This document provides an overview of various nontraditional machining processes, including abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), electrochemical machining (ECM), and electrochemical grinding (ECG). It discusses the working principles, typical parameters, advantages, and applications of these processes. The key advantages of nontraditional machining noted are the ability to machine hard, brittle, or heat-sensitive materials without causing mechanical or thermal damage like in conventional machining.
This document provides an overview of unconventional machining processes. It begins with an introduction to conventional machining processes and then discusses the need for unconventional processes to machine advanced materials. The document categorizes unconventional processes as mechanical, electrical, chemical/electrochemical, or thermal based. Specific unconventional processes like ultrasonic machining and abrasive water jet cutting are then described in more detail.
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes such as abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). It provides details on the classification of non-traditional processes, including mechanical metal removal processes, electro-chemical processes, and thermal methods. Specific information on process parameters and applications are given for AJM, WJM, and USM. The advantages and limitations of these non-traditional machining techniques are also summarized.
Nontraditional Machining Processes by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes including abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining, ultrasonic machining, and electrochemical machining. It provides details on the basic mechanisms and principles of how each process works including descriptions of typical equipment setups used. Some key advantages and disadvantages of AJM are highlighted such as its ability to cut hard materials without heat but also its low material removal rate.
The document discusses various mechanical energy based machining processes including abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, ultrasonic machining, and their working principles. It provides details of each process such as their mechanism of material removal, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and parameters that affect the processes. Key processes covered are abrasive jet machining which uses a high velocity jet of abrasive particles to erode material, water jet machining which uses a high pressure water jet, and ultrasonic machining which uses abrasive particles vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies to machine hard brittle materials.
This document provides information on various machining processes, both traditional and non-traditional. It begins by defining machining and categorizing different machining methods such as cutting, abrasive processes, and nontraditional processes using electrical, chemical or optical energy. Specific nontraditional processes discussed include abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), chemical machining (CM), and electrochemical machining (ECM). The document explains the basic working principles, construction details, advantages, and applications of these nontraditional machining processes.
Non conventional machining process - me III - 116010319119Satish Patel
This document discusses non-conventional machining processes and abrasive water jet cutting. It classifies non-conventional processes into thermal and electro-thermal, mechanical, and chemical and electro-chemical processes. It then describes abrasive water jet cutting, where a high pressure water jet mixed with abrasive particles is used to cut materials. Advantages include the ability to cut hard and brittle materials without generating heat, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and abrasive particles embedding in the workpiece.
Advantages and disadvantages of Ultrasonic Machining by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
Ultrasonic machining uses high-frequency vibrations delivered to a tool tip embedded in an abrasive slurry to machine hard, brittle materials without generating heat. It can produce intricate shapes in materials like ceramics, glass, and silicon. Some advantages are that it machines without applying pressure, produces little heat or stress, and can cut complex shapes. However, it also has low material removal rates, requires skilled operators, and the tools wear more quickly than in other machining methods.
This document provides an overview of unconventional machining processes. It begins with an introduction to conventional machining processes and then discusses the need for unconventional processes to machine advanced materials. The document categorizes unconventional processes as mechanical, electrical, chemical/electrochemical, or thermal based. Specific unconventional processes like ultrasonic machining and abrasive water jet cutting are then described in more detail.
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes such as abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). It provides details on the classification of non-traditional processes, including mechanical metal removal processes, electro-chemical processes, and thermal methods. Specific information on process parameters and applications are given for AJM, WJM, and USM. The advantages and limitations of these non-traditional machining techniques are also summarized.
Nontraditional Machining Processes by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes including abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining, ultrasonic machining, and electrochemical machining. It provides details on the basic mechanisms and principles of how each process works including descriptions of typical equipment setups used. Some key advantages and disadvantages of AJM are highlighted such as its ability to cut hard materials without heat but also its low material removal rate.
The document discusses various mechanical energy based machining processes including abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, ultrasonic machining, and their working principles. It provides details of each process such as their mechanism of material removal, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and parameters that affect the processes. Key processes covered are abrasive jet machining which uses a high velocity jet of abrasive particles to erode material, water jet machining which uses a high pressure water jet, and ultrasonic machining which uses abrasive particles vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies to machine hard brittle materials.
This document provides information on various machining processes, both traditional and non-traditional. It begins by defining machining and categorizing different machining methods such as cutting, abrasive processes, and nontraditional processes using electrical, chemical or optical energy. Specific nontraditional processes discussed include abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), chemical machining (CM), and electrochemical machining (ECM). The document explains the basic working principles, construction details, advantages, and applications of these nontraditional machining processes.
