UGC NET - Unit 3 (INFORMATION RESOURCES)

UNIT – 3
INFORMATION RESOURCES
Vinod
libtejavino@gmail.com

INFORMATION
 Information gets generated from RAW DATA and
recorded.
 The recorded RAW DATA is processed, organised,
retrieved when necessary and disseminated.
Eg. The preachings of Buddha which were recorded
on stones during the reign of Asoka (3rd century
BC)

NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
INFORMATION RESOURCES
Current development in all fields
Avoid duplication in research
Answer for some specific queries
Understand some unfamiliar terms
Meaning for terms, broadened view of a subject
Browse wide variety of knowledge
Past studies to predict future

INFORMATION SOURCE VS INFORMATION RESOURCE
Information
Source
Source from where we get
information
Deals with documents and
non documents
Information
Resource
Deals with Information
Communication Technologies
related Information
management
Information resource
management system support,
processing data, images and
computers., etc.
Small part of Information Source

TWO KINDS OF INFORMATION SOURCES
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
Documentary
Sources
• Formal
• Informal
Non-
Documentary
Sources

CLASSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTARY SOURCES OF
INFORMATION
 C. W. Hanson Classification (1971)
Sources of
Information
Conventional
Documentary
Primary Secondary
Formal
Informal
Tertiary
Non
Documentary
Non-Conventional
Non-Conventional
Primary
Non-Conventional
Secondary

INFORMATION
 Denis Grogan Classification
Sources of
Information
Primary Secondary Tertiary
On the basis of level of reorganization, has
classified the documents into three categories.

INFORMATION
 S. R. Ranganathan Classification
Sources of Information
Conventional
Books,
Periodicals and
Map etc.
Neo
Conventional
Standards,
Specification
and Patent etc.
Non
Conventional
Audio Visual,
Microcopy etc.
Meta Document
Direct Records
Unmediated by
Human Mind.
Based on the physical characteristics of documents
S. R. Ranganathan classified documentary sources of information
into four categories. These also reflect the chronological order
of their development.

INFORMATION SOURCES BY TYPE - DOCUMENTARY SOURCES
Books
•Treatises
•Monographs
•Textbooks
Reference Books
•Dictionaries
•Encyclopaedias
•Handbooks
•Manuals
•Data books
•Catalogues
•Bibliographies
•Directories
•Yearbooks
•Almanacs
•Biographical Dictionaries
•Atlases
•Gazetteers
•Guidebooks
•Historical Information Sources
Others
•Manuscripts
•Periodicals
•Patents
•Standards
•Theses
•Conference documents
•Souvenirs
•Festschriften
•Technical reports
•Administrative reports
•Trip reports
•Articles (popular, technical,
research, preprints, reprints)
•Diaries
•Letters
•Office files
•CD-ROM recordings
•Video recordings
•Databases
•Computer files
•Laboratory notebooks
•Maps
•Globes, etc.

PRIMARY SOURCES
Original sources of information
First published records of original
research & development activities
Theories, discoveries, inventions
New knowledge or Interpretation of Old
Knowledge
Scattered and unorganised

FEATURES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
 Accounts of experiments with findings and
conclusions
 Unfiltered
 Unevaluated, Not Interpreted nor condensed.
 Contribute to the growth of a discipline – Publish or
Perish
 Multilingual, Interdisciplinary / Multidisciplinary
They help a researcher to
 Be up-to-date and well informed
 Avoid duplication
 Develop and generate new information

EXAMPLES
 Govt. Documents
 Patents
 Standards
 Journal Articles
 Autobiographies
 Research Reports
 Theses & Dissertation
 Proceedings of meetings & Conference
 Trade Literature
 Unpublished Documents
 Diaries
 Letters/ Memoranda
 Laboratory Notes

VARIOUS FORMS OF PRIMARY SOURCES -
PERIODICAL
Synonym to Journal, Bulletin, Transaction,
Magazine.
Regularly, Continuously, Numbered sequence
Main means of communication for researchers.
Fundamental facts of research
Forms- research, trade, technical and popular

RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS AND RESEARCH
REPORT
Research Monographs
 Separately published reports on original research
that are long, too specialized, or otherwise
unsuitable for publication in one of the standard
journal.
Research Report
 Projects, Primitive* form of Literature and issued
separately.
*relating to, denoting, or preserving the character of an early stage in the
evolutionary or historical development of something.

