults.
Authors: Sara Daniel, MPH, Jan Malvin, PhD, Carolyn B. Jasik, MD, Claire D. Brindis, DrPH
The Vermont Department of Health and key stakeholders conducted this Health Impact Assessment of the possible effects that could result from regulating and taxing adult marijuana use on the health of Vermonters.
APA Calls on Government to Prioritize Mental Health FundingMark Chae PhD
Over the past decade, Mark Chae, Ph.D. has worked at the University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey as an associate professor and researcher. Alongside this, Mark Chae, Ph.D., is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA), which has joined other organizations in calling for more mental health funding countrywide.
Joining with the leaders of 13 other mental health organizations, the APA has formed a coalition to engage with government officials to obtain this funding. In a statement announcing the move, the organizations highlighted that more than half of Americans are suffering ill mental health because of COVID-19. Since the crisis is unprecedented, the coalition argues that the mental health system is overwhelmed, and more needs to be done in the immediate and long-terms. To that extent, the organizations have created an action plan called “A Unified Vision for Transforming Mental Health and Substance Abuse Care.”
The plan forms a roadmap that calls for better policies and programs, among other initiatives focused on mental health services. Some of the initiatives include improving access to care, achieving payment parity among health care plans, and creating a diverse and inclusive mental health care workforce.
Results from the NE IA BRFSS survey (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. BRFSS is a point in time household telephone survey.
Iowa began annual surveys in 1988. The survey is designed to collect information on the health conditions, health risk behaviors, attitudes, and awareness of residents age 18 and over. The indicators measured are major contributors to illness, disability and premature death.
Maternal Alcohol Use Disorder and Risk of Child Contact with the Justice Syst...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
These finding were actually first described in - Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [FAS] and Fetal Alcohol Effects [FAE] - Final Report, August 1996: Ann P Streissguth et.al. Often ignored, but never refuted.
Perhaps the most important point of this 20 year old report was that early diagnosis was a major contributing factor in reducing subsequent involvement with the justice system.
I was disappointed, but not surprised, that this paper did not mention the importance of an early diagnosis.
Barry Stanley
This powerpoint presentation was put together by Arleymah Gray, MPH, Child Fatality Specialist at the Georgia Bureau of Investigation for the Child Fatality Review Unit, and presented on January 15 at our Georgia Children's Advocacy Network (GA-CAN!) Forum. This month we looked at sudden and unexpected child deaths and the 2013 Child Fatality Report.
On January 23, 2017, in one of his first actions as President, Donald Trump reinstated and expanded the Global Gag Rule—a policy that forces foreign NGOs to choose between receiving U.S. global health assistance and providing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care.
Providers must agree not to provide information, referrals or services for legal abortion or to advocate for the legalization of abortion in their country with their own non-U.S. funds.
At PAI, we are motivated by one powerful truth: a woman who is in charge of her reproductive health can change her life and transform her community.
Our mission is to promote universal access to reproductive health and reproductive rights through research, advocacy and innovative partnerships. Achieving this will dramatically improve the health and autonomy of women, reduce poverty and strengthen civil society.
https://pai.org
This paper gives and overview of factoes associated with depression among gay men. This paper was presented by Limin Mao et. al. at the AFAO HIV Educators Conference 2008.
Access to confidential care is critical for adolescents and young adults, particularly those seeking sensitive services, including sexual and reproductive health, mental health and substance abuse services. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) brings new opportunities and challenges for adolescents and young adults.
Authors: Sara Daniel, MPH, Jan Malvin, PhD, Carolyn B. Jasik, MD, Claire D. Brindis, DrPH
The Vermont Department of Health and key stakeholders conducted this Health Impact Assessment of the possible effects that could result from regulating and taxing adult marijuana use on the health of Vermonters.
APA Calls on Government to Prioritize Mental Health FundingMark Chae PhD
Over the past decade, Mark Chae, Ph.D. has worked at the University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey as an associate professor and researcher. Alongside this, Mark Chae, Ph.D., is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA), which has joined other organizations in calling for more mental health funding countrywide.
