The document discusses the passive voice in English grammar. It explains how the passive is formed using the verb "to be" and the past participle. It provides examples of when the passive voice is used, such as when the subject is unknown or unimportant, or when the subject can be inferred from context using clues like prepositions. It also contrasts the passive voice with the simple, continuous, and perfect tenses.
The past perfect progressive tense describes an activity that was ongoing up until another point in the past. It is formed using "had" plus the present participle of the verb (ending in "-ing"). This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity leading up to another past event or time. Examples given were "The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him" and "We had been waiting for Nancy for over three hours before she finally arrived yesterday."
The document provides information on relative clauses in English grammar:
1. It defines adjective clauses as clauses that modify nouns and defines relative clauses as a type of adjective clause.
2. It explains that relative clauses can be introduced by relative pronouns like who, whom, whose, which, that or by dropping the pronoun.
3. Examples are given to illustrate the different types of relative pronouns and how they are used depending on if they modify the subject, object or other parts of the sentence.
4. Guidelines are provided on when relative pronouns can be dropped and how to simplify complex relative clauses.
The document discusses the passive voice in English grammar. It explains how the passive is formed using the verb "to be" and the past participle. It provides examples of when the passive voice is used, such as when the subject is unknown or unimportant, or when the subject can be inferred from context using clues like prepositions. It also contrasts the passive voice with the simple, continuous, and perfect tenses.
The past perfect progressive tense describes an activity that was ongoing up until another point in the past. It is formed using "had" plus the present participle of the verb (ending in "-ing"). This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity leading up to another past event or time. Examples given were "The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him" and "We had been waiting for Nancy for over three hours before she finally arrived yesterday."
The document provides information on relative clauses in English grammar:
1. It defines adjective clauses as clauses that modify nouns and defines relative clauses as a type of adjective clause.
2. It explains that relative clauses can be introduced by relative pronouns like who, whom, whose, which, that or by dropping the pronoun.
3. Examples are given to illustrate the different types of relative pronouns and how they are used depending on if they modify the subject, object or other parts of the sentence.
4. Guidelines are provided on when relative pronouns can be dropped and how to simplify complex relative clauses.
The modal verbs include can, must, may, might, will, would, should. They are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, and so on. Example uses include "I would like to drink something", "you should take a taxi", and "we must win".
This document discusses different types of passive sentences in English. It begins by explaining basic passive voice using the formula of subject + passive verb + by agent. It then covers passives with two objects, the causative have/get construction, and passives used with reporting verbs like believe and say. Examples are provided for each type of passive voice construction to illustrate their proper forms.
In this chapter, you will learn:
- Appropriate greetings according time
- Common greetings in Mandarin
- Chinese strokes 笔画 Bǐhuà class activity
- Useful site/ mobile app in learning Mandarin
The document summarizes the present perfect tense in Mongolian. It explains that the present perfect tense is used to express past actions with present consequences or actions that began in the past and are still ongoing. It provides examples of sentences using the present perfect tense and explains the forms for positive, negative, and question sentences. It then provides exercises for the reader to practice forming sentences in the present perfect tense.
This document discusses the present perfect continuous tense. It explains that the tense is used to describe actions that began in the past and either continue in the present or recently stopped. There are two main uses - for actions that just finished or recently stopped, with a present result, and for actions that began in the past and continue up to the present. Examples are provided to illustrate each use, and the use of "for" and "since" with the present perfect continuous tense is also explained.
The modal verbs include can, must, may, might, will, would, should. They are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, and so on. Example uses include "I would like to drink something", "you should take a taxi", and "we must win".
This document discusses different types of passive sentences in English. It begins by explaining basic passive voice using the formula of subject + passive verb + by agent. It then covers passives with two objects, the causative have/get construction, and passives used with reporting verbs like believe and say. Examples are provided for each type of passive voice construction to illustrate their proper forms.