PATENTS
 A Government grant of exclusive
privilege which allows making use or
selling of a new invention for a term of
years.
 New invention which may be a
machine, a process, a product or any
other object found by a person
 Issued by Patent Office of the country*
*Indian Patent Office is administered by the Office of the Controller
General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks (CGPDTM). This is a
subordinate office of the Government of India and administers the
Indian law of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks.
The patent office is headquartered at Kolkata with branches
in Chennai, New Delhi and Mumbai, but the office of the CGPDTM is
in Mumbai. The office of the Patent Information System and National
Institute for Intellectual Property Management is at Nagpur
1957 Fountain Pen Patent
Source: Google

STANDARDS
 A pamphlet set up by authority as a rule for measure of
quantity, weight and quality covering definitions, methods,
properties., etc.
 These ensure reliability for the consumers
 Size of the paper - A4(210mmx297mm) or
A5(148mmx210mm)
 Standards are broadly categorised into two groups:
Technical/Industrial Standards
Physical and Scientific Standards.
Physical and scientific standards apply to natural phenomenon, which are
accurately determined and are not subject to change with the advancement of
knowledge (e.g. length, mass, time, temperature, etc.).
Source: Google

TRADE LITERATURE
 Details of particle products and their
development.
 It aims to describe and also illustrate equipment
or goods or process or services relating to
manufacturers.
 Trade literature is a general term including
advertising, customer technical communications,
and catalogues.
 To sell product.
Source: Google

THESIS OR DISSERTATION
 The terms thesis and dissertation are used
interchangeably
 Research conducted under the guidance of an expert
 Original Work of the scholar
 Contains a detailed literature survey, which is useful
for the compilation of a bibliography on the subject
the researcher
 Bring forth a new methodology, which becomes useful
in subsequent research
 Nowadays, more and more theses are becoming
available in digitised form.
Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses is a digital repository of
theses and dissertations submitted to Indian universities. It is
maintained by INFLIBNET Centre which is an autonomous Inter-
University Centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC)
Source: Google

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
• Announcements,
call for papers,
programmes, etc.
Pre-conference
documents
• Conference
proceedings usually
include discussions,
speeches, minutes
and resolutions.
Proceedings
• Conference
proceedings, list of
delegates, etc.
Post-conference
documents
A conference proceeding is the published record of a conference,
congress, symposium, or other meeting sponsored by a society or
association, usually but not necessarily including abstracts or reports of
papers presented by the participants.

SECONDARY SOURCES
 Do not contain original information.
 Collect and arrange scattered primary sources
 Compiled from or referred to
 Describe, Analyse, Interpret and Evaluate
 Arranged systematically
 A guide to use primary sources
 Select, modify and reorganise information in a
convenient form
 Collection of a million facts
 Help users to locate the information sources
 A bibliographical key – information gap

DICTIONARY
 Most widely used reference
book
 The term is derived from
Latin word ‘Dictionarium’,
i.e. a collection of word
 It originated from the term
‘Diction’, i.e. a mode of
expression
Source: Google
• It uses to define words
• To verify spelling
• Syllabication
• Pronunciation
• To check on usage
• To determine the etymological history of word
The English grammarian John of
Garland (Joannes de Garlandia)
used the word as the title of a
collection of Latin words in 1225

DICTIONARY – TYPE AND PURPOSE
Recording
how the
language is
actually used
Descriptive
Advocating
how it need
to be used
Prescriptive
either
To set authoritative
standards for
spelling,
pronunciation,
meaning and usage
They contain only
standard and
approved words
worthy of use, they
omit slang, coined or
borrowed expression
e.g. Dictionary of
English Language
e. g. Oxford English
Dictionary
It includes all the
acceptable words used
at the time of
compilation.
The words are collected
and recorded from the
contemporary literature
To record the words of a
language with all their
spellings,
pronunciations,
meanings and uses

ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Glossary
Derived from Latin
word ‘glossarium’, i.e.
a collection of words
peculiar to a field of
knowledge
It is an alphabetical
list of terms often of
specialized or
technical nature
e.g. Glossary of Indian
Medical Plants
Lexicon
Derived from Greek
word ‘lexicon’ i.e.
dictionary
Each entry in lexicon is
known as ‘lexis’ i.e. a
word
Dictionary of words of
a language, arranged
alphabetically giving
meaning in another
language
e.g. English-Chinese
Lexicon of Women Law
Thesaurus
Originated from Greek
term ‘Thesaurus’, i.e.
a store house or
treasury
Peter Mark Roget was
first person to use
thesaurus for English
dictionary in 1852
Alphabetically
arranged list of
synonyms
e.g. Roget’s
International
Thesaurus
Vocabulary
It is originated from
Latin ‘vicabularium’
It is often used to a
stock of words and
phrases with brief
explanations and
meanings restricted to
a single work or author
e.g. Word Power Made
Easy by Norman Lewis