Non conventional machining process - me III - 116010319119Satish Patel
This document discusses non-conventional machining processes and abrasive water jet cutting. It classifies non-conventional processes into thermal and electro-thermal, mechanical, and chemical and electro-chemical processes. It then describes abrasive water jet cutting, where a high pressure water jet mixed with abrasive particles is used to cut materials. Advantages include the ability to cut hard and brittle materials without generating heat, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and abrasive particles embedding in the workpiece.
Advantages and disadvantages of Ultrasonic Machining by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
Ultrasonic machining uses high-frequency vibrations delivered to a tool tip embedded in an abrasive slurry to machine hard, brittle materials without generating heat. It can produce intricate shapes in materials like ceramics, glass, and silicon. Some advantages are that it machines without applying pressure, produces little heat or stress, and can cut complex shapes. However, it also has low material removal rates, requires skilled operators, and the tools wear more quickly than in other machining methods.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM). It explains that in USM, a tool oscillated at ultrasonic frequencies (around 20 kHz) with abrasive particles in the gap between the tool and workpiece. The abrasive particles are forced to repeatedly impact the work surface due to the ultrasonic oscillations, removing material through micro-chipping. Key advantages of USM include the ability to machine hard and brittle materials precisely without producing thermal or chemical defects, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and fast tool wear. Common abrasives used include aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in a water slurry. USM is suitable for machining intricate shapes, small holes, and hard non-conductive
This document provides information about an Unconventional Machining Processes course. It includes the course code, regulation, instructor details, course outcomes, modules, and learning outcomes. Specifically, it outlines Module I which provides an introduction to unconventional machining processes, including ultrasonic machining. It discusses the history, principles, setup, mechanisms, materials used, applications, and limitations of ultrasonic machining.
Non Traditional Machining is playing vital role in now a days in mechanical Industries so student it should be need sound knowledge in this particular subject due to impact of this subject i am prepare in this materials it is most useful for my students...
All The Best ...
By: Author-Prof.S.Sathishkumar
This document provides an introduction to unconventional machining processes. It discusses mechanical energy based processes like abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. It also covers electrical energy based processes like electrical discharge machining. The key points are: mechanical processes use abrasives or water to erode material, while EDM uses electric sparks; various process parameters and characteristics are described for each method; advantages include ability to machine hard materials with less force and residual stress, while limitations include lower material removal rates.
This document provides information on non-traditional manufacturing processes. It defines non-traditional processes as those that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without direct tool-workpiece contact. Several non-traditional processes are described in detail, including ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, electrochemical grinding, and chemical milling. Non-traditional processes allow hard and brittle materials to be machined without damage and with better surface finish compared to traditional processes. They find applications in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and automotive.
The document discusses non-conventional machining processes. It begins by distinguishing between conventional machining processes, which use hard cutting tools to remove material, and non-conventional processes, which use other energies like mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical. Non-conventional processes are then classified based on the type of energy used, including mechanical, electrochemical, electro-thermal, and chemical processes. Examples of specific non-conventional machining techniques are provided within each classification.
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. These processes are used for hard materials, complex shapes, or where heat and stresses from traditional machining would cause damage. Each process removes material in unique ways such as through chemical dissolution, electrochemical erosion, electrical sparks, focused light/electron beams, or abrasive particle impact.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
The document discusses various non-conventional machining processes that remove material using means other than traditional cutting tools. It describes abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, waterjet cutting, electrochemical machining, electrochemical grinding, electrodischarge machining, laser beam machining, and chemical machining. These alternative processes can machine hard or complex materials and features that cannot be done with conventional machining. The document provides details on the mechanisms, parameters, advantages, and applications of various non-traditional machining methods.
The document discusses three mechanical energy-based machining processes: abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). In AJM, a high-speed stream of abrasive particles erodes material from the workpiece. WJM uses a high-velocity water jet to convert kinetic energy into pressure that removes small chips. USM forces an abrasive slurry against the workpiece using a vibrating tool to remove extremely small chips. Key parameters for each process include abrasive properties, pressure, velocity, vibration frequency, and more. Each method can machine hard materials and provides advantages like avoiding heat, being noiseless, or enabling intricate shapes.