Joining with the leaders of 13 other mental health organizations, the APA has formed a coalition to engage with government officials to obtain this funding. In a statement announcing the move, the organizations highlighted that more than half of Americans are suffering ill mental health because of COVID-19. Since the crisis is unprecedented, the coalition argues that the mental health system is overwhelmed, and more needs to be done in the immediate and long-terms. To that extent, the organizations have created an action plan called “A Unified Vision for Transforming Mental Health and Substance Abuse Care.”
The plan forms a roadmap that calls for better policies and programs, among other initiatives focused on mental health services. Some of the initiatives include improving access to care, achieving payment parity among health care plans, and creating a diverse and inclusive mental health care workforce.
Results from the NE IA BRFSS survey (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. BRFSS is a point in time household telephone survey.
Iowa began annual surveys in 1988. The survey is designed to collect information on the health conditions, health risk behaviors, attitudes, and awareness of residents age 18 and over. The indicators measured are major contributors to illness, disability and premature death.
Abnehmen, Lipocare, Cytotheraphy, Qualität, Fettfältchen, schlank, diät, Diätassistenten, Fettverbrennung, Fettablagerung, Hunger, Jojo-Effekts, Schlankheitsprodukt, schlanke Figur, Fettverlust, Lebensfreude, fittness knackige Schenkel, knackige Po, schön, keine Cellulite, Cellulite, fit, Schlankheit, Tabletten, Schlankheits- Tabletten, Mittel, Diätpillen, Traumgewicht, abgenommen, Nebenwirkung, Fast Food, Apotheke, Behandlung, Medikament, zufriedenstellend, Stoffwechsel, Kreislauf, Frustfressattacken, Abnehmpille, Abnehmmethoden, Kühlschrank, Kapsel, Gemüsesuppe, Obst, leckeren Essens, hungrig, Hunger, Vorspeise, prima, Appetit, Kilo, Nahrungsergänzungsmittel,
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Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problemMalikPinckney86
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problem:
individual/ biological, interpersonal/
Intrapersonal Factors: involve an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about a health condition.
Lifestyle Causal Beliefs about Obesity
when categorized as ‘some'/‘a lot', 94% of participants held not exercising causal beliefs, 95% held overeating causal beliefs, 90% held eating certain types of food causal beliefs, 70% held chemicals in food causal beliefs, and 41% held smoking causal beliefs about obesity, compared to the 69% who held genetic causal beliefs about obesity. There were few associations between lifestyle causal beliefs about obesity and any of the sociodemographic or health-related characteristics assessed.
Genetic Causal Beliefs about Obesity-Related Diseases
Overall, 82% of participants held genetic causal beliefs about type 2 diabetes (fig. 2), 79% about heart disease (fig. 3) and 75% about cancer (fig. 4), when categorized as ‘some/a lot.' table 3 shows that there were very few associations with participant sociodemographic or health-related characteristics.(all threse from https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/343793)
This study is based on the Ecological Systems Theory and Family and Community Systems perspectives, which emphasize the need to consider the effects of individual, family, community, and societal factors on health and social outcomes (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1988; Campbell, Hesketh, & Davison, 2010; Elder et al., 2007; Fulkerson et al., 2015; Novilla, Barnes, De La Cruz, Williams, & Rogers, 2006; Valente, 2012).
This study contributes to the literature in several ways and emphasizes that peers and families are important sources of influence when it comes to healthy eating and choices of activities in young adolescents. Specifically, adolescents who reported a stronger connection with their family also engaged more frequently in physical activity than adolescents who reported lower familism. The benefits of targeting the family as part of lifestyle interventions are well established (Epstein, Paluch, Roemmich, & Beecher, 2007; Skelton, Buehler, Irby, & Grzywacz, 2012; St Jeor, Perumean-Chaney, Sigman-Grant, Williams, & Foreyt, 2002). The rationale underlying family-centered approaches is that modification of the youth’s environment is necessary to change and maintain children’s healthy habits. As a primary source of socialization, parents not only influence youths’ healthy lifestyle in providing access to resources and in modeling and reinforcing healthy habits, but they also provide the basis for the development of healthy peer relationships. Conceivably, stronger family connections may operate directly on young adolescents’ physical activity, but also indirectly in establishing the foundations for healthy peer relationships, which in turn promote healthier diet and a less sedentary lifestyle.