TYPES OF DICTIONARY
Dictionary
General
Language
Dictionary
Subject
Dictionary
Special
Dictionaries
Dictionaries
for
Translation

ENCYCLOPEDIA
• The etymology of encyclopedia is from the Greek word
‘enkyklios paideia’
• It means ‘general education’, ‘well-rounded education’ i.e.
‘circle of knowledge’ or ‘circle of learning’ or ‘complete system
of learning’
• Usually arranged alphabetically
• At the end of every article, it gives an exhaustive bibliography or
reference
• Contains illustrations, diagrams, photographs, sketches, etc.
• The basic information core of any library is encyclopedia
Source: Google

• Provides detailed index with cross references helps
tracing the spread over information
• Current and essential information in a short and simpler
form to make it accessible to the non-specialist
• It could provide general information for layman and
subject information for specialist
• Encyclopedias are called ‘cyclopedia’ when they are
limited to a specific subject
ENCYCLOPEDIA - INTRODUCTION

It was ‘Pliny’,
who in 77AD
produced the
first
encyclopedia
‘Historia
Naturalis’
Which
contains
botany,
zoology,
astronomy,
medicine, fine
arts, magic,
etc.
It was having
37 volumes
and classified
arrangement
It was
translated to
English as
‘Natural
History’ in 10
volumes
It was perhaps
‘Paul Scalich’
who used the
word
encyclopedia
for the first
time in
medieval
times
ENCYCLOPEDIA – A FLASHBACK
Naturalis Historia, 1669 edition, title page. The title at the top
reads: "Volume I of the Natural History of Gaius Plinius
Secundus".

ENCYCLOPEDIA – A FLASHBACK (CONTD.)
Encyclopedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia by Edward Baltour in 1857 at Madras
Efforts were made in India in the middle of 19th century
The ‘Chamber’s Encyclopedia’ by Andrew Findlater in 1850-1868 is another British encyclopedia
The first edition of ‘Encyclopedia Americana’ published in 1829
The first edition of ‘Encylopedia Britannica’ appeared in three volume in Edinburg in 1771
The first English encyclopedia was “Lexicon Technicum” or “Universal English Dictionary of Art & Science” in
1704 by John Harris
In the 17th century Louis Moreri and Pirre Bayle were famous encyclopaedists

ENCYCLOPEDIA – A FLASHBACK (CONTD.)
Post
Independence
India found
many
developed
compilation of
encyclopedia
in many
languages such
as Hindi,
Tamil, Bengali,
Marathi and
Malayalam
Hindi
Vishwakosh –
Varanasi,
1960, 13 vol.
Vigyanam –
Trivandrum,
1956-69, 6 vol.
Marathi
Vishwakosh,
Bombay, 1973

TAMIL ENCYCLOPEDIA – KALAIKKALANJIAM (CONTD.)
First Tamil Encyclopedia published on 1954
by Tamil Development Academy, Chennai.
Tenth and Final volume was released in
1968.
The chief editor of this effort
was Periyasaamy Thooran.
The work started in the Madras University
Campus on 20 October 1947

TYPES OF ENCYCLOPEDIA
General Encyclopedia
Subject Encyclopedia
Size or
Volume
User’s age –
adult,
junior,
children
Area
covered –
universal,
regional,
national
According
to language
It can be further divided by using any one

THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
First
Publication
10th Dec
1768
1st Ed. 1771 3 Vol.
2nd Ed. 1783 Supplement
1784
14th Ed. 1929
Revised and
Recognized
till 1973
15th Ed. 1974
The New
Encyclopedia
Britannica
30 Vol.
First Version
(1974–1984)
Second Version
(1985–2010)

PROPAEDIA
 A guide to the set, gives outline of knowledge and
is a schematic introduction to articles in
macropaedia
Macropedia
19 vol.
Micropaedia
10 Vol.
Propaedia
1 Vol.