The document discusses conventional and non-conventional machining processes. It defines machining as the process of removing excess material from a workpiece to obtain the desired shape and size. Conventional machining uses hard, sharp cutting tools while non-conventional machining uses various energy sources like light, sound, magnetism, plasma, or electricity to remove material without contact between the tool and workpiece. The document goes on to classify and describe various non-conventional machining processes based on the type of energy they use and discusses factors to consider when selecting a machining process.
The document discusses various traditional and nontraditional machining processes. It describes grinding as a traditional machining process that uses abrasive particles to remove small amounts of metal. It then discusses several nontraditional processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. Each of these processes removes material using methods other than traditional cutting, such as through chemical or electrical erosion, melting with lasers or electrons, or erosion with high-pressure water or abrasive particles. The document provides details on the mechanisms and applications of each of these nontraditional machining methods
This document discusses waterjet cutting, including what it is, where it is used, how it works, its advantages and limitations. Waterjet cutting uses high-pressure water or water with abrasives to cut materials. It can cut virtually any material, has a fast setup, leaves little heat damage, and is environmentally friendly. However, cutting hard metals or thick materials reduces cutting speed. Waterjet cutting is used in machine shops, artistic works, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other industries.
This document provides an overview of mechanical energy based unconventional machining processes. It discusses abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). For each process, it describes the basic working principles, key components, process parameters that influence material removal rate, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also compares different types of transducers used in USM and discusses factors affecting the machining performance of USM.
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes. It covers mechanical energy based processes like abrasive jet machining, water jet machining and ultrasonic machining in Unit 1. Unit 2 discusses thermal and electrical energy based processes. Key processes covered are electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining. Unit 3 focuses on chemical and electrochemical energy based processes like electrochemical machining. The document provides details on the working, parameters, advantages and applications of these various unconventional machining processes.
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes. It covers mechanical energy based processes like abrasive jet machining, water jet machining and ultrasonic machining in Unit 1. Unit 2 discusses thermal and electrical energy based processes. Key processes covered are electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining. Unit 3 focuses on chemical and electrochemical energy based processes like electrochemical machining. The document provides details on the working, parameters, advantages and applications of these various unconventional machining processes.
This document provides an introduction to electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM is an unconventional machining process where material is removed by electric sparks between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece, with no direct contact between them. Key aspects of EDM covered include the construction of EDM machines, the role of dielectric fluids, factors that affect the material removal rate such as capacitance and spark parameters, and electrode tool materials and wear characteristics. Graphite, copper, and copper-tungsten are commonly used as tool materials in EDM due to properties like machinability and erosion resistance.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM). It explains that in USM, a tool oscillated at ultrasonic frequencies (around 20 kHz) with abrasive particles in the gap between the tool and workpiece. The abrasive particles are forced to repeatedly impact the work surface due to the ultrasonic oscillations, removing material through micro-chipping. Key advantages of USM include the ability to machine hard and brittle materials precisely without producing thermal or chemical defects, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and fast tool wear. Common abrasives used include aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in a water slurry. USM is suitable for machining intricate shapes, small holes, and hard non-conductive
This document provides information about an Unconventional Machining Processes course. It includes the course code, regulation, instructor details, course outcomes, modules, and learning outcomes. Specifically, it outlines Module I which provides an introduction to unconventional machining processes, including ultrasonic machining. It discusses the history, principles, setup, mechanisms, materials used, applications, and limitations of ultrasonic machining.
Non Traditional Machining is playing vital role in now a days in mechanical Industries so student it should be need sound knowledge in this particular subject due to impact of this subject i am prepare in this materials it is most useful for my students...
All The Best ...
By: Author-Prof.S.Sathishkumar
This document provides an introduction to unconventional machining processes. It discusses mechanical energy based processes like abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. It also covers electrical energy based processes like electrical discharge machining. The key points are: mechanical processes use abrasives or water to erode material, while EDM uses electric sparks; various process parameters and characteristics are described for each method; advantages include ability to machine hard materials with less force and residual stress, while limitations include lower material removal rates.
This document provides information on non-traditional manufacturing processes. It defines non-traditional processes as those that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without direct tool-workpiece contact. Several non-traditional processes are described in detail, including ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, electrochemical grinding, and chemical milling. Non-traditional processes allow hard and brittle materials to be machined without damage and with better surface finish compared to traditional processes. They find applications in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and automotive.