Furthermore, adolescents who reported higher PSF had a healthier diet and spent less time engagi ...
Effects of the Affordable Care Act MedicaidExpansion on Subj.docxgidmanmary
Effects of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid
Expansion on Subjective Well-Being in the US Adult
Population, 2010–2016
Lindsay C. Kobayashi, PhD, Onur Altindag, PhD, Yulya Truskinovsky, PhD, and Lisa F. Berkman, PhD
Objectives. To determine whether the 2014 Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion
affected well-being in the low-income and general adult US populations.
Methods. We obtained data from adults aged 18 to 64 years in the nationally rep-
resentative Gallup-Sharecare Well-Being Index from 2010 to 2016 (n = 1 674 953). We
used a difference-in-differences analysis to compare access to and difficulty affording
health care and subjective well-being outcomes (happiness, sadness, worry, stress, and
life satisfaction) before and after Medicaid expansion in states that did and did not
expand Medicaid.
Results. Access to health care increased, and difficulty affording health care declined
following the Medicaid expansion. Medicaid expansion was not associated with changes
to emotional states or life satisfaction over the study period in either the low-income
population who newly gained health insurance or in the general adult population as a
spillover effect of the policy change.
Conclusions. Although the public health benefits of the Medicaid expansion are in-
creasingly apparent, improved population well-being does not appear tobe among them.
Public Health Implications. Subjective well-being indicators may not be informative
enough to evaluate the public health impact of expanded health insurance. (Am J Public
Health. 2019;109:1236–1242. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305164)
See also Galea and Vaughan, p. 1169.
Akey component of the US AffordableCare Act (ACA) was the expansion of
Medicaid eligibility to nonelderly adults with
incomes up to 138% of the federal poverty
level.1 This policy resulted in 9.6 million
people becoming newly eligible for Medicaid
beginning in 2014.2 The rapidly growing
literature documents a range of beneficial
outcomes for the newly eligible population,
including higher rates of insurance coverage,
increased access to health care providers,
improved quality of care, increased use of
preventive health services, reduced likelihood
of emergency department visits, and reduced
financial difficulties.3–7 Public health spill-
over effects with relevance to the general
population also have been documented,
including lower rates of crime, higher
prescribing of opioid treatments, and reduced
socioeconomic disparities in access to health
care.8–11 Evidence of direct effects on health
outcomes is relatively scarce,5 whereas a
growing body of evidence shows mixed re-
sults for its effect on self-rated health.7,11–14
The effects of the ACA Medicaid expansion
on population well-being in the United States
are unknown.
Human well-being is gaining attention
from researchers and policymakers as a metric
of social welfare that goes beyond standard
indicators for health policy evaluation.15–18
Broadly defined, subjective w ...
Health Awareness as a Predictor of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in St. V...Jodean Campbell
Objective:
To evaluate the effect of health awareness on health values such as dietary structure and choices. To evaluate the effect of health awareness levels on the presence of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
Results:
Participants with high awareness levels have higher educational levels and lower incidences of non-communicable diseases than individuals with low awareness levels. Chi square test gave a p value less than 0.00001 for the association between awareness level and disease. The relationship between awareness level and education, yielded a p value of 0.000088.
Disparities in Access to Health Care Among US-Bornand Foreig.docxmadlynplamondon
Disparities in Access to Health Care Among US-Born
and Foreign-Born US Adults by Mental Health
Status, 2013–2016
Reema Dedania, MD, MPH, and Gilbert Gonzales, PhD, MHA
Objectives. To compare access to care between US-born and foreign-born US adults
by mental health status.
Methods. We analyzed data on nonelderly adults (n = 100 428) from the 2013–2016
National Health Interview Survey. We used prevalence estimates and multivariable lo-
gistic regression models to compare issues of affordability and accessibility between
US-born and foreign-born individuals.