MICROPAEDIA
• A Study guide contains
brief information for
ready reference and
acts as a detailed index
to the set by giving vol.
and page reference to
articles in Macropaedia
• Proper Cross-
References are given
throughout the 10
volumes
• User needs broader
details can refer
Micropedia whereas
those who want minute
facts can refer
Macropedia to get
elaborate information

MACROPEDIA
•Containing knowledge in depth
•It has lengthy articles
•It covers major topics of human interest
•It is intended to educate the serious readers
•Britannica started a mechanism to update the article by implementing “Britannica Book of the
Year” Since 1938
•Since then it started a policy of continuous revision
•Britannica was criticized for not providing an index to the set
•Hence, in 1985, printed a two volume index was published.
Propaedia
1 Vol.
Micropaedia
12 Vol.
Macropaedia
17 Vol.
Index
2 Vol.

ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA
New York, Groiler, 1976, 30 Vol.
First edition was in 1903-1904 as 16 Volume set
The 1912 Ed. carried its title only ‘Americana’
Contains short answer on very specific subject
This is strong in American township and cities with
biographical sketch of eminent personalities
It has a continuous edition policy
Since 1923, ‘Americana Annual: An Encyclopedia of
Events’ has been published to update the articles

CHAMBER’S ENCYCLOPEDIA
New rev. ed., London, International learning system corporation, 1973,
15 vol.
It was first published in 1850-1867
It has continuous revision policy
1950 it was completely revised
It has short article contributed by subject specialist
International in scope
All articles do not have bibliographies
Vol. 15 contains an atlas, gazetteer and general index of article in
classified order
“Chamber’s Encyclopedia Yearbook” is published from 1968 onwards

BIBLIOGRAPHIES
A Short Re-Cap
 The Word “bibliography” originated in post classical Greek
times.
 It has been derived from the Greek word “Biblion” which
means books and “Graphein” is to write.
 Etymologically bibliography changed practically. Since 1763
from “Writing of books” to “Writing about books”
Source: Google
The term “bibliography” was first
used by Louis Jacob de Saint
Charles in his ‘Bibliographia
parisiana’ (1645-50)
and
Konrad Gesner regarded as the
father of bibliography, he attempted
to list of all scholarly publications in
“bibliotheca universities” which
appear in 1545.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES
 It is a list of documents arranged in some logical
order
 An entry in a bibliography provides information
about the authors, title, edition, collaborators,
imprint, collation, etc. of a book.
 Several categories of bibliography are encountered
in the world such as
• Universal • National • Trade • Selective • Subject
• Bio-
Bibliography
• Author
• Bibliography
of
Bibliographies

USE OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
• It helps the users in locating documents of their interest
• It helps in identifying and verifying bibliographic information of
documents
• Aids in locating information (materials) through the publishers or
other libraries
• Useful materials can be selected for building a sound library
collection
• Further help in tracing the development of a subject
• Duplication of research can be avoided and access to materials of
interest can be provided especially to researchers
• The bibliographies also perform the function of bibliographic
control

TYPES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
Analytical
Descriptive
TextualHistorical
Systematic

ANALYTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
It deals with
the study
and detailed
description
of
documents
Provides
physical
description
of the
documents
Also provides
history of
the
documents
Gives details
of the books’
manufacture
and books’
structure

DESCRIPTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
• It provides the description of the material
condition of books
• Full name of the Author, Exact title, the Date &
Place of Publication, Publisher’s name & Printer’s
name, the Format, Typographical particulars,
Illustration & Price, Kind of papers, Binding, etc.
• The main purpose is to record bibliographical
details of a document, which have been
established during the process of analytical
bibliography

TEXTUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
This deals mainly the
textual variations
between a Manuscript
and the Printed Books
The study of the
relationship between
the printed text and
the text as conceived
by the author – is
known as textual
bibliography
It also study &
compare the text and
its transmission
through different
printings and editions

HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
•It deal with the history of making
books
•It covers history of writings, printing
materials, bindings, etc.
•The focus is on the history & method
of books production, printing,
bindings, paper making, and publishing

SYSTEMATIC OR ENUMERATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Important bibliography with which librarian comes in
contact are enumerative bibliography
Listing of books with their Bibliographic Information
i.e. Title, Author, Publisher, ISBN, Price.
E.g. National Union Catalogue (National Bibliography)
•Book-in-print (Trade Bibliography)
This deals with the enumeration and classification of
books
It takes care the assembling the bibliographic entries
into logical or any other systematic order
•Form –
physical,
intellectual or
inner forms •Language
•Subject
•Geographical
area covered
•Time
factor/period
covered •Producing
agency
One can categorize
according to certain
characteristics