The document discusses non-conventional machining processes. It begins by distinguishing between conventional machining processes, which use hard cutting tools to remove material, and non-conventional processes, which use other energies like mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical. Non-conventional processes are then classified based on the type of energy used, including mechanical, electrochemical, electro-thermal, and chemical processes. Examples of specific non-conventional machining techniques are provided within each classification.
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. These processes are used for hard materials, complex shapes, or where heat and stresses from traditional machining would cause damage. Each process removes material in unique ways such as through chemical dissolution, electrochemical erosion, electrical sparks, focused light/electron beams, or abrasive particle impact.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
The document discusses various non-conventional machining processes that remove material using means other than traditional cutting tools. It describes abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, waterjet cutting, electrochemical machining, electrochemical grinding, electrodischarge machining, laser beam machining, and chemical machining. These alternative processes can machine hard or complex materials and features that cannot be done with conventional machining. The document provides details on the mechanisms, parameters, advantages, and applications of various non-traditional machining methods.
The document discusses three mechanical energy-based machining processes: abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). In AJM, a high-speed stream of abrasive particles erodes material from the workpiece. WJM uses a high-velocity water jet to convert kinetic energy into pressure that removes small chips. USM forces an abrasive slurry against the workpiece using a vibrating tool to remove extremely small chips. Key parameters for each process include abrasive properties, pressure, velocity, vibration frequency, and more. Each method can machine hard materials and provides advantages like avoiding heat, being noiseless, or enabling intricate shapes.
The document discusses conventional and non-conventional machining processes. It defines machining as the process of removing excess material from a workpiece to obtain the desired shape and size. Conventional machining uses hard, sharp cutting tools while non-conventional machining uses various energy sources like light, sound, magnetism, plasma, or electricity to remove material without contact between the tool and workpiece. The document goes on to classify and describe various non-conventional machining processes based on the type of energy they use and discusses factors to consider when selecting a machining process.
The document discusses various traditional and nontraditional machining processes. It describes grinding as a traditional machining process that uses abrasive particles to remove small amounts of metal. It then discusses several nontraditional processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. Each of these processes removes material using methods other than traditional cutting, such as through chemical or electrical erosion, melting with lasers or electrons, or erosion with high-pressure water or abrasive particles. The document provides details on the mechanisms and applications of each of these nontraditional machining methods
This document discusses waterjet cutting, including what it is, where it is used, how it works, its advantages and limitations. Waterjet cutting uses high-pressure water or water with abrasives to cut materials. It can cut virtually any material, has a fast setup, leaves little heat damage, and is environmentally friendly. However, cutting hard metals or thick materials reduces cutting speed. Waterjet cutting is used in machine shops, artistic works, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other industries.
This document provides an overview of mechanical energy based unconventional machining processes. It discusses abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). For each process, it describes the basic working principles, key components, process parameters that influence material removal rate, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also compares different types of transducers used in USM and discusses factors affecting the machining performance of USM.
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes. It covers mechanical energy based processes like abrasive jet machining, water jet machining and ultrasonic machining in Unit 1. Unit 2 discusses thermal and electrical energy based processes. Key processes covered are electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining. Unit 3 focuses on chemical and electrochemical energy based processes like electrochemical machining. The document provides details on the working, parameters, advantages and applications of these various unconventional machining processes.
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes. It covers mechanical energy based processes like abrasive jet machining, water jet machining and ultrasonic machining in Unit 1. Unit 2 discusses thermal and electrical energy based processes. Key processes covered are electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining. Unit 3 focuses on chemical and electrochemical energy based processes like electrochemical machining. The document provides details on the working, parameters, advantages and applications of these various unconventional machining processes.
This document provides an introduction to electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM is an unconventional machining process where material is removed by electric sparks between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece, with no direct contact between them. Key aspects of EDM covered include the construction of EDM machines, the role of dielectric fluids, factors that affect the material removal rate such as capacitance and spark parameters, and electrode tool materials and wear characteristics. Graphite, copper, and copper-tungsten are commonly used as tool materials in EDM due to properties like machinability and erosion resistance.
This document discusses various special casting processes including centrifugal casting, die casting, and investment casting. It provides details on:
1. Centrifugal casting can produce hollow cylindrical castings and has three main types - true, semi, and centrifuging. It works by pouring molten metal into a revolving mold.
2. Die casting uses metal dies to force molten metal into a mold cavity under high pressure. There are gravity and pressure die casting, with hot and cold chamber variations.