In this chapter, you will learn:
- Appropriate greetings according time
- Common greetings in Mandarin
- Chinese strokes 笔画 Bǐhuà class activity
- Useful site/ mobile app in learning Mandarin
The document summarizes the present perfect tense in Mongolian. It explains that the present perfect tense is used to express past actions with present consequences or actions that began in the past and are still ongoing. It provides examples of sentences using the present perfect tense and explains the forms for positive, negative, and question sentences. It then provides exercises for the reader to practice forming sentences in the present perfect tense.
This document discusses the present perfect continuous tense. It explains that the tense is used to describe actions that began in the past and either continue in the present or recently stopped. There are two main uses - for actions that just finished or recently stopped, with a present result, and for actions that began in the past and continue up to the present. Examples are provided to illustrate each use, and the use of "for" and "since" with the present perfect continuous tense is also explained.
The document discusses the present perfect continuous tense (also called the present perfect progressive tense). It is used to talk about an action that began in the past and is still ongoing or was ongoing up until the present moment. Some key uses are to talk about actions that have been in progress for a specific period of time, repeated actions that started in the past and continue to the present, and actions that ended just before the present time. The present perfect continuous emphasizes the ongoing nature of the action, while the present perfect simple tense emphasizes the result of the action.
The document discusses the present perfect continuous tense in English grammar. It explains that the present perfect continuous tense is used to describe an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may still be ongoing or has recently stopped. It provides examples of forming sentences in the present perfect continuous tense based on various pictures, including "It has been raining" and "They have been travelling." It then prompts turning each example into a yes/no question using the present perfect continuous, such as "Has he been eating?"
The document discusses the present perfect tense and present continuous tense in English grammar. The present perfect tense is used to refer to an action that started in the past and continues in the present or has relevance in the present. The present continuous tense describes an action that is ongoing or in progress at the present time.
This document contains descriptions of physical characteristics and attributes about various people and body parts, including hair color, teeth condition, hair length, occupation, eye color, skin tone, height, weight, and overall appearance. Many of the descriptions are left incomplete, with blanks to be filled in, suggesting this document is part of a larger physical description or character building exercise.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts. It begins by defining a computer network and describing the key benefits of communication and resource sharing. It then covers different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN, MAN, and SAN. Physical network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh are explained. Common network hardware such as cables, connectors, switches and routers are outlined. The document also discusses network devices, protocols, IP addressing and network topologies implemented at the School of Information Communications and Technology.
This document discusses e-commerce, including the major types and pros and cons for both consumers and businesses. It notes that e-commerce involves internet shopping, online transactions, and business-to-business exchanges using the internet to do business faster. For consumers, the pros include price, convenience, and product reviews, while the cons are an inability to examine products personally and risks of cybercrime, product overload, and shipping delays. Businesses benefit from increased market share, costs savings, and customer feedback, but face challenges like a lack of personal interaction, distribution issues, and increased competition lowering prices and profit margins. The document also notes specific challenges to e-commerce in Mongolia like unreliable deliveries and a lack of trust due
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). It provides information on:
- The history and development of GPS by the US Department of Defense starting in 1969.
- How GPS works using a network of satellites that transmit timing and location data to receivers on Earth to calculate latitude, longitude and altitude.
- The components of GPS including 24 satellites in six orbital planes, ground control stations, and user receivers.
- Applications of GPS technology including navigation for vehicles, aviation and maritime uses, agriculture, mapping, and recreation activities like hiking.
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. Databases store data in one or more tables, which each contain records and fields. Some key reasons for using a database include that they allow large amounts of information to be stored efficiently, they make finding and sorting data quickly and easy, and they allow multiple users to access the same data simultaneously. Common examples of databases include those used by schools to store student records, hospitals to store patient information, and the government to store tax records. Proper security measures are important to protect database content and users from unauthorized access.