TERTIARY SOURCES
 Compile, Analyse and Digest Secondary Sources
 Distilled Information
 Bibliographic control device
 Promote the use of primary and secondary
sources

TERTIARY SOURCES - INTRODUCTION
 They are the most relevant ready reference sources
as they answer the factual queries
 They provide concise factual information about
current and historical events, organization, people,
places and things
 These information are available in other sources too
 They consolidate information, summarizing and
synthesizing it

DIRECTORY
 Directory possesses rich and valuable information
needed by the library customers
 ALA Glossary of LIS defines “a list of person or
organizations, systematically arranged, usually in
alphabetic or classed order, giving addresses,
affiliations, etc. for individuals, and address, officers,
functions and similar data for organizations”

DIRECTORY – ABSTRACT
• Directory is used to locate organizations, institutions, and people
• Directories are tertiary sources of information
• Directories can be institutional providing information regarding
the name, structure, functions, objectives, operational activities,
addresses, officers, members, etc.
• There are directories of persons – names, address, qualification,
profession, status, affiliation, etc

DIRECTORY
• e.g. World of Learning,
London, Europa Publication
It is not necessary
that the word
‘directory’ should
always appear in the
title
• e.g. Universities Handbook:
India, AIU
It enlists learned
societies, research
institutions,
universities, libraries,
museums, etc.
There are various types of directories

DIRECTORIES OF DIRECTORIES
It provides listing
and description of
various directories
Directories in Print
gathers information
on all types of
directories of US
and worldwide
This also provides
information on the
status of out-of-
print directories

LIBRARY DIRECTORIES
Helpful for identifying the location, professional staff,
special collection, etc all over the world
e.g.
American
Library
Directory
Directory of Special Libraries and Information
Centers
It is two volume set, covers public, college,
university, special, medical libraries, etc.
e.g. World Guide to Libraries

TRADE AND BUSINESS DIRECTORIES
Provides information on trade, business,
manufacturers, industrialist, etc.
A general directory may not cover these area
e.g. Kothari’s Industrial Directory of India
Encompasses details like economic development,
population and employment, industrial rules and
regulations, export-import policies, etc.

PUBLISHERS AND BOOK DIRECTORY
Provides information
on the publishers
and their products in
national and
international level
• e.g. Literary Market
Place, Annual
It gives information
on American book
publishing industry
• e.g. Publishers Directory
Provides
comprehensive
coverage of US and
Canadian publishing
organizations.

PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY
Growth of International, National and
Local professional associations
Activities like conducting seminars,
workshops, undertaking research
projects, publishing journals, newsletter,
etc.
•e.g. World Directory of Mathematics
A.L.A
Membership
Directory
American
Medical
Directory

EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY
Provides information about the
educational institutions like courses
offered, contact address, timing, etc.
• e.g. The World of Learning
International Handbook of Universities
Commonwealth Universities Yearbook,
Annual

TELEPHONE DIRECTORY
It is used to find
names, address,
telephone
number, etc. of
individual and
business in a
specific
geographical area
This may further
provides street
maps, local
history, zip code,
shopping guide,
etc.
• e.g. Business Phone
Book USA

YEARBOOK
 Yearbooks are also known as annuals
 It is serial publication issued every year
 It is called a compendium since it provides comprehensive
information on all aspects
 It provides current information on one ore more subjects
 It is published either as independence publication or
supplement to encyclopedia. Therefore yearbook can be
divided into two
 1) Yearbook 2) Supplement to encyclopedia
Chronology of the year
Biography of the year
Sports of the year
It provides information on
Current statistical data
Articles about events of the year
Obituary, etc.