Results. Approximately 22.2% of US-born adults and 18.1% of foreign-born adults
had symptoms of moderate to severe psychological distress. Compared with US-born
adults with no psychological distress, and after adjustment for sociodemographic
characteristics, US-born and foreign-born adults with psychological distress were much
more likely to report multiple emergency room visits and unmet medical care, mental
health care, and prescription medications because of cost.
Conclusions. Our study found that adults with moderate to severe psychological
distress, regardless of their immigration status, were at greater risk for reporting issues
of affordability when accessing health care compared with US-born adults with no
psychological distress.
Public Health Implications. Health care and mental health reforms should focus
on reducing health care costs and establishing innovative efforts to broaden access to
care to diverse populations. (Am J Public Health. 2019;109:S221–S227. doi:10.2105/
AJPH.2019.305149)
Health care access is an important factorassociated with mental illness pre-
vention, early-stage diagnosis and treatment,
and overall prognosis of psychiatric disorders.1
However, disparities in health care access and
health services utilization between immi-
grants and native-born populations in the
United States have been well documented for
a number of reasons, including stigmatization,
fear of deportation, challenges navigating a
complex health insurance system, and the
absence of culturally sensitive care and health
information.2,3 Studies show that, on average,
immigrants report better self-rated health and
less health services utilization compared with
native-born populations. However, consid-
erable debate remains over whether lower
utilization rates reflect a lesser need or an issue
of accessibility.4–7 This problem can be
unremitting and even aggravated in the
treatment of mental health disorders, which
are among the most expensive medical con-
ditions in the United States in recent years.8
There are a variety of factors that influence
the mental health of immigrants in particu-
lar. First, it is essential to recognize that
immigrants enter the United States through
a variety of means, including elective immi-
gration (e.g., family-based and employment-
based immigration) and forced migration
(e.g., refugees or asylees who are fleeing
persecution or are unabl ...
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
The Effect of a Pilot Nutrition Education Intervention on Perc.docxmehek4
The Effect of a Pilot Nutrition Education Intervention on Perceived Cancer Risk
in a Rural Texas Community
Liliana Correa, MS', Debra B. Reed, PhD, RDN, LD:, Barent N. McCool, PhD3, Mary Murimi, PhD, RDN, LD2, Conrad
Lyford, PhD4
'Former M.S. Nutritional Sciences Graduate Student, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
departm ent of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
departm ent of Hospitality and Retail Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
departm ent of Agricultural & Applied Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
Correspondence to:
Debra B. Reed, PhD, RDN, LD
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Background: A high consumption o f fruits, vegetables, and whole
grain foods and adequate levels o f physical activity are associated
with a lower risk o f obesity and lower risk o f lifestyle cancers. Re
search suggests that rural communities have a high risk o f unhealthy
behaviors that may contribute to excessive weight gain and risk o f
lifestyle related cancers. The purpose o f this pilot study was to deter
mine the effect o f an educational intervention in a rural Texas com
munity on the intermediate outcomes o f eating behavior (increasing
the intake o f fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods) and physical
activity behavior, and the distal outcome o f body mass index (BM1).
Methods: The intervention, guided by the Social Cognitive Theory,
was implemented over a 10-month period and included a variety o f
community-based education activities related to nutrition, physical
activity, and cancer in a variety o f settings. The effect o f the inter
vention was assessed by analyzing pre- and post-data (N=67) using
independent and paired samples t-tests and bivariate correlations.
Results: Participants were mainly Hispanic (53.7%) and White
(44.8%). At pre-intervention, 6% o f participants reported consuming
>5 servings o f fruits and vegetables daily, 19.4% consumed >3 serv
ings o f whole grain foods daily, and 85.1% were either overweight
or obese. Only 31% o f participants were aware that cancer risk was
related to overweight at pre-intervention. At post-intervention, His-
panics showed a significant increase in the consumption o f fruits and
vegetables (p<0.05). Participation in sports or physical activity pro
grams showed a significant increase (p<0.05). However, no signifi
cant decrease in BM1 was shown.