Satellite communication uses satellites to relay radio signals between a source and receiver. There are over 2,000 communication satellites in orbit used by private and government organizations. The document discusses how satellite communication is used in Mongolia, noting that DDISHTV was established in 2008 to broadcast more television channels to rural areas using Ku-band technology and small satellite dishes. DDISHTV uses the Apstar 5 and Telstar 18 satellites to broadcast over 50,000 customers across Mongolia and parts of Asia.
This document defines broadcasting and discusses its history and methods. It explains that broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience using mass communication mediums like radio waves. Broadcasting began experimentally in the early 1900s and expanded with radio in the 1920s and television after World War II using new technologies. The document also outlines several economic models for broadcasting like commercial, public, and community models and distinguishes between recorded and live broadcasts.
This document provides a summary of English language lessons covering topics such as:
1. Present tenses including present simple and present continuous. Verb forms and common expressions.
2. Future tense using "going to" and predictions. Indirect objects and object pronouns.
3. Past simple tense and time expressions for talking about the past. Location prepositions and questions about places.
4. Offers and requests using "can" and "could". Questions about availability and existence of things.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective cover letter. It explains that a cover letter introduces your CV and highlights relevant skills and experience to answer why an employer should hire you. The summary includes the key elements of a cover letter such as a rigid structure with four paragraphs addressing why you are applying, matching qualifications to the job, your interest in the position, and requesting an interview. Finally, it notes a cover letter should be short at 200-250 words and accompany your CV when applying for a job.
An enterprise network connects all the isolated departmental or workgroup networks within an organization into a single intracompany network. This allows all computer users in the company to access data and computing resources anywhere in the organization. An enterprise network integrates different types of systems like Windows, Mac, UNIX, minicomputers and mainframes. It provides a platform for these different systems to communicate and work together seamlessly while maintaining performance, security and reliability. Some key attributes of an enterprise network are quality of service, open standards-based design, security, reliability, asset protection and support for existing investments.
The document discusses different types of video systems including cable television systems using Hybrid Fiber Coax technology, video conferencing equipment consisting of video codecs, audio equipment and other integrated subsystems, and concludes by thanking the reader for learning about these video technologies.
This summary provides an overview of the history and technology of mobile, cellular, and personal communications systems:
Mobile radio systems evolved from two-way radios used by public services to cellular networks that enabled widespread mobile phone use. Cellular networks overcome issues with conventional mobile networks by reusing frequencies in adjacent hexagonal cells controlled by base stations and switching offices. Personal communications systems (PCS) operate in different frequency bands than early cellular networks and use digital technologies like TDMA and CDMA to further improve spectrum efficiency. These advances have enabled mobile networks to support additional features and the growth of wireless communication.
This document summarizes key aspects of satellite communications technology. It describes transponders that relay signals between satellites and Earth, how satellites control their orientation, and how they are powered by solar cells. It discusses low Earth orbiting satellites and very small aperture terminals that allow communication across wide areas. The document outlines domestic, regional, and international satellite types and some advantages of satellite circuits like independent coverage over distance.
Optical networking uses fiber optic cables to transmit digital signals through pulsing light. There are different types of light sources (such as LEDs and lasers) and fibers (single-mode and multimode) that are used depending on the distance and bandwidth needs. Optical networking has applications in both private networks like campuses as well as public networks for long-distance transmission, cable TV backbones, and connecting devices like PBXs and switches.
A circuit switching system interconnects end point systems like packet switches and concentrators. It allows multiple logical links on each logical channel and connects to end point systems through communication facilities with logical channels. It can establish multiple logical links between a packet switch and itself on the same logical channel, but will deny a request to establish a link to another packet switch on an already used channel, negotiating a new channel instead.
This document discusses signaling systems and facsimile technology. It covers Signaling System 7 (SS7) which is a telecommunication protocol that handles telecommunication network control and call setup. SS7 improves call management, network management, and supports features like 800 numbers. The document also discusses facsimile systems including fax standards, technology, and customer premise systems. It describes printing, fax features, and fax servers which can deliver inbound faxes via email or the internet.
Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a single organization through common transmission technologies at high speeds over short ranges. LANs allow for sharing of files, printers, and other resources and provide access to wider networks. Key characteristics of LANs include high speed, restricted range, use of a common medium, and network operating systems to manage connectivity and security. LANs can be classified based on their topology, access method, modulation method, and transmission medium. Common configurations include Ethernet, token ring, and wireless networks.
This document discusses various access technologies used for broadband internet connections, including DSL, cable, wireless, and microwave radio systems. It describes technologies like ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, and DOCSIS that provide internet access over existing telephone lines or cable infrastructure. Wireless options like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, MMDS, and 3G cellular are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of microwave radio systems, discussing technologies like parabolic antennas, repeaters, multipath fading, and environmental factors that can impact microwave signals.
This document discusses outside plant technology including supporting structures, cable characteristics, underground cable, feeder and distribution cable, protection methods, and outside plant application issues. It describes the different types of supporting structures for cable including aerial, underground in conduit, and directly buried. Cable characteristics like twisted pair and sheath materials are also covered. The document outlines various protection methods for outside plant like insulating equipment, shielding cables, grounding, opening circuits, and separating power and telecom lines. Finally, it mentions considering plans for both fiber and copper cable and using flexible conduit for underground installation depending on the number of stations.
The document discusses data communication protocols, including the Open Systems Interconnect model and common protocols like Ethernet, TCP/IP, TCP, UDP, and IP. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and what each protocol handles. Ethernet is described as having collisions when multiple nodes transmit simultaneously on a wired network. TCP/IP was developed for the Department of Defense and became the protocol suite of the Internet. TCP provides guaranteed delivery over IP. UDP is used for applications where delay needs to be minimal. IP routes packets through routers using addresses with four octets separated by dots.
4. I You We They He/she it have has + Past participle Батлах өгүүлбэр: бүтэц
5.
6.
7. From past to present Example: I have lived in Mongolia since February. Би Монголд 2 сараас хойш амьдарч байна.
8. I have lived in Mongolia for 7 months. Би Монголд 7 сарын турш амьдарч байна. Example:
9. It expresses action was just finished. Дөнгөж сая болж өнгөрсөн үйл явдлыг илэрхийлнэ.
10. We have finished the work. Бид ажлаа дуусчихлаа. Example: He has gone. Тэр явчихлаа.
11. It expresses the result of action (until when teller talks) Үйл явдлын үр дүнг ( өгүүлэгчийн ярих үе хүртэлх байдлаар ) илэрхийлнэ.
12. Bayar has learned about 2 thousand English words so far. Баяр одоогийн байдлаар 2 мянга орчим англи үг цээжлээд байна. Example:
13. At the first time have done something in the life. Амьдралдаа анх удаа ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийж үзэхэд.
14. It is the first time I have ever driven a car. Би амьдралдаа анх удаагаа л машин барьж байна. Example:
15. It is used with superlative of the adjective. Хавсрал нэрийн давуу зэрэгтэй хэрэглэгдэнэ.
16. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. Энэ бол миний үзэж байсан кинонуудаас хамгийн сонирхолтой нь юм. Example:
17. It is used with following words: Дараах үгстэй хамт хэрэглэгдэнэ: Always, just, already, recently, often, lately, yet, for the past few years. Ямагт, дөнгөж сая, аль хэдийн, саяхан, байнга, сүүлийн үед, хараахан үгүй, сүүлийн хэдэн жилийн турш
18. We have always lived here. Бид ямагт энд амьдарсаар ирсэн. Example: We’ve just got up. Бид дөнгөж сая босоод байна.
19. It is used with ever and never. ever, never гэсэн үгстэй хамт хэрэглэгдэнэ.
20. Example: Have you ever ridden a horse? Чи урьд нь морь унаж үзсэн үү ? Yes, I have Тийм ээ
![[object Object],Одоо төгссөн цагийг өнгөрсөн ба одоогийн явдлын хоорондох холбоог үзүүлэхэд хэрэглэдэг.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)