3. Investment casting, also called lost-wax casting, involves making a wax pattern, coating it, embedding in a refractory material, melting out the wax, and pouring molten metal. It produces
This document discusses emerging technologies used in various sectors such as energy, manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, and marine. It focuses on technologies used in the energy sector, including renewable energy technologies like solar and wind power, fossil fuel technologies, nuclear energy technologies, energy storage technologies, smart grid technologies, electric vehicles, hydrogen technologies, and energy efficiency technologies. The role of mechanical engineers in developing and applying these technologies is highlighted.
UNIT3-Special casting process mechanical.pptPraveen Kumar
This document discusses various special casting processes including centrifugal casting, die casting, and investment casting. It provides details on the centrifugal casting process, including true centrifugal casting used to make hollow pipes and tubes, semi-centrifugal casting for more complex shapes, and centrifuging for precision castings. It also describes die casting processes like gravity die casting and pressure die casting methods. Investment casting involves making a wax pattern, coating it, and then melting out the wax to form the hollow mold. Common casting defects such as blowholes, shrinkage, cracks, and inclusions are also summarized along with their causes and remedies.
This document discusses casting processes and patterns used in casting. It begins with an overview of casting, including its history and basic process. It then describes different types of casting processes and patterns. The key types of patterns discussed are single-piece, two-piece, cope and drag, loose-piece, match plate, follow board, gated, and sweep patterns. The document explains how each pattern type is used based on the shape and complexity of the casting being produced.
Basic Mechanical Engineeringrole of mechanical engineering society-MID-I - Co...Praveen Kumar
This document provides an overview of basic mechanical engineering and the role of mechanical engineers. It discusses how mechanical engineers are involved in designing machines, vehicles, power plants, manufacturing plants, and more. Mechanical engineers play key roles in power generation, heating/cooling systems, transportation, industrial equipment, and infrastructure. The document also lists emerging technologies used in various sectors like energy, manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, and more. These technologies improve efficiency, productivity, and sustainability.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
3. The requirements that lead to the development
of nontraditional machining
• Very high hardness and strength of the material. (above 400 HB.)
• The work piece is too flexible or slender to support the cutting or
grinding forces.
• The shape of the part is complex, such as internal and external
profiles, or small diameter holes.
• Surface finish or tolerance better than those obtainable conventional
process.
• Temperature rise or residual stress in the work piece are undesirable.
4. Conventional Machining VS
NonConventional Machining
• The cutting tool and workpiece are always in physical contact, with a
relative motion against each other, which results in friction and a
significant tool wear.
• In non-traditional processes, there is no physical contact between the
tool and workpiece. Although in some non-traditional processes tool
wear exists, it rarely is a significant problem.
• Material removal rate of the traditional processes is limited by the
mechanical properties of the work material. Non-traditional processes
easily deal with such difficult-to-cut materials like ceramics and
ceramic based tool materials, fiber reinforced materials, carbides,
titanium-based alloys.
5. Continue…
• In traditional processes, the relative motion between the tool and work
piece is typically rotary or reciprocating. Thus, the shape of the work
surfaces is limited to circular or flat shapes. In spite of widely used CNC
systems, machining of three-dimensional surfaces is still a difficult task.
Most non-traditional processes were develop just to solve this problem.
• Machining of small cavities, slits, blind or through holes is difficult with
traditional processes, whereas it is a simple work for some non-
traditional processes.
• Traditional processes are well established, use relatively simple and
inexpensive machinery and readily available cutting tools. Non-
traditional processes require expensive equipment and tooling as well as
skilled labor, which increases significantly the production cost.
6. Classification OF Processes
• Mechanical Metal removal Processes
• It is characterized by the fact that the material
removal is due to the application of mechanical
energy in the form of high frequency vibrations or
kinetic energy of an abrasive jet.
• 1. Ultra sonic Machining (USM).
2. Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM).
3. Water Jet Machining (WJM).
7. Continue…
• Electro-Chemical
• It is based on electro-chemical dissolution of materials by an
electrolyte under the influence of an externally applied electrical
potential.
1. Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM).
2. ECG
3 ECD
8. Continue…
• Thermal Method
The material is removed due to controlled, localized heating
of the work piece. It result into material removal by melting
and evaporation.
The source of heat generation in such cases can be widely
different.
1.Electric Discharge Machining (EDM).
2. Plasma Arc Machining (PAM).
3. EBM 4. LBM
9. Abrasive Water-Jet Cutting
• A stream of fine grain abrasives mixed with air or suitable
carrier gas, at high pressure, is directed by means of a
nozzle on the work surface to be machined.