YEARBOOK
Obituary of a
person who
died last
year
Description
of disaster
occurred last
year
Winner of
major
athletics
during last
year
Current
controversial
social
problems
Chronology
of important
political
happenings
It is a place to find information such as

YEARBOOK
 Although general almanac provide same information, the
year book’s information presentation is different
 Yearbook can be divided according to their geographical
area or scope
International year book – General
• e.g. Europa Year Book: A World Survey, London, Europa
Publication
International Yearbook – Subject
• e.g. Green Globe Yearbook of International Cooperation on
Environmental and Development, Oxford
International Yearbook Organizational
• e.g. Yearbook of the United Nations, NY, United Nations
National Yearbook – General
• e.g. India: A Reference Annual, Delhi, Publication Division
National Yearbook – Subject
• e.g. Yearbook on India’s Foreign Policy, N.D., Sage

ALMANAC
• It is like year book, periodically published ready reference source
• Almanac means calendar of months and days contains astronomical and
nautical information about the sun, moon, tides, etc
• Year book mainly covers last year information but almanac covers
retrospective information too
• Year book comes in every year but Almanac is not necessary
• Almanac appeared first in 16th & 17th century as calendar containing days,
weeks, months, and astronomical data such as phases of sun and moon…
• The fist American almanac published in 1639 but the most famous early
North American almanac is ‘Benjamin Franklin’s poor Richard’s Almanac

ALMANAC
In the 19th century
American news
papers began to
publish almanacs
Almanacs are broad
in geographical and
subject coverage
The earliest almanac
were usually focused
on the calendar and
on weather and
they gradually
expanded to
include everything

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
• Geographical reference tools – important tools
• Information about cities, mountains, lakes, rivers,
forests, natural resources, people & industries,
etc.
Two Categories
•Covering Geographical
Information
•Specific Sources

GEOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE SOURCES
Maps, Atlases
and Globes
Gazetteers
Travel
Guide
The advantages of these tools are:
They give information for smaller units
not found in general sources
The information given often is more
precise, and
They are generally limited to one
area, and easier to use

MAPS, ATLASES & GLOBES
•Map is a
representation of
certain boundaries of
the earth as a flat
surface showing
countries, bodies of
waters, cities, etc.
Map
•An atlas is a
collection of
maps, tables,
charts, etc.
Atlas •Globe is a
spherical
representation
of the earth
Globe
•The Term Atlas first
coined by Mercqator
to describe a
collection of maps
bound up in a volume
•The Difference
between Map & Globe
is of FORM
•The First model of
the Globe was made
in Nuxemberg in
Germany in 1492

GAZETTEER
It has two meanings – it can be index to an atlas or a
separately published reference work providing information
about places of the world, of a particular country or region
The information about each place name in the gazetteer is
much more in detail
It enlists many small places of less importance
It may be published in a single, handy volume or multi-
volume

EXAMPLE
 Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary, Webster,
Merriam, 1984
 The statesman Year Book and World Gazetteer, 2nd ed.
Macmillan, London, 1979
 Times London Index-gazetteer of the World, Times
Publishing, London, 1965

TRAVEL GUIDE
 A Handbook for travelers that gives information
about a city, region, country, building, museum,
etc.
 Useful for those who want to visit other places
Lonely Planet
India Lonely Planet Israel
and the Palestinian
Territories

ONLINE GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
 Atlapedia Online www.atlapedia.com
It is online atlas providing physical maps and political maps in full color
 World Atlas Online www.fofweb.com
it is not free.
 Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
www.columbiagazetteer.org
 Worldatlas www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/world.htm
 American Memory
American Memory provides free and open access through the Internet to written
and spoken words, sound recordings, still and moving images, prints, maps, etc.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html
 Ancient World Mapping Centre
an excellent web source for all ancient geography, including free online maps
http://www.unc.edu/awmc/
 The Imperial Gazetteer of India http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/
Digital South Asia Library
 Map of India http://www.mapsofindia.com/
 3D Atlas Online www.3datlas.com

REFERENCE SOURCES
 A reference work / book / source is kind of entries are
disjointed but arranged in such a way that the intended
information can be quickly found when needed or referred
to, the sequence of which is determined by the scheme of
arrangement chosen for that purpose. It might be
 Alphabetical,
 Classified
 Some other type of arrangement
• A Reference book has been defined as “a book
designed by its arrangement and treatment to
be consulted for definite item of information
rather than to be read consecutively”. Most of
the reference book anticipates a particular
need and approach to information.
According
to ALA
Glossary

CLASSIFICATION OF REFERENCE SOURCES
Control
Access
Directional
Type
It itself does not contain the
required information but directs
the user to the documents which
contain the information. It
includes bibliographies,
catalogue, indexes, abstracts etc.
Work of
Sources
Type
It itself contains the
information. For example,
Encyclopedia, Dictionary etc.
William A. Katz divides the reference sources into two large categories