Conclusion: This intervention had a limited effect in increasing tar
geted behaviors and no effect on reducing BMI. More assessment is
needed in this rural community to identify barriers to healthy behav
iors and to improve interventions to increase consumption o f fruits,
vegetables, and whole grain foods, levels o f physical activity, and
awareness o f the cancer and obesity relationship.
INTRODUCTION
During the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the rates o f
excessive weight in the U.S. population with more than 69% o f the
adult population classified as overwei ...
Running head PICOT STATEMENT 1PICOT STATEMENT 5.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PICOT STATEMENT 1
PICOT STATEMENT 5
PICOT Statement: Childhood Obesity
P-I-C-O-T Statement
P- Patients who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than 30)
I- Undertaking nutritional education, diet, and exercise
C- Comparison to nutritional education, endoscopic bariatric surgical intervention
O- Improved health outcomes in terms of overall weight
T - A year’s time limit
PICOT Statement: Childhood Obesity
Introduction
Childhood obesity poses serious health problems in the US as the number of overweight and obese population increases at a rapid pace every year. The effects of this problem have arrested the attention of policymakers, societal members, and government agencies. This has resulted in ranking childhood obesity as a national health concern. The adverse impacts of this disease go beyond the health realms to include economic burden on both personal and national budgets. While there are numerous risk factors and various evidence-based interventions to address this challenge, no single approach is consistently efficacious in curbing the disease. Consequently, it is imperative that efficacious initiatives and policies be developed to address the never-ending problem of childhood obesity. Multidisciplinary approaches are often broad and cut across all dimensions of personal health problems. Instead of placing emphasis solely on biomedical models, health care professionals should also seek to promote behavior change among obesity patients and their family members. A PICOT statement can be utilized as an effective tool to seek interventions of addressing childhood obesity.
PICOT Statement
Population
In the US, obesity prevalence is highest among children aged from 6 to 11 years (Cheung et al. 2016). The disease has tripled among this age group from 4.2 percent to 15.3 percent from 1963 to 2012. In the last three decades, increased cases of obesity prevalence have been noted among children of all ages, although the differences in obesity prevalence have been recorded in terms of age, race, ethnicity, and gender (Cheung et al. 2016). In this respect, children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families and some racial and ethnic minorities experience the higher median score on obesity than the dominant white population. Higher obesity rates are often recorded among blacks and Hispanics compared to whites. For instance, a survey on girls in the Southwest revealed that the yearly cases of obesity stood at 4.5 percent among Blacks, 2 percent among Hispanics, and 0.7 percent among white girls aged from 13 to 17 years (Cheung et al. 2016). For low-income earners, American Indians rank highest at 6.3 percent, followed closely by Hispanics at 5.5 percent.
Intervention
Evidence-based interventions that seek to reduce childhood obesity incidences in the country should target two major areas: prevention and treatment. High-quality RCT has been proven as one of the most effective preventative ...
![Understanding behavioral risk factors in high-deductible health plans Jeffrey T. Kullgren, MD, MS, MPH a,b,c ; Kevin G. Volpp, MD, PhD b,c,d,e ; Daniel E. Polsky, PhD c,d,e a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars; b Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center; c Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics Center for Health Incentives, University of Pennsylvania; d Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; e The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Associations between HDHP enrollment and smoking* * Smoking defined as currently smoking cigarettes every day. ** Obesity defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 calculated from self-reported weight and height. † Unadjusted odds of outcome relative to traditional plan enrollees. ‡ Odds of outcome adjusted for gender, age, annual household income, race/ethnicity, education, risk tolerance, employment status, marital status, parenthood, county MSA category, and US Census region. Reference group is traditional plan enrollees in the same coverage source group. Associations between HDHP enrollment and obesity** ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Methods Results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Policy implications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Background ,[object Object],[object Object],Objectives](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/kullgrenjeffunderstandingbehavioralriskfactorsinhighdeductiblehealthplans53111-110602100354-phpapp02/85/Understanding-Behavioral-Risk-Factors-in-High-Deductible-Health-Plans-5-31-11-1-320.jpg)