• The material removal is due to erosive action of a high
pressure jet.
• AJM differ from the conventional sand blasting process in
the way that the abrasive is much finer and effective control
over the process parameters and cutting. Used mainly to cut
hard and brittle materials, which are thin and sensitive to
heat.
12. Typical AJM Parameters
• Abrasive
– Aluminum oxide for Al and Brass.
– SiC for Stainless steel and Ceramic
– Bicarbonate of soda for Teflon
– Glass bed for polishing.
• Size
– 10-15 Micron
• Quantity
– 5-15 liter/min for fine work
– 10-30 liter/min for usual cuts.
– 50-100 liter/min for rough cuts.
13. Typical AJM Parameters
• Medium
– Dry air, CO2, N2
– Quantity: 30 liter/min
– Velocity: 150-300 m/min
– Pressure: 200-1300 KPa
• Nozzle
– Material: Tungsten carbide or saffire
– Stand of distance: 2.54-75 mm
– Diameter: 0.13-1.2 mm
– Operating Angle: 60° to vertical
14. Typical AJM Parameters
• Factors affecting MRR:
– Types of abrasive and abrasive grain size
– Flow rate
– Stand off distance
– Nozzle Pressure
15. • Advantages of AJM
• Low capital cost.
• Less vibration.
• Good for difficult to reach area.
• No heat is genera6ted in work piece.
• Ability to cut intricate holes of any hardness and brittleness in the
material.
• Ability to cut fragile, brittle hard and heat sensitive material without
damage
• Disadvantages of AJM:
• Low metal removal rate.
• Due to stay cutting accuracy is affected.
• Parivles is imbedding in work piece.
• Abrasive powder cannot be reused.
16. • Applications of AJM:
• For abrading and frosting glass, it is more economical than acid
etching and grinding.
• For doing hard suffuses safe removal of smears and ceramics
oxides on metals.
• Resistive coating etc from ports to delicate to withstand normal
scrapping.
• Delicate cleaning such as removal of smudges from antique
documents.
• Machining semiconductors such as germanium etc.
17. Water Jet Machining
• The water jet machining involves directing a high pressure (150-1000
MPa) high velocity (540-1400 m/s) water jet(faster than the speed of
sound) to the surface to be machined. The fluid flow rate is typically from
0.5 to 2.5 l/min
• The kinetic energy of water jet after striking the work surface is reduced
to zero.
• The bulk of kinetic energy of jet is converted into pressure energy.
• If the local pressure caused by the water jet exceeds the strength of the
surface being machined, the material from the surface gets eroded and
a cavity is thus formed.
• The water jet energy in this process is concentrated over a very small
area, giving rise to high energy density(1010
w/mm2
) High
19. Continue…
• Water is the most common fluid used, but additives such as alcohols, oil
products and glycerol are added when they can be dissolved in water to
improve the fluid characteristics.
• Typical work materials involve soft metals, paper, cloth, wood, leather,
rubber, plastics, and frozen food.
• If the work material is brittle it will fracture, if it is ductile, it will cut well:
• The orifice is often made of sapphire and its diameter rangesfrom 1.2
mm to 0.5 mm:
20. Water Jet Equipments
• It is consists of three main units
(i) A pump along with intensifier.
(ii)Cutting head comprising of nozzle and work table movement.
(iii) filter unit for debries,pout impurities.
• Advantages
- no heat produced
- cut can be started anywhere without the need for predrilled holes
- burr produced is minimum
- environmentally safe and friendly manufacturing.
Application – used for cutting composites, plastics, fabrics, rubber, wood products
etc. Also used in food processing industry.
21. Abrasive Water jet machining
• The rate of cutting in water jet machining, particularly while cutting
ductile material, is quite low. Cutting rate can be achieved by mixing
abrasive powder in the water to be used for machining.
• In Abrasive Water Jet Cutting, a narrow, focused, water jet is mixed with
abrasive particles.
• This jet is sprayed with very high pressures resulting in high velocities
that cut through all materials.
• The presence of abrasive particles in the water jet reduces cutting
forces and enables cutting of thick and hard materials (steel plates over
80-mm thick can be cut).
• The velocity of the stream is up to 90 m/s, about 2.5 times the speed of
sound.
22.
23. Continue..
• Abrasive Water Jet Cutting process was developed in 1960s to
cut materials that cannot stand high temperatures for stress
distortion or metallurgical reasons such as wood and
composites, and traditionally difficult-to-cut materials, e.g.
ceramics, glass, stones, titanium alloys
24.