TYPES OF REFERENCE SOURCES
Encyclopaedia
Bibliographical Sources
Indexing and Abstracting
Periodicals
Biographical Sources
Directory
List of Research in Progress
Notification of Forth Coming
Conferences
Handbook
Manual
Statistical Sources
Mathematical Table
Dictionary
Lexicon
Concordance
Glossary
Thesaurus
Geographical
Sources
Gazetteer
Guides
Map
Atlas
Globe
Current
Sources
Year Books
Almanac

ELECTRONIC INFO RESOURCES - WEB DIRECTORIES
• A web directory or link directory is a directory of Web sites by
subject on the World Wide Web
• It specializes in linking to other web sites and classifying and
categorizing those links often with a description
• The earliest Subject Directory search engine which covered WWW
sites worldwide was The World Wide Web Virtual Library
• It presented an alphabetical index of subjects and is based on
Library of Congress Classification System.
• The most successful subject directory as well as subject directory
search engine is probably Yahoo/Google Scholar that was originated
as a student run service, but now a profitable commercial site

SUBJECT DIRECTORIES AND SUBJECT GATEWAYS
•A subject directory is a catalogue
of sites collected and organized
by humans in a specific subject
only. Subject directories are often
called subject "trees" because
they start with a few main
categories and then branch out
into subcategories, topics, and
subtopics.
Subject
Directories
•Subject gateways are Internet-
based services designed to help the
users locate high quality
information that is available on the
Internet. They are, typically, data
bases of detailed metadata (or
catalogue) records which describes
Internet resources and offer a
hyperlink to the resources.”
Subject
Gateways

 Subject directory search engines are trying to
compete with search engines. Web directories
such as Yahoo and The Open Directory are, in a
sense, the Internet equivalent of a public library
and differ from the search engine in its provision
of browsing the resources by some categories.

Yahoo! (http://in.dir.yahoo.com/):
• Yahoo! aims to be the biggest Internet directories, with a high
level of coverage and popular appeal as high priorities.
• It is an excellent site for finding topics that appeal to the general
public. Currently, a search in Yahoo is being passed to AltaVista.
Open Directory Project (http://dmoz.org/):
• Open Directory lists scholarly and popular websites. The Open
Directory Project, also known as Directory Mozilla (DMOZ), relies
on a volunteer work force of editors who, by selecting, classifying
and cataloguing resources, are trying to build the largest library
on the Internet.
• Mozilla was an early name for the Netscape Navigator Web
browser. DMOZ is owned by Netscape Communications, but the
information and database are freely available to other companies.
• The raw open-source directory is used by Google, Netscape
Search, AOL Search, Lycos, HotBot, and DirectHit.

BUBL Link (http://bubl.ac.uk/):
• BUBL Link uses the Dewey Decimal Classification
system as the primary organization structure for its
catalogue of Internet resources.
• It carefully selected and accurately catalogued
many LIS resources. It was developed by Centre for
Digital Library Research, Department of Computer
and Information Sciences, University of
Strathclyde, Scotland.
About.com (http://www.about.com/):
• You’ll find a directory with a twist. Each topic area
has an assigned "Guide" responsible for writing
articles and organizing links on the topic.

Internet Public Library
(http://www.ipl.org/)
Librarians' Index to the Internet
(http://www.lii.org/)
WWW Virtual Library
(http://vlib.org/)
Google directory
(http://directory.google.com/)
Looksmart, etc..
Some Web directories Include
•The Internet Library for Librarians
(http://www.itcompany.com/inforetriever) is a
subject directory. UNESCO, IFLA, etc also have
subject directories. Besides, many individual
especially LIS professional also develop their
subject directories, but because of space, we
cannot do justice to all such sites.
The Internet Library
for Librarians

DISCUSSION FORUM / GROUPS
 An Internet forum, or message board or discussion
forum, is a web application for discussion that
manages user-generated contents in a manner that
is easy-to-browse and search.
 The discussion forums are marketed through blog,
posting message to online groups and so on so that
the user knows its existence and can arrive at it.