25. Ultrasonic machining
• History
• The roots of ultrasonic technology can be traced back to research on the
piezoelectric effect conducted by Pierre Curie around 1880.
• He found that asymmetrical crystals such as quartz and Rochelle salt
(potassium sodium titrate) generate an electric charge when mechanical
pressure is applied.
• Conversely, mechanical vibrations are obtained by applying electrical
oscillations to the same crystals.
• Frequency values of up to 1Ghz (1 billion cycles per second) have been
used in the ultrasonic industry.
• Today's Ultrasonic applications include medical imaging (scanning the
unborn fetus) and testing for cracks in airplane construction.
26. Ultrasonic Waves
• The Ultrasonic waves are sound waves of frequency higher than 20,000
Hz.
• Ultrasonic waves can be generated using mechanical, electromagnetic
and thermal energy sources.
• They can be produced in gasses (including air), liquids and solids.
• Magnetostrictive transducers use the inverse magnetostrictive effect to
convert magnetic energy into ultrasonic energy
• This is accomplished by applying a strong alternating magnetic field to
certain metals, alloys and ferrites
27. Continue..
• Piezoelectric transducers employ the inverse piezoelectric effect
using natural or synthetic single crystals (such as quartz) or
ceramics (such as barium titanate) which have strong
piezoelectric behavior.
• Ceramics have the advantage over crystals in that they are
easier to shape by casting, pressing and extruding.
28. 1- This is the standard mechanism used in most of the universal Ultrasonic machines
29. • In the process of Ultrasonic Machining, material is removed by micro-
chipping or erosion with abrasive particles.
• In USM process, the tool, made of softer material than that of the
workpiece, is oscillated by the Booster and Sonotrode at a frequency of
about 20 kHz with an amplitude of about 25.4 um (0.001 in).
• The tool forces the abrasive grits, in the gap between the tool and the
workpiece, to impact normally and successively on the work surface,
thereby machining the work surface.
• During one strike, the tool moves down from its most upper remote
position with a starting speed at zero, then it speeds up to finally reach
the maximum speed at the mean position.
Principle of machining
30. Continue..
• Then the tool slows down its speed and eventually reaches zero again at the
lowest position.
• When the grit size is close to the mean position, the tool hits the grit with its full
speed
• The smaller the grit size, the lesser the momentum it receives from the tool.
• Therefore, there is an effective speed zone for the tool and, correspondingly
there is an effective size range for the grits.
• In the machining process, the tool, at some point, impacts on the largest grits,
which are forced into the tool and work piece.
31.
32. Continue..
• As the tool continues to move downwards, the force acting on these grits
increases rapidly, therefore some of the grits may be fractured.
• As the tool moves further down, more grits with smaller sizes come in contact
with the tool, the force acting on each grit becomes less.
• Eventually, the tool comes to the end of its strike, the number of grits under
impact force from both the tool and the workpiece becomes maximum.
• Grits with size larger than the minimum gap will penetrate into the tool and
work surface to different extents according to their diameters and the hardness
of both surfaces
33.
34. Electrochemical Machining
• A popular application of electrolysis is the electroplating process in
which metal coatings are deposited upon the surface of a catholically
polarized metal.
• ECM is similar to electro polishing in that it also is an anodic dissolution
process. But the rates of metal removal offered by the polishing
process are considerably less than those needed in metal machining
practice .
35. Concept
• Metal removal is achieved by electrochemical dissolution of an anodically
polarized workpiece which is one part of an electrolytic cell in ECM.
• when an electric current is passed between two conductors dipped into a
liquid solution named as Electrolysis .
• Electrolytes are different from metallic conductors of electricity in that the
current is carried not by electrons but by atoms, or group of atoms, which
have either lost or gained electrons, thus acquiring either positive or
negative charges. Such atoms are called ions.
37. Continue..
• Ions which carry positive charges move through the electrolyte in the
direction of the positive current, that is, toward the cathode, and are called
cat anions.
• The negatively charged ions travel toward the anode and are called anions.
• The movement of the ions is accompanied by the flow of electrons, in the
opposite sense to the positive current in the electrolyte.
• Both reactions are a consequence of the applied potential difference, that is,
voltage, from the electric source.
39. Continue..
• the workpiece and tool are the anode and cathode, respectively, of
an electrolytic cell, and a constant potential difference, usually at
about 10 V, is applied across them.
• A suitable electrolyte, for example, aqueous sodium chloride (table
salt) solution, is chosen so that the cathode shape remains
unchanged during electrolysis.
• The electrolyte is also pumped at a rate 3 to 30 meter/second,
through the gap between the electrodes to remove the products of
machining and to diminish unwanted effects, such as those that
arise with cathodic gas generation and electrical heating.
• The rate at which metal is then removed from the anode is
approximately in inverse proportion to the distance between the
electrodes
40. Continue..
• As machining proceeds, and with the simultaneous movement of the
cathode at a typical rate, for example, 0.02 millimeter/second toward
the anode.
• the gap width along the electrode length will gradually tend to a
steady-state value. Under these conditions, a shape, roughly
complementary to that of the cathode, will be reproduced on the
anode.
42. ECM Components (Power)
• The power needed to operate the ECM is obviously electrical. There
are many specifications to this power.
• The current density must be high.
• The gap between the tool and the work piece must be low for higher
accuracy, thus the voltage must be low to avoid a short circuit.
• The control system uses some of this electrical power.
43. ECM Components
(electrolyte circulation system)
• The electrolyte must be injected in the gap at high speed (between
1500 to 3000 m/min).
• The inlet pressure must be between 0.15-3 MPa.
• The electrolyte system must include a fairly strong pump.
• System also includes a filter, sludge removal system, and treatment
units.
• The electrolyte is stored in a tank.
44. ECM Components (control system)
• Control parameters include:
– Voltage
– Inlet and outlet pressure of electrolyte
– Temperature of electrolyte.
• The current is dependant on the above parameters and the feed
rate.
45. Advantages
• There is no cutting forces therefore clamping is not required
except for controlled motion of the work piece.
• There is no heat affected zone.
• Very accurate.
• Relatively fast
• Can machine harder metals than the tool
• Faster than EDM
• No tool wear at all.
• No heat affected zone.
• Better finish and accuracy.
46. Disadvantages
• More expensive than conventional machining.
• Need more area for installation.
• Electrolytes may destroy the equipment.
• Not environmentally friendly (sludge and other waste)
• High energy consumption.
• Material has to be electrically conductive.
47. Applications
• The most common application of ECM is high accuracy duplication.
Because there is no tool wear, it can be used repeatedly with a high
degree of accuracy.
• It is also used to make cavities and holes in various products.
• Sinking operations (RAM ECM) are also used as an alternative to RAM
EDM.
• It is commonly used on thin walled, easily deformable and brittle
material because they would probably develop cracks with
conventional machining.
48. Products
• The two most common products of ECM are turbine/compressor
blades and rifle barrels.
• Each of those parts require machining of extremely hard metals with
certain mechanical specifications that would be really difficult to
perform on conventional machines.
• Some of these mechanical characteristics achieved by ECM are:
– Stress free grooves.
– Any groove geometry.
– Any conductive metal can be machined.
– Repeatable accuracy of 0.0005”.
– High surface finish.
– Fast cycle time.
49. Economics
• The process is economical when a large number of complex identical
products need to be made (at least 50 units).
• Several tools could be connected to a cassette to make many
cavities simultaneously. (i.e. cylinder cavities in engines).
• Large cavities are more economical on ECM and can be processed
in 1/10 the time of EDM.
51. Concept
• The main feature of electrochemical grinding (ECG) is the use of a
grinding wheel in which an insulating abrasive, such as diamond
particles, is set in a conducting material. This wheel becomes the
cathode tool .
• The non conducting particles act as a spacer between the wheel and
workpiece, providing a constant inter electrode gap, through which
electrolyte is flushed.
• Accuracies achieved by ECG are usually about 0.125 millimeter. A
drawback of ECG is the loss of accuracy when inside corners are
ground. Because of the electric field effects, radii better than 0.25 �
0.375 millimeter can seldom be achieved
• A wide application of electrochemical grinding is the production of
tungsten carbide cutting tools. ECG is also useful in the grinding of
fragile parts such as hypodermic needles
52. Concept
• Combines electrochemical machining with conventional grinding.
• The equipment used is similar to conventional grinder except that the
wheel is a rotating cathode with abrasive particles.
• The wheel is metal bonded with diamond or Al oxide abrasives.
• Abrasives serve as insulator between wheel and work piece. A flow of
electrolyte (sodium nitrate) is provided for electrochemical machining.
• Suitable in grinding very hard materials where wheel wear can be very
high in traditional grinding