FORUM FEATURES
Registration Subscription Options
Rules and Policies on
Forums
Thread Post Discussion
Attachment Invitation Administrator
Moderation Activity
• Assigning Privileges to Members
• Issuing Report about Post
• Punishments to Members
• Topic Locking
• Deleting Thread
Archive Statistics Generation

DISCUSSION FORUM / GROUPS - EXAMPLES
 People participating in an Internet forum may
cultivate social bonds. A sense of virtual
community often develops around forums that
have regular users.
4chan http://www.4chan.org
Gaia
Online http://www.gaiaonline.com/forum
Something
Awful http://forums.somethingawful.com
The
Student
Room
http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk
Neowin
Forums http://www.neowin.net/forum
Social
Medias (WhatsApp, Facebook, Goodreads)

DATABASES
Most of the search
engine or databases
often return thousands
of results. So, to use
search engines /
databases effectively, it
is essential to apply
techniques that narrow
results and push the
most relevant pages to
the top of the results
list.

DATABASES IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

DATABASES - BIBLIOGRPAHIC

OPEN ACCESS DATABASE
 A selection of databases in all subject areas that are freely
available on the Internet, including article indexes and
abstracts, and occasional full text.
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
• https://doaj.org/
DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books)
• https://www.doabooks.org/
OAD (Open Access Directory)
• http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Main_Page
OpenDOAR (Directory of Open Access
Repositories)
• http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/opendoar/

•A large number of Government agencies, research institutions and academic
institutions across the world create databases in various fields of science and
technology.
•The objective of Listing of Open Access DataBases (LOADB) is to create a web-
enabled, linked, classified and categorized collection of Open Access Databases
which one can access from a single portal.
•Although initial focus is on science and technology subjects, the ultimate aim is to
include all subject areas.
•LOADB is a service of CSIR’s Unit for Research and Development of Information
Products (URDIP) located at Pune in India
•It is being developed for the Open Science and Open Innovation Infrastructure
Project supported by CSIR at URDIP.
•More features and services will be added as the project moves forward. CSIR-URDIP
will join hands with like-minded partners to further the cause of open access
moment.

FOR MORE………………
List of academic databases and search engines
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_
databases_and_search_engines

INFORMATION INSTITUTIONS
Modern society is rapidly transforming into a
“Knowledge Society” and the concept of
“Knowledge Based Economy” (KBE) has generated
tremendous interest in recent years.

• Under this category - Research
Laboratories, R&D institutions,
institutions of higher education and
research attached to universities, etc.
Knowledge Creating
Institutions
• Publishers of books and journals,
statistical data organisations.
Knowledge/Information
Processing and
Disseminating
Institutions
• Institutions that Collect, Store, Process,
Disseminate and Service Knowledge /
Information recorded in various forms.
Centres like
TYPE & ROLE OF INFORMATION INSTITUTIONS

INFORMATION TRANSFER CHAIN
Source: Information Transfer Chain in LIS Professionals, Journal
of Advancements in Library Sciences, ISSN: 2349-4352 (Online)

GROWTH PATTERNS
Discipline-
oriented
Information
Transfer
Mission-
oriented
Information
Transfer
Problem-
oriented
Information
Transfer
Individual-
oriented
Customised
Information
Service
New Millennium
Organisations

TYPES OF INFORMATION INSTITUTIONS
Libraries
Documentation
Centres
Information
Analysis Centres
Data Centres
Referral Centres
and Clearing
Houses*
Deinstitutionalised
Information
Services#
*A Clearing House is a central agency for collection, classification and distribution of information. eg.
The Smithsonian Institute of Science Information Exchange Services, The Defence Documentation Centre
in the USA
#Non-traditional Information Organisations. eg. Information Brokers, Human Networks, Intelligent
Agents and Push Services, Knowledge Mediators

LIST OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE COUNTRY
• National Information System for Science and Technology (NISSAT)
• Environmental Information System (ENVIS)
• Biotechnology Information System (BTIS)
• Network of National Informatics Centre (NICNET)
Bibliographic
•Management Information System for Science and Technology (NMIS)Management
•National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS)
•Natural Resource Data Management System (NRDMS)Remotely Sensed Data
•Central Statistical Organisation
•Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC)
Statistical Information
Institution
•Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC)
•Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)Defence
•Small Industrial Extension Training Institute (SIET/SENDOC)
•Research and Development Centre on Iron and Steel (RDCIS, SAIL)
•Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL)
Trade Information
•National Medical Library (NML)
•Geodata Centre GSI and IBM
•Retail Stores Audit, National ReadershipSurvey, etc.
Medical

UGC NET - Unit 3 (INFORMATION RESOURCES)